Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute

INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT INSTITUTE
LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS SPREADSHEET SI

BASIC INPUT PARAMETERS US Customary
Project Description Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS

Location Denver, Colorado
Type of Project Urban Pavement Design
Analysis Period 40
Discount Rate 4.0
Construction Year 2008
Measurement Units SI
L ife C y c le C o st (P re se n t W o r th )
Life Cycle Cost Comparison

$1,000,000
$900,000
$800,000
$700,000
$600,000
$500,000
$400,000
$300,000
$200,000
$100,000
$0
INTERLOCKIN FLEXIBLE RIGID
G CONCRETE PAVEMENT PAVEMENT
PAVEMENT
422736049.xls 05/30/2019
Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS
LIST OF CONSTRUCTION ITEMS
No. Description Mean Price St. Deviation Unit
14 Concrete Pavement Restoration $160.00 $16.00 Sq. m
8 Asphalt Concrete Surface $95.00 $8.00 Tonne
13 Mill and Overlay Asphalt Pavement $86.00 $8.60 Tonne
9 Asphalt Concrete Base $85.00 $7.00 Tonne
6 Doweled Jointed Concrete Pavement $65.00 $8.00 Sq. m
5 Replace Worn/Rutted Pavers (Wheelpath) $60.00 $6.00 Sq. m
15 Asphalt Treated Base $50.00 $5.00 Tonne
7 Plain Jointed Concrete Pavement $45.00 $4.50 Sq. m
1 Bedding Sand and Paver Installation $40.00 $4.00 Sq. m
4 Replace Cracked Pavers $40.00 $4.00 Sq. m
2 Granular Base $13.00 $2.00 Tonne
3 Granualr Subbase $8.50 $1.00 Tonne
12 Patching (%) $7.00 $1.00 Sq. m
11 Reseal Joints $2.00 $0.50 m
10 Rout and Seal Cracks $2.00 $0.50 m
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LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN (FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT)
Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS, Denver, Colorado

Project Definitions:
Length of Section: 1000 m Analysis Period: 40.0
Lane Width: 4 m Discount Rate: 4.0
Number of Lanes: 1 Initial Year of Construction: 2008
Total Pavement Area: 4,000 Sq. m
UNIT PRESENT
YEAR CONSTRUCTION ITEM AMOUNT QTY. UNIT ST DEV COST
PRICE WORTH
INITIAL CONSTRUCTION
0 Asphalt Concrete Surface 50 490 Tonne $95.00 $8.00 $46,550 $46,550

0 Asphalt Concrete Base 125 1100 Tonne $85.00 $7.00 $93,500 $93,500
0 Granular Base 150 1320 Tonne $13.00 $2.00 $17,160 $17,160
0 Granualr Subbase 525 4410 Tonne $8.50 $1.00 $37,485 $37,485
MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES
UNIT PRESENT
YEAR MAINTENACE ACTIVITY AMOUNT QTY. UNIT ST DEV COST
PRICE WORTH
4 Rout and Seal Cracks 500 500 m $2.00 $0.50 $1,000 $1,170
8 Patching (%) 5 200 Sq. m $7.00 $1.00 $1,400 $1,916
15 Mill and Overlay Asphalt Pavement 50 490 Tonne $86.00 $8.60 $42,140 $75,892
22 Patching (%) 10 400 Sq. m $7.00 $1.00 $2,800 $6,636
30 Patching (%) 10 400 Sq. m $7.00 $1.00 $2,800 $9,082
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ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN (FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT)

UNIT PRESENT
PRICE WORTH
TOTAL COST OF NEW CONSTRUCTION $194,695
TOTAL COST OF MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION $486,742
RESIDUAL VALUE -$11,520
PRESENT WORTH $669,916
EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL COST $33,847
Major Construction Item Costs
Year 0, Asphalt Concrete Base $175,313
Year 25, Mill and Overlay Asphalt Pavement $142,223
Year 0, Asphalt Concrete Surface $87,281
Year 0, Granualr Subbase $70,284
Year 0, Granular Base $32,175
Year 22, Patching (%) $5,250
Actual Cost ($)

$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 $140,000 $160,000 $180,000 $200,000
422736049.xls 4 of 25 05/30/2019
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN (RIGID PAVEMENT)

Total Pavement Area: 8,000 Sq. m 2667 Long. Concrete Joints (M or Ft) 1778 Trans. Concrete Joints (M or Ft)
UNIT PRESENT
PRICE WORTH
0 Doweled Jointed Concrete Pavement 7500 7500 Sq. m $65.00 $8.00 $487,500 $487,500
UNIT PRESENT
PRICE WORTH
5 Reseal Joints 1625 1625 m $2.00 $0.50 $3,250 $3,954
15 Concrete Pavement Restoration 150 150 Sq. m $160.00 $16.00 $24,000 $43,223
18 Reseal Joints 4875 4875 m $2.00 $0.50 $9,750 $19,752
30 Reseal Joints 1625 1625 m $2.00 $0.50 $3,250 $10,541
422736049.xls 5 of 25 05/30/2019
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN (RIGID PAVEMENT)

Total Pavement Area: 8,000 Sq. m 2667 Long. Concrete Joints (M or Ft) 1778 Trans. Concrete Joints (M or Ft)
UNIT PRESENT
PRICE WORTH
Year 0, Doweled Jointed Concrete Pavement $487,500
Year 25, Concrete Pavement Restoration $60,000
Year 18, Reseal Joints $9,750
Year 5, Reseal Joints $3,250
Year 30, Reseal Joints $3,250 Actual Cost ($)
$0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000
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INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT

Lane Width: 3.75 m Discount Rate: 4.0
UNIT PRESENT
PRICE WORTH
0 Bedding Sand and Paver Installation 7500 7500 Sq. m $40.00 $4.00 $300,000 $300,000
0 Granualr Subbase 850 13387.5 Tonne $8.50 $1.00 $113,794 $113,794
UNIT PRESENT
PRICE WORTH
8 Replace Cracked Pavers 150 150 Sq. m $40.00 $4.00 $6,000 $8,211
20 Replace Worn/Rutted Pavers (Wheelpath) 375 375 Sq. m $60.00 $6.00 $22,500 $49,300
28 Replace Cracked Pavers 150 150 Sq. m $40.00 $4.00 $6,000 $17,992
35 Replace Worn/Rutted Pavers (Wheelpath) 375 375 Sq. m $60.00 $6.00 $22,500 $88,787
422736049.xls 7 of 25 05/30/2019

Lane Width: 3.75 m Discount Rate: 4.0
UNIT PRESENT
PRICE WORTH
Year 0, Bedding Sand and Paver Installation $300,000
Year 0, Granualr Subbase $119,213
Year 20, Replace Worn/Rutted Pavers (Wheelpath) $22,500
Year 35, Replace Worn/Rutted Pavers (Wheelpath) $22,500
Year 8, Replace Cracked Pavers $6,000
Year 28, Replace Cracked Pavers $6,000 Actual Cost ($)
$0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 $350,000
422736049.xls 8 of 25 05/30/2019
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Comparison of Life Cycle Costs
$607,916
Interlocking Concrete Pavement $164,291
$445,969
$869,465
Rigid Pavement $352,644
$521,820
$669,916
Flexible Pavement $486,742
$194,695
$0 $200,000 $400,000 $600,000 $800,000 $1,000,000

Original Construction Maintenance & rehab. Present Worth
Range of Life Cycle Costs

$365,304
$566,659
Interlocking Concrete Pavement

$424,170
$708,109
Rigid Pavement
$200,959
$299,972
Flexible Pavement
$100,000
$200,000
$300,000
$500,000
$600,000
$700,000
$800,000
$0
$400,000
Present Worth
Using a Semi-Probabilistic Approach, The Construction Cost of Each Item Was Calculated Using +/2 St. Deviations From The
Mean Unit Price. The Above Grpah Shows The Complete Range of Present Worths for the 3 Pavement Alternatives.For a
Detailed Analysis of Each Activity, Refer to the Advanced Report Page.
422736049.xls 9 of 25 05/30/2019
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS REPORT

Urban Pavement Design
Analysis Period: 40 Years

Discount Rate: 4%
TOTAL COST OF NEW CONSTRUCTION: $445,969
TOTAL COST OF MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES AND REHABILITATION: $164,291
RESIDUAL VALUE: -$2,343
PRESENT WORTH: $607,916
EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL COST: $30,714
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
RIGID PAVEMENT
422736049.xls 10 05/30/2019
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS REPORT

Urban Pavement Design

Discount Rate: 4%
L i fe C y c l e C o st (P re se n t W o r th )
Life Cycle Cost Comparison

$1,000,000
$900,000
$800,000
$700,000
$600,000
$500,000
$400,000
$300,000
$200,000
$100,000
$0
INTERLOCKING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RIGID PAVEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
422736049.xls 11 05/30/2019
DETAILED ECONOMIC ANALYSIS REPORT

Discount Rate: 4 %
Note: This Analysis Assumes a St. Dev. of +/- 2 for Calculation of Lower & Higher Side Present Worth Values
Year Construction Item Cost Lower Side PW Higher Side
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT ANALYSIS
INITIAL CONSTRUCTION IN YEAR 0
0 Asphalt Concrete Surface $87,281 $72,581 $87,281 $101,981

0 Asphalt Concrete Base $175,313 $146,438 $175,313 $204,188
0 Granular Base $32,175 $22,275 $32,175 $42,075
0 Granualr Subbase $73,631 $56,306 $73,631 $90,956

4 Rout and Seal Cracks $1,000 $427 $855 $1,282
8 Patching (%) $2,625 $1,370 $1,918 $2,466
15 Mill and Overlay Asphalt Pavement $79,013 $35,098 $43,873 $52,647
22 Patching (%) $5,250 $1,582 $2,215 $2,848
30 Patching (%) $5,250 $1,156 $1,619 $2,081
SUMMARY OF LIFE CYCLE DATA FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
TOTAL COST OF NEW CONSTRUCTION $297,600 $368,400 $439,200
TOTAL COST OF MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION $97,946 $123,985 $150,024
RESIDUAL VALUE -$9,216 -$11,520 -$13,824
PRESENT WORTH $386,329 $480,865 $575,400
RIGID PAVEMENT ANALYSIS
0 Doweled Jointed Concrete Pavement $487,500 $367,500 $487,500 $607,500

0 Granular Base $32,175 $22,275 $32,175 $42,075
422736049.xls 12 of 25 05/30/2019

Discount Rate: 4 %

5 Reseal Joints $3,250 $1,336 $2,671 $4,007
15 Concrete Pavement Restoration $24,000 $10,661 $13,326 $15,992
18 Reseal Joints $9,750 $2,406 $4,813 $7,219
30 Reseal Joints $3,250 $501 $1,002 $1,503
RESIDUAL VALUE -$3,999 -$4,999 -$5,999
PRESENT WORTH $422,685 $563,995 $705,304
INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT (ICP) ANALYSIS
0 Bedding Sand and Paver Installation $300,000 $240,000 $300,000 $360,000

0 Granular Base $32,175 $22,275 $32,175 $42,075
0 Granualr Subbase $119,213 $91,163 $119,213 $147,263
422736049.xls 13 of 25 05/30/2019

Discount Rate: 4 %
8 Replace Cracked Pavers $6,000 $3,507 $4,384 $5,261

20 Replace Worn/Rutted Pavers (Wheelpath) $22,500 $8,215 $10,269 $12,322
28 Replace Cracked Pavers $6,000 $1,601 $2,001 $2,401
35 Replace Worn/Rutted Pavers (Wheelpath) $22,500 $4,561 $5,702 $6,842
RESIDUAL VALUE -$1,875 -$2,343 -$2,812
PRESENT WORTH $369,447 $471,400 $573,352
422736049.xls 14 of 25 05/30/2019
LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS SPREADSHEET
INSTRUCTIONS
I OVERVIEW
The main objective of this Spreadsheet Program is to provide the user with
a simple, yet highly functional, Spreadsheet to evaluate and compare the
Life Cycle Costs of different pavement alternatives.
The Spreadsheet is organized as follows:

1. A global inputs (front page) to enter all common data
2. A Unit Prices page to enter construction activity description and costs
3. Pavement design and LCC sheet for asphalt (Flexible) pavements
4. Pavement design and LCC sheet for PCC (Rigid) pavements
5. Pavement design and LCC sheet for interlocking concrete (ICP) pavements
6. A sensitivity analysis page displaying detailed graphs
7. A standard Reports page summarizing results of the evaluation & analysis
8. An Advanced reports page that uses a semi-probabilistic approach to
calculating the life cycle costs
9. Instructions page
The Spreadsheet is organized in such a way that the user needs to input
common values only once in the spreadsheet. All quantity calculations are
performed automatically in this Spreadsheet with minimal input from the user.
Most formulae are automatically entered in the required cells when the user
selects a construction activity, the year in which it takes place and the
corresponding amount.
This Spreadsheet calculates commonly used economic terms used to describe

the life cycle costs of various pavement alternatives. These include:
1. Present Worth (PW)
2. Residual or Salvage Value
3. Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost (EUAC)
A comparison of the PW or EUAC for the various pavement alternatives will

provide the user with information to effectively asses various costs encountered
throughout its life cycle.
Every effort has been made throughout this Spreadsheet to take the guesswork
out of calculating quantities for LCC analysis. There are several built-in error
checks which warn the user if invalid information is entered. We apologize in
advance for any unexplained/unforeseen errors that the user may encounter.
422736049.xls 15 of 25 Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute

INSTRUCTIONS
II GETTING STARTED - INSTRUCTIONS
1. Global Inputs Sheet
i. Start by entering data describing the project, its location etc.

ii. Select from one of two Project Descriptions
a. Urban Pavement Design
b. Parking Lot
iii. Enter the analysis period. A typical analysis period for pavements is 40 yrs
iv. Enter the discount rate. A typical value for discount rate is 4.0%
v. Enter the initial construction year
vi. Select from one of two measurement units options:
a. SI Units
b. US Customary Units
2. Unit Prices Sheet
i. Create a list of typical construction activities and maintenance items and assign
the associated costs (under Mean Price). It is not necessary to assign a
standard deviation with these costs. If accurate standard deviation is not
available, a standard deviation of 10% of the mean price can be assumed.
ii. Depending upon which measurement units were selected in the Global Inputs
Sheet, list of available 'units' will appear in Column F.
Currently the following measurement units have been defined:
SI Units
mm (millimetres)
m (metres)
Sq. m (square metres)
Cu. m (cubic metres)
Each (for items that are paid per quantity)
Litres
Tonnes (1 Tonne = 1000 Kilograms)
US Customary Units
in (inches)
ft (feet)
Sq. ft (Square feet)
Cu. ft (cubic feet)

INSTRUCTIONS
Each (for items that are paid per quantity)

Gal. (Gallons)
Sq. yd (square yards) and Cu. yd (cubic yards)
Tons (1 Ton = 2000 pounds)
iii. You can sort the unit costs list by description and by price by clicking the
buttons provided.
iv. Defining major rehabilitation activities and expected life:

This is an important step and should not be missed by the user. After creating a
list of unit prices, select one activity each for flexible, rigid and ICP pavement
that is considered a significant investment in terms of actual cost and
pavement life. This definition is required so that the residual (or salvage) value
can be calculated correctly.
For example:
In asphalt pavements, a 'Mill and Overlay Asphalt Pavement' is considered a
major rehabilitation activity. This process effectively restores the pavement
structure while adding strength and improving riding surface conditions.
This activity usually has a significant cost associated with it. It can be assumed
that the pavement will be in good condition for 10-12 years after this activity
is performed.
v. Design Options
Click the Design Options button, and enter densities of various materials. The
densities are required for calculations whenever the item is paid as Tonnes or
Tons. Select the 'See Default Values' if you are not sure of the densities.
Click the 'Save/Accept changes button on the form to save the densities.
The form also allows the user to input typical values of slab length and width
for concrete pavements.
3. Pavement LCC Sheets (Flexible, Rigid and ICP)
i. This Spreadsheet contains the options for evaluating 3 pavement types; flexible
rigid and interlocking concrete pavements
ii. The user can input data in any of the yellow data input cells.
iii. Start by defining the pavement geometry. This includes a typical length (1000 m
or 5280 ft), lane width and the number of lanes. Typically the geometry
should be the same for all three pavement options. The option still remains with
the user to change the length or width for any pavement type.
iv. In case a 'Parking Lot' is selected in the Global Inputs sheet, the user needs to

INSTRUCTIONS
input the parking lot dimensions in terms of its length and width.
v. If the parking lot is of an irregular area, enter that area directly in 'Other Area'.
vi. It should be noted that the total pavement area is the single most important
quantity while computing costs. Almost all other quantities calculated are a
function of the total pavement area.
vii. Initial Construction

a. Start by entering 0 (as the initial year of construction in Column B)
b. On selecting any yellow cell in Column C (under construction item), a drop
down list will appear. This is a list that is created from what you have entered
in the Unit Prices sheet.
c. You should only select an activity from this drop down list, otherwise the
quantities may not be calculated properly.
d. Once a construction item is selected, look at the 'Message Box'. This will tell
you what you need to enter in the Amount column (column F)
e. Depending upon how the construction item is defined (i.e. what its pay units
are), the Spreadsheet will insert automatic formulas that calculate quantities.
vii. Maintenance and Rehabilitation Items
a. Start by entering an appropriate year for the construction activity.
For example, if 'Rout and Seal Cracks' is to be performed in year 3 after
construction, enter '3' in Column B.
b. On selecting any yellow cell in Column C (under construction item), a drop
down list will appear. This is a list that is created from what you have entered
in the Unit Prices sheet.
c. You should only select an activity from this drop down list, otherwise the
quantities may not be calculated properly.
d. It is not necessary to enter the maintenance activities in consecutive rows
although it is recommended to do so.
e. Each time a maintenance activity is selected, the Spreadsheet will calculate
the actual construction cost, and its Present Worth.
viii. Calculations
a. Every time a construction item, its year, and amount is entered in one of the
yellow cells, various calculations are performed in the Spreadsheet.
These include:
i. Actual quantity required
ii. Actual cost
iii. Calculated present worth (PW)
iv. Total original construction cost
v. Total maintenance/rehabilitation activity cost
vi. Residual value
vii. Net Present Worth

INSTRUCTIONS
viii. Equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC)

ix. Repeat these steps for the remaining pavement alternatives.
x. To delete a row, please select a cell in Column C, and hit the Delete key.
This will delete all values in the entire row.
xi. A unit conversion calculator has also been provided in this Spreadsheet.
4. Sensitivity Analysis
The sensitivity analysis sheets displays 2 graphs:
i. A summary graph showing the original construction cost, total maintenance

and rehabilitation costs and the net present worth for the 3 pavement
alternatives.
Note that these costs are in terms of present worth.
ii. A graph showing the range in present worth values (low to high). This graph will
be displayed correctly when standard deviations are assigned to each item
in the unit prices list. An explanation of calculations is provided further in this
document.
5. Report
The standard report summarizes the costs associated with original construction,
maintenance and rehabilitation, residual value, present worths and the
equivalent uniform annual cost for each pavement alternative, thereby providing
a snapshot of all the costs.
A summary graph comparing the life cycle costs (in terms of present worth) of
the 3 pavement alternatives is also provided at the bottom of this page.
6. Saving Your Data
Click the 'Save Data' button on the Global Inputs sheet to effectively save your
data in this Spreadsheet. A hidden sheet called 'Database' contains all the
saved data and can hold up to 250 data sets (a limitation based on the number
of columns available in Excel 2003.)
This Data is saved with a unique identifier consisting of the 'Project description',
Type of project' and 'Measurement Units'

INSTRUCTIONS
This data can be recalled at a later time.
III CHANGE DESIGN OPTIONS FORM
1. This form has been provided to give Users an opportunity to change the design
options as necessary.
2. Densities for Asphalt, Base and Subbase materials can be entered.
3. Slab length and width can be entered for rigid pavements.
4. Depending on the Measurement Units selected in Global Inputs, this form

shows SI or US Customary units.
5. If this form is launched in any of the pavement sheets, it shows the currently
used densities as well.
6. Note that densities are critical for certain pay items.
7. These densities are stored in each pavement LCC sheet in cells T2 - T4
IV PAVEMENT GEOMETRY DEFINITIONS
Each pavement LCC sheet has yellow cells near the top of the page to enter
pavement geometry definitions.
1. Length of section (for analysis purposes)

SI units: Typically 1 Km (1000 m)
US customary: Typically 1 mile (5280 ft)
2. Lane width:
INSTRUCTIONS
SI units: Typically 3.75 m

US customary: Typically 12 ft
3. Number of lanes:
Enter 2 if you have 1 lane in each direction
Enter 4 if you have 2 lanes in each direction
Enter 5 if you have 2 lanes in each direction + 1 common center turning lane
4. For rigid pavements, the slab dimensions will determine the total number of
longitudinal and transverse joints in the pavement. Change the dimensions if
necessary in the Design Options form.
V FORMULAE
1. One of the biggest challenges in designing this spreadsheet was to automate the
formulae used in calculation of construction quantities. Since the quantity of any
given item depends upon the units it is measured in, the units of measurement
are very important and need to be specified in the Unit Prices Sheet.
2. The units currently defined in this spreadsheet have been mentioned above in
this document. These units are listed in cells "O5" and "O6" of the Unit prices
sheet. Depending on the measurement units selected in the Global Inputs
sheet, one set of units will be available in the main Unit Prices table.
3. Standard deviations: It is not required to enter the standard deviations for each
construction item. The standard deviations are used only in the Advanced
Report for a thorough economic analysis.
4. A standard deviation of 10% of the original mean price can be assumed for
most construction items.
5. Specific formulae:
i.Volume (Cu.m or Cu. yd): Based on total pavement area and lift thickness
ii.Each (individual): Based on each item.
iii.
Length (mm, m, in, or ft): Based on linear dimension entered
iv.Area (Sq. m, Sq. ft to Sq. yd): Based on the total area entered. Typically this
would be the same as the total pavement area.
v. Liquid volume (Litres or Gallons): Based on the total volume required. Ex. Tack
coat required at 0.5 Gal./Sq. yd.

INSTRUCTIONS
vi. Mass (Tonnes or Tons): Based on total pavement area, lift thickness and
density of material.
vii. Percent (% of area): Based on a percent value of the total pavement area.
ex. Asphalt Patching at 5% of total pavement area.
Formulae shown in vi. & vii. above require special attention and are
discussed below.
6. Special Cases
i. Mass based calculations

Sometimes, construction materials like asphalt concrete, base and subgrade
materials are specified as pay items in terms of volume or by mass.
Volume based calculations are simple, as they depend only upon pavement
area and the lift thickness. However, for mass based calculations it is
essential to know the density of the material.
The densities of these three materials can be entered in the design options
form. However, for this program to work properly and to calculate correct
quantities, it is essential to determine which density to use for which item.
For example: Lets say you have defined the following:
Asphalt mixture density (@2450kg/Cu.m)
Base course density (@2200kg/Cu.m)
Subbase density (@2200kg/Cu.m)
Now if you list 3 items in the unit prices sheet as follows:
Asphalt Concrete Mix - $85/Tonne
Base Course Material - $13/Tonne
Subbase material - $8.50/Tonne
When one of the above items is selected in the pavement LCC sheet, the
background code in this Spreadsheet looks for the following keywords:
"Asphalt"
"Base"
"Subbase"
in that cell, and determines which density to use accordingly.

INSTRUCTIONS
So, if asphalt mixture is selected, a density value of 2450 will be used for
calculation purposes.
Note:
Whenever you are defining a pay item in terms of Tonnes or Tons, it
MUST include one of the following 3 words: Asphalt, Base or Subbase
ii. Percent based calculations

Sometimes it is easier to define a construction item as a percentage of the
total pavement area.
For example, consider Asphalt patching. This item is typically paid in terms
of area. But instead of having to manually calculate say 5 or 10% of the total
area, you can define the item in the unit prices table as:
Asphalt Patching (% of Area) - $7.00/Sq. m
When you select this item in one of the pavement LCC sheets, the message
box in cell "N13" will ask you to enter PERCENT instead of total area.
Similar to the logic explained above, the background code in this file looks
specifically for the % symbol in the item description. If the code finds a % sign
along with Sq.m or Sq. ft or Sq. yd, then the calculation is modified accordingly.
VI ADVANCED LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
1. The standard methodology adopted for this LCC Analysis spreadsheet is purely
deterministic. That is, one fixed mean cost price of a pay item is used to
calculate the total cost and present worth. This method does not take into
account the variability associated with market prices that fluctuate very often.
2. In lieu of expensive probabilistic analysis software, a simpler approach is

used in this Spreadsheet. By incorporating the Standard deviation along with
the mean cost of a pay item, it is possible to calculate a 'high' and a 'low' cost
(and present worth) for each item.
3. As a default, +/- 2 Standard deviations are employed in the calculations.

Ex: Assume an ITEM-A with a mean cost of $100, and a Stdev of $10.
Let us calculate the total cost for 10 units.
Therefore:
INSTRUCTIONS
Mean cost (for normal or deterministic analysis) is = $100 * 10 = $1000

Low cost (for advanced LCC analysis) is = ($100 - (2*$10)) * 10 = $800
High cost (for advanced LCC analysis) is = ($100 + (2*$10)) * 10 = $1200
Thus, this item can vary in cost price from $800 to $1200.
4. On the Advanced Report sheet, click the 'Generate Report' button.

This will generate a detailed report showing high and low construction costs
for every single item in the three pavement LCC sheets. This report shows the
actual cost of the pay item (in today's dollars) along with Low, Normal and
High Present Worths calculated by employing the standard deviation of the
item (+/- 2 St. Devs.)
5. The corresponding graph that shows the range of Present Worth values can
be seen in the Sensitivity Analysis sheet.
VII SAVING AND RETRIEVING DATA
1. Another useful tool included with this spreadsheet is a tool for storing and
retrieving previously stored data. This data is stored in the current file in the
Database sheet.
2. Three sample example projects are provided as part of this Spreadsheet.

Please note that these examples are for information purposes only. Please do
not use these examples to continue your work. Always start from zero.
3. Each data set is saved with a unique identifier. This is a combination of the
project description, type of project and measurement units fields in the
Global Inputs sheet.
4. All project definition data, unit prices table, definition of rehabilitation items,
pavement geometry, activities listed in the original construction and
maintenance and rehabilitation activities plus saved densities are saved in
one data set.
5. The code has been written to check the database if this combination already
exists and will warn if you an identical match is found.

INSTRUCTIONS
6. If an identical match is found, Change the project description a little and save
the data again. Example: Change Project-1, to Project-2 etc.
7. On clicking the 'Recall Saved Data' button, a user form showing the currently
available saved data sets will be displayed. Select one combination from the
drop down list to recall saved data.
8. This Spreadsheet will perform background checks and warn the user if any
inconsistencies are found.
9. It is highly recommended that the User perform random checks to verify

quantity and cost calculations.
CREDITS
Applied Research Associates, Inc.
Infrastructure Management Division, Transportation Sector
www.ara.com\transportation

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INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENT INSTITUTE

LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS SPREADSHEET SI

Project Description Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS

Life Cycle Cost Comparison

Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS, Denver, Colorado

Total Pavement Area: 4,000 Sq. m

0 Asphalt Concrete Surface 50 490 Tonne $95.00 $8.00 $46,550 $46,550

MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES

8 Patching (%) 5 200 Sq. m $7.00 $1.00 $1,400 $1,916

22 Patching (%) 10 400 Sq. m $7.00 $1.00 $2,800 $6,636

30 Patching (%) 10 400 Sq. m $7.00 $1.00 $2,800 $9,082

Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS, Denver, Colorado

Total Pavement Area: 4,000 Sq. m

TOTAL COST OF NEW CONSTRUCTION $194,695

TOTAL COST OF MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION $486,742

RESIDUAL VALUE -$11,520

PRESENT WORTH $669,916

EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL COST $33,847

Major Construction Item Costs

Year 0, Asphalt Concrete Base $175,313

Year 25, Mill and Overlay Asphalt Pavement $142,223

Year 0, Asphalt Concrete Surface $87,281

Year 15, Mill and Overlay Asphalt Pavement $79,013

Year 37, Mill and Overlay Asphalt Pavement $79,013

Year 0, Granualr Subbase $70,284

Year 0, Granular Base $32,175

Year 22, Patching (%) $5,250

Year 30, Patching (%) $5,250

Actual Cost ($)

Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS, Denver, Colorado

MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES

5 Reseal Joints 1625 1625 m $2.00 $0.50 $3,250 $3,954

18 Reseal Joints 4875 4875 m $2.00 $0.50 $9,750 $19,752

30 Reseal Joints 1625 1625 m $2.00 $0.50 $3,250 $10,541

Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS, Denver, Colorado

TOTAL COST OF NEW CONSTRUCTION $521,820

TOTAL COST OF MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION $352,644

RESIDUAL VALUE -$4,999

PRESENT WORTH $869,465

EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL COST $43,928

Major Construction Item Costs

Year 0, Doweled Jointed Concrete Pavement $487,500

Year 25, Concrete Pavement Restoration $60,000

Year 0, Granular Base $32,175

Year 15, Concrete Pavement Restoration $24,000

Year 40, Concrete Pavement Restoration $24,000

Year 18, Reseal Joints $9,750

Year 5, Reseal Joints $3,250

Year 30, Reseal Joints $3,250 Actual Cost ($)

$0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000

Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS, Denver, Colorado

Total Pavement Area: 7,500 Sq. m

MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES

Denver Example-2, 5M ESALS, Denver, Colorado

Total Pavement Area: 7,500 Sq. m

TOTAL COST OF NEW CONSTRUCTION $445,969

TOTAL COST OF MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION $164,291

RESIDUAL VALUE -$2,343

PRESENT WORTH $607,916

EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL COST $30,714

Major Construction Item Costs

Year 0, Bedding Sand and Paver Installation $300,000