Non-Isolated Dual Output Hybrid DC-DC

Multilevel Converter for Photovoltaic

Applications
A project report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement

for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted By
P.SRIKANTH 16JR5A0209
G.MANINDRA 15JR1A0222
M.NAGADIVYA 15JR1A0245
B.HARI CHANDRA PRASAD 15JR1A0215

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. M. AMARENDRA M.Tech.,Ph.D

Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KKR & KSR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
Accredited with A Grade by NAAC || Accredited by NBA
VINJANAMPADU VILLAGE, VATTICHERUKURU MANDAL, GUNTUR
Andhra Pradesh, Pin -522 017, Ph: 0863-2286666, 2286777

April 2019
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KKR & KSR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
Accredited with A Grade by NAAC || Accredited by NBA
VINJANAMPADU VILLAGE, VATTICHERUKURU MANDAL, GUNTUR
Andhra Pradesh, Pin -522 017, Ph: 0863-2286666, 2286777

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project work entitled, “Non-Isolated Dual Output Hybrid DC-
DC Multilevel Converter for Photovoltaic Applications” is the bonafide work of
P.SRIKANTH(16JR5A0209), G .MANINDRA(15JR1A022), M.NAGADIVYA(15JR1A0245), B.HARI
CHANDRA PRASAD(15JR1A0215) of final year B.Tech which we have submitted to Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University Kakinada in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING branch during
the academic period 2015-2019.

Dr. M. AMARENDRA M.Tech.,Ph.D Dr. M. AMARENDRA M.Tech.,Ph.D

Head of the Department Project Supervisor
Associate Professor, Dept of EEE Associate Professor, Dept of EEE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
KKR & KSR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES
Institute Vision:
To become a knowledge centre for technical education and also to become the top
engineering college in the sunrise state of Andhra Pradesh.

Institute Mission:
 To incorporate benchmarked teaching and learning pedagogies in curriculum.
 To ensure all round development of students through judicious blend of curricular, co
curricular and extracurricular activities.
 To support cross-cultural exchange of knowledge between industry and academy.
 To provide higher/continued education and research opportunities to faculty as well as staff
members.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Department Vision:

To achieve excellence in teaching, training and research thereby producing qualitative

engineers who can serve the society, industry and all the other stake holders.

Department Mission:
To make the students capable of building their careers upon a solid foundation of knowledge.

Program Educational Objectives (PEO’S):

PEO-1: To impart and improve the knowledge of students in electrical and electronics Engineering
course and allied areas
PEO-2: To integrate the subject knowledge of students with the requirements of industry
PEO-3: To develop future entrepreneurs in the emerging and growing businesses like solar
and wind energies
PEO-4: To improve the communication and soft skills of students to position themselves in a right
way
PEO-5: To ensure that the department achieves excellence in all areas like teaching, training,
tutoring, counseling etc.

Program Specific Objectives (PSO’s):

PSO-1: Able to utilize the knowledge of Power Electronics in collaboration with Electrical
Machines to provide an engineering solution in the areas related to Electrical Drives.
PSO-2: To develop new cutting edge Technologies in Power Systems associated with efficient
conversion and control of electrical power.
PSO-3: Able to use software for design, simulation and analysis of electrical systems
 DECLARATION

We declare that this project entitled “Non-Isolated Dual Output Hybrid

DC-DC Multilevel Converter for Photovoltaic Applications” has been
carried out by us and contents have been presented in the form of desertion in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
We further declare that this dissertation has not been submitted elsewhere for any degree.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES SIGNATURE

P.SRIKANTH (16JR5A0209)
G. MANINDRA (15JR1A0222)
M.NAGADIVYA (15JR1A0245)
B. HARI CHANDRA PRASAD (15JR1A0215)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We heart full thanks to our project supervisor, Dr. M. AMARENDRA, M.Tech.,Ph.D

Associate Professor, for the support and advice. We highly indebted to him, for the
simulating guidance and encouragement, in course of project work.
We express our deep sense of gratitude and heart full thanks to Dr.M.
AMARENDRA, M.Tech.,Ph.D Associate professor and HOD for his cheerful motivation
and encouragement at every stage of this endeavor.
We here by cordially express our gratitude to our beloved principle Dr.P.BABU for
guiding us successful completion of project in time.
We sincerely and heart fully thanks Management of KKR&KSR INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES, Guntur and we express our deep scene of gratitude to all
the Teaching , Non-Teaching Staff members and our friends for their excellent and
continuous support.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

P. SRIKANTH 16JR5A0209
G. MANINDRA 15JR1A0222
M. NAGADIVYA 15JR1A0245
B. HARI CHANDRA PRASAD 15JR1A0215
 CONTENTS
List of Figures I
Abbreviations Iii
List of Tables Iv
Abstract V
Program Outcomes To Be Attained In This Project Vi

Chapter Description Page

No No
1 INTRODUCTION (1-7)
1.1 Preamble 1
1.2 Renewable Energy Sources 1
1.2.1 Hydro Electric Power 2
1.2.2 Solar Power 2
1.2.3 Wind Power 3
1.2.4 Geothermal Power 4
1.3 Multilevel Converter 4
1.3.1 Diode Clamped Multilevel Converter 5
1.3.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter 6
1.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter 6
1.4 Proposed Multilevel Converter 7
1.5 Objective 7
2 Renewable Energy sources (8-28)
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Types of Renewable Energy 8
2.2.1 Solar Energy 8
2.2.2 Wind Energy 9
2.2.3 Hydro Electric Power 9
2.2.4 Bio Energy 10
2.2.5 Geothermal Energy 11
2.3 Importance of Renewable Energy 11
2.3.1 Power Generation 11
2.3.2 Heating 12
2.3.3 Transportation 12
2.4 Advantages of Renewable Energy 12
2.5 Solar Energy 13
2.5.1 PV Technology 13
2.5.2 Solar Cell 14
 15

2.5.3 System Design

2.5.4 General Block Diagram for PV Fed Inverter 16
2.5.5 Theory of I-V Characterization 16
2.5.5.1 Short Circuit Current 18
2.5.5.2 Open Circuit Voltage 18
2.5.6 Maximum power Pmax, Current at Pmax, 18
voltage at Pmax
2.5.7 Fill Factor 19
2.5.8 Efficiency 20
2.5.9 Shunt Resistance Rsh and series Resistance Rs 20
2.5.10 Temperature Measurement considerations 22
2.5.11 I-V curves for modules 22
2.6 Wind Energy Conversion System 23
2.6.1 Types of Wind Turbine 24
2.6.2 Mathematical Model of Wind Turbine 24
2.6.3 Types of Wind Generators 26
2.6.4 Induction Generators 27
2.6.4.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generators 28
2.6.4.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generators 28
3 MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS (29-43)
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Converters 29
3.3 Two Level Converter 31
3.4 Multilevel Converter 34
3.4.1 Features of Multilevel Converter 35
3.4.2 Advantages of Multilevel Converter 35
3.5 Classification of Multilevel Converter 36
3.5.1 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converter 36
3.5.1.1 5 level Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converter 36
3.5.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter 39
3.5.2.1 5 level Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter 39
3.5.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter 41
3.6 Comparison of Conventional Multilevel Topologies 43
4 PROPOSED CONCEPT (44-51)
4.1 Introduction 44
4.2 Proposed System Architecture 46
4.3 Multilevel converter 47
4.4 Analysis of proposed concept 47-51
5 COMPARISON BETWEEN CASCADED (52-56)
MULTILEVEL CONVERTER AND
PROPOSED
CONCEPT
5.1 Introduction 52
5.2 Symmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter 52
5.3 Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter 54
5.4 Advantages of Proposed Concept 55
5.5 Comparison Table 56
5.6 Disadvantages 56
6 HARDWARE AND RESULTS (57-64)
6.1 Introduction 57
6.1.1 Matlab 57
6.1.2 Simulink 59
6.2 Simulink Model of Non Isolated Dual Output 60-62
Multilevel Converter
6.3 Output wave forms of the proposed converter 63
6.4 Hardware 64

CONCLUSION 65
PROGRAM OUTCOMES ATTAINED IN THIS 66
PROJECT
REFERENCES (67-68)
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.N FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE

O NO NO
1 Fig 1.1 Renewable energy sources 1
2 Fig 1.2 Hydro electric 2
3 Fig 1.3 Solar power 2
4 Fig 1.4 Wind power 3
5 Fig 1.5 Geothermal power 4
6 Fig 2.1 Types of renewable energy sources 8
7 Fig 2.2 Solar energy sources 9
8 Fig 2.3 Wind energy sources 9
9 Fig 2.4 Hydroelectric sources 10
10 Fig 2.5 Bio energy sources 10
11 Fig 2.6 Diagram of Renewable Sources 11
12 Fig 2.7 Diagram of Solar Energy 13
13 Fig 2.8 Solar Array 14
14 Fig 2.9 Equivalent circuit model of PV cell 15
15 Fig 2.10 Schematic diagram of a Stand-alone PV system 16
16 Fig 2.11 General Block diagram for PV fed converter 16
17 Fig 2.12 I-V curve of pv cell and associated electrical diagram 17
18 Fig 2.13 Simplified equivalent circuit model for a pv cell 17
19 Fig 2.14 Illuminated I-V sweep curve 18
20 Fig 2.15 Maximum power for an I-V sweep 19
21 Fig 2.16 Getting the fill factor from I-V sweep 19
22 Fig 2.17 Effect of diverging Rs & Rsh from Ideality 20
23 Fig 2.18 Obtaining Resistances from the I-V curve 21
14 Fig 2.19 I-V curve for solar cell without light excitation 21
15 Fig 2.20 Temperature effect on I-V curve 22
16 Fig 2.21 I-V curves for modules & Arrays 22
17 Fig 2.22 Block diagram of wind energy conversion system 23

18 Fig 2.23 Power Coefficient versus tip speed ratio 26

19 Fig 3.1 Classification of Converters 30
20 Fig 3.2 Half Bridge Converter 32
21 Fig 3.3 Full Bridge Converter 32
22 Fig 3.4 Output waveform of Half bridge Converter 33
23 Fig 3.5 Output waveform of full bridge Converter 34
24 Fig 3.6 Classification of Multilevel Converter 36
25 Fig 3.7 Diode-Clamped Multilevel
iii Converter 37
 26 Fig 3.8 Phase and fundamental voltage waveform 38
27 Fig 3.9 Flying capacitor Multilevel Inverter 39
28 Fig 3.10 Single phase structures of cascaded Converter 42
29 Fig 4.1 Multilevel boost converter 45
30 Fig 4.2 Multilevel cuk converter 45
31 Fig 4.3 Block diagram of proposed Architecture 46
32 Fig 4.4 Circuit diagram of multilevel level Converter 47
33 Fig 4.5 Repeating sequence block in matlab 51
34 Fig 5.1 Symmetrical five level Cascaded H-Bridge Converter 53
35 Fig 5.2 Output waveform of Symmetrical Cascaded MLC 54
36 Fig 5.3 Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel 55
Converter
37 Fig 6.1 Simulink model of non isolated dual output 60
multilevel converter
38 Fig 6.2 Voltage wave forms of gate pulse 61
39 Fig 6.3 Input voltage wave forms 62
40 Fig 6.4 Voltage across the switch 62
37 Fig 6.5 Voltage across the capacitor at boost converter 63
38 Fig 6.6 Voltage across the capacitor at cuk converter 63
39 Fig 6.7 Output at load 1 64
40 Fig 6.8 Output at load 2 64
41 Fig 6.9 Hardware of the project 65

ABBREVATIONS
EIA : Energy Information Administration
PV : Photo Voltaic
BOS : Balance of System
IG : Interconnected Grid
NPC : Neutral Point Clamped
FC : Flying Capacitor
CHB : Cascaded H- Bridge
CMC : Cascaded Multilevel Converter
SDC’S : Separate DC Sources
CSP : Concentrated Solar Power
iv
CPV : Concentrated Photo Voltaic
DC : Direct Current
FF : Fill factor
MPP : Maximum Power Point
AC : Alternating Current
GW : Giga Watts
TW : Terra Watts
WPD : Wind Power Density
GWEC : Global Wind Energy Council
VSC : Voltage Source Converter
PWM : Pulse Width Modulation
CM : Common Mode

v
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page
No No
3.1 Switching Pattern of 3-Level Full Bridge Converter 33
3.2 Diode-Clamped voltage levels and their switching states 37
3.3 Flying Capacitor voltage levels and their switching states 40
3.4 Conventional Multilevel Topologies 43
5.1 Switching states of Symmetrical five level cascaded H-bridge Converter 50
5.2 Switching states of Asymmetrical five level cascaded H-bridge Converter 52
5.3 Comparison Table 53
 ABSTRACT
This is a novel non-isolated dual output hybrid DC-DC multilevel
converter. The proposed converter topology is suitable for
photovoltaic applications where two voltages are needed at the same
time with opposite polarity. The proposed DC-DC converter topology
is the combination of two high gain multilevel DC-DC converters, one
is multilevel boost converter and another is multilevel cuk converter.
Two output voltages with opposite polarity are achieved by using only
single switch and single input supply. Positive output voltage is
obtained from multilevel boost converter and negative output voltage
is obtained from multilevel cuk converter. The gain of the converter
can be increases by adding appropriate number of capacitors and
diodes without disturbing the main circuit. The proposed converter
has been designed for photovoltaic applications with rated output
parameters 200W, 240V and200W, -228V. The input voltage is 12V
and switching frequency is 50 KHz. The Proposed converter topology
is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES TO BE ATTAINED IN THIS PROJECT

PO1 : Engineering knowledge.

PO2 : Problem analysis.
PO3 : Design/development of solutions.
PO4 : Conduct investigations of complex
problems. PO5 : Modern tool usage.
PO6 : The engineer and society.
PO7 : Environment and sustainability.
PO8 : Ethics.
PO9 : Individual and team work.
PO10: Communication.
PO11: Project management and finance.
PO12: Life-long learning.

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
Title of
the 1 1 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 - - -
Project
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1
Pream
ble:

The increasing energy demand, increasing costs and exhaustible nature of fossil fuels,
and global environment pollution have generated huge interest in renewable energy resources.
Other than hydroelectric power, wind and solar are the most useful energy sources to satisfy
our power requirements. Wind energy is capable of producing huge amounts of power, but its
availability can’t be predicted. Solar power is available during the whole day but the solar
irradiance levels change because of the changes in the sun’s intensity and shadows caused by
many reasons. Generally solar and wind powers are complementary in nature. Therefore the
hybrid photovoltaic and wind energy system has higher dependability to give steady power
than each of them operating individually. Other benefit of the hybrid system is that the
amount of the battery storage can be decreased as hybrid system is more reliable compared to
their independent operation.

1.2 Renewable Energy Sources:

Fig1.1 Renewable energy sources

Renewable energy is energy from sources that are naturally replenishing but flow-
limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of
energy that is available per unit of time.

9
 1.2.1 Hydro electric Power:

Fig1.2 Hydro electric power

The power of water is abundant. Water power accounts for 73 percent of all renewable
energy according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Water power is generated
using the mechanical energy of flowing water by forcing it through pipes , which then turns a
generator in order to produce electricity. Water power also consists of tidal and wave energy,
both in the infant stage of research, as scientists try to discover how to harness energy
produced by the ocean's movement.
1.2.2 Solar Power:

10
 Fig1.3 Solar power generation

Solar cells made of silicon absorb the sun's radiation, also called photovoltaic cells. The
photovoltaic process involves the movement and displacement of electrons to absorb the sun's
radiation and create electricity, but there are also solar systems that use large scale mirrors to
heat water, or produce high temperatures and generate steam, which is used to turn a
generator.

1.2.3Wind Power:

11
 Fig1.4 Wind power generation

Wind power is a very simple process. A wind turbine converts the movement energy
of wind into mechanical energy that is used to generate electricity. The energy is fed through
a generator, converted again into electrical energy, then transmitted to a power station. Wind
power is abundant in some states, with the largest wind farms located in Texas. Wind is
unique because it carries incentives for farmers to give parcels of land for building wind
turbines, and has the most potential as far as widespread adoption due to the large area.

12
1.2.4 Geothermal Power:

Fig1.5 Geothermal power

The process involves trapping heat underground, then building energy that rises near
the surface in the form of heat. When this heat naturally creates hot water or steam, it is
harnessed and then used to turn a steam turbine to generate electricity. Geothermal energy
was first used for commercial purposes in the early 1900s.
In this chapter, we will discuss more about renewable energy sources, modeling of pv
cell and wind turbine.

1.3 Multilevel Converter:

The concept of multilevel converter was introduced in 1975. The term multilevel
began with the three level converters introduced by Nabae et al. A multilevel converter is a
power electronic system that synthesizes a desired output voltage from several levels of dc
voltages as inputs. Multilevel converters have received more and more attention because of
their capability of high voltage operation, high efficiency, and low electromagnetic
interference.
The main advantage of multilevel converters is the use of power semiconductor
devices, which operate at reduced voltages. As a result, the switching losses and voltage
stress on power electronic devices are reduced. In addition, the output voltage has small
voltage steps, which results in good power quality, low-harmonic components, and better
electromagnetic compatibility.
 Different types of multilevel converter topologies are neutral point clamped (NPC) or
diode clamped, flying capacitor (FC) or capacitor clamped, and cascaded H-bridge (CHB).
Each of these topologies has a different mechanism for providing the voltage level. Although
different multilevel converter exists, Cascade Multilevel converter (CMI) is one of the

productive topology from multilevel family. In reality, on comparing with other

multilevel-based topologies, CMI feature a high modularity degree because each converter
can be seen as a module with similar circuit topology, control structure, and modulation.
Therefore, in the case of a fault in one of these modules, it is possible to replace it quickly
and easily. Moreover, with an appropriated control strategy, it is possible to bypass the faulty
module without stopping the load, bringing an almost continuous overall availability. All this
features make CMI an outstanding power converter.

Multilevel converters have some particular disadvantages. They need a large number
of power semiconductor switches, which increase the cost and control complexity and tend to
reduce the overall reliability and efficiency. Although low-voltage rated switches can be
utilized in a multilevel converter, each switch requires a related gate driver and protection
circuit. This may cause the overall system to be more expensive and complex.

A new modular and simple topology for cascaded multilevel converter is proposed
which produces a large number of steps with a low number of power switches and dc voltage
sources. Compared to the conventional multilevel converter, the number of dc voltage
sources, switches, installation area, and converter cost is significantly reduced as the number
of voltage steps increases feature a high modularity degree because each converter can be
seen as a module with similar circuit topology, control structure, and modulation.

Therefore, in the case of a fault in one of these modules, it is possible to replace it

quickly and easily. Moreover, with an appropriate
Control strategy, it is possible to bypass the faulty module without stopping the load, bringing
an almost continuous overall availability. All this features make CMI an outstanding power
converter.
Multilevel converters have some particular disadvantages. They need a large number
of power semiconductor switches, which increase the cost and control complexity and tend to
reduce the overall reliability and efficiency. Although low-voltage rated switches can be
utilized in a multilevel converter, each switch requires a related gate driver and protection
circuit. This may cause the overall system to be more expensive and complex.
A new modular and simple topology for cascaded multilevel converter is proposed
which produces a large number of steps with a low number of power switches and dc voltage
sources. Compared to the conventional multilevel converter, the number of dc voltage
sources, switches, installation area, and converter cost is significantly reduced as the number
of voltage steps increases.
There are three different types of multilevel converters are their

 Diode Clamped Multilevel converter

 Flying Capacitor Multilevel converter

 Cascaded Multilevel converter

1.3.1 Diode Clamped Multilevel Converter:

Diodes are used to limit the power devices voltage stress. An m level converter needs (m-

1) voltage sources, 2(m-1) switching devices and (m-1)*(m-2) diodes.

1.3.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter:

This Converter uses capacitors to limit the voltage of the power devices. The
configuration of the flying capacitor multilevel converter is as a diode clamped multilevel
Converter except that capacitors are used to divide the input DC voltage.
1.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter:

The cascaded H-bridge multilevel Converter uses separate dc sources (SDCSs). The
multilevel Converter using cascaded-converter with SDCSs synthesizes a desired voltage
from several independent sources of dc voltages, which may be obtained from batteries, fuel
cells, or solar cells. Chapter 3 gives detail information regarding Multilevel Converter.

1.4 Modified Multilevel Converter:

The proposed multilevel Converter uses less no of switches when compared to

conventional multilevel converter. By using Auxiliary circuit we can generate five
voltage levels at the output. Using proper switching sequence we can desire output
voltage. Chapter-4 gives detail description about Proposed Multilevel Converter.

1.5 Objective:
The main objective of the work is to increase power generation from renewable
energy sources and to reduce number of switches as level of multilevel converter increases.
To obtain the above aspects, simulation studies were performed using the
developed Simulink model.

1) Simulink Model Of Cascaded Multilevel Converter

2) Simulink Model Of Proposed Multilevel Converter Using Hybrid Energy

Systems.

CHAPTER-2
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
2.1
Introducti
on:

Renewable energy is any energy source that is naturally replenished, like that derived
from solar, wind, geothermal or hydroelectric action. Energy produced from the refining of
biomass is also often classified as renewable. Coal, oil or natural gas, on the other hand, are
finite sources.

2.2 Types of renewable energy:

 The United States currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually
dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast,
the many types of renewable energy resources-such as wind and solar energy-are constantly
replenished and will never run out.

Fig2.1 Types of renewable energy sources

2.2.1 Solar energy:

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.
It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture
and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques
include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water
heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building
to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
 Fig 2.2 solar energy
2.2.2 Wind energy:

The wind is a clean, free, and readily available renewable energy source.
Each day, around the world, wind turbines are capturing the wind’s power and
converting it to electricity. This source of power generation plays an
increasingly important role in the way we power our world.

Fig 2.3 wind energy source

2.2.3 Hydro electric power:

Hydro electricity, is electrical power that is generated through the
energy of flowing water. It has the advantage of using only renewable resources, and
not producing harmful waste or byproducts, and is therefore viewed by many as an
environmentally friendly alternative to the burning of fossil fuels that still provides the
bulk of the electricity consumed throughout the world. HEP schemes, however, often
meet with considerable opposition on the grounds that they cause major environmental
problems of their own.
 Fig 2.4 hydro electric power source

2.2.4 Bioenergy:

Biofuel is any fuel that is derived from biomass — recently living organisms
or their metabolic byproducts, such as manure from cows. It is a renewable energy
source, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels.

Fig 2.5 Bio energy sources

Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most
abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined
with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another
element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
2.2.5 Geothermal energy:
Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including
electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the
ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from the number of sources. In addition to tidal energy,
there's the energy of the ocean's waves, which are driven by both the tides and the winds.
The sun also warms the surface of the ocean more than the ocean depths, creating a
temperature difference that can be used as an energy source. All these forms of ocean energy
can be used to produce electricity.

Fig 2.6: Diagram Of Renewable Energy Sources

2.3 Importance of renewable energy:
Renewable energy often displaces conventional fuels in four areas: electricity
generation, hot water/space heating, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
2.3.1 Power generation:
Renewable hydroelectric energy provides 16.3% of the world’s electricity.
When hydroelectric is combined with other renewable such as wind, biomass and
 waste: together they make the "renewable" total, 21.7% of electricity generation worldwide
as of 2013. Renewable power generators are spread across many countries, and wind power
alone already provides a significant share of electricity in some areas: for example, 14% in
the U.S. state of Iowa, 40% in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, and 49% in
Denmark.
Some countries get most of their power from renewable, including Iceland (100%), Norway
(98%), Brazil (86%), Austria (62%), New Zealand (65%), and Sweden (54%).
2.3.2 Heating:

Solar water heating makes an important contribution to renewable heat in many

countries, most notably in China, which now has 70% of the global total (180 GWth). Most
of these systems are installed on multi-family apartment buildings and meet a portion of the
hot water needs of an estimated 50–60 million households in China. Worldwide, total
installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating needs of over 70
million households. The use of biomass for heating continues to grow as well. In Sweden,
national use of biomass energy has surpassed that of oil. Direct geothermal for heating is also
growing rapidly. The newest addition to Heating is from Geothermal Heat Pumps which
provide both heating and cooling, and also flatten the electric demand curve and are thus an
increasing national priority.
2.3.3 Transportation:

Renewable bio fuels have contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the
United States since 2006. U.S. oil use fell 8.5% from 2005 to 2014. The 93 billion liters of
bio fuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced the equivalent of an estimated 68 billion
liters of gasoline, equal to about 5% of world gasoline production.
2.4 Advantages of renewable energy:

1. Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional generators.
Their fuel being derived from natural and available resources reduces the costs of operation.
2. Even more importantly, renewable energy produces little or no waste products such as
carbon dioxide or other chemical pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment.
3. Renewable energy projects can also bring economic benefits to many regional areas, as
most projects are located away from large urban centers and suburbs of the capital cities.
These economic benefits may be from the increased use of local services as well as tourism.
2.5 Solar energy:
 Solar energy can be converted directly into other forms of energy, such as heat and
electricity. It can be used to heat water for use in homes, swimming pools and also to heat
spaces inside homes, green houses etc.
The major disadvantages of solar energy are

 Our inability to control or predict how much solar energy arrives on the earth’s
surface at any place and,
Our technology to date requires that a large surface is required for collection of useful
amounts of solar energy.
The strength of solar radiation at the outer edge of the earth’s atmosphere when the earth is
taken to be at its, average distance from the sun is called the solar constant the mean value of
which is 1.37 106 ergs per sec per cm2 or about 2 calories per min per cm2.

The strength of solar radiation at the outer edge of the earth’s atmosphere when the earth is
taken to be at its, average distance from the sun is called the solar constant the mean value of
which is 1.37 106 ergs per sec per cm2 or about 2 calories per min per cm2.
4. Solar energy is used for heating water for domestic use, space heating of buildings, drying
agricultural products, and generating electrical energy.

Fig 2.7- Diagram Of Solar Energy

2.5.1 Photovoltaic Technology:

Photovoltaic system is the field of technology and research related to the devices
which directly convert sunlight into electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the
photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic effect involves the creation of voltage in a material upon
exposure to electromagnetic radiation.

The photo voltaic cell was introduced in1839, who found that certain materials would
produce small amounts of electric current when exposed to light. In 1905, Albert Einstein
described the nature of light and the photoelectric effect on which photovoltaic technology is
based, for which he later won a Nobel prize in physics. The first photovoltaic module was
built by Bell Laboratories in 1954. It was billed as a solar battery and was mostly just a
curiosity as it was too expensive to gain widespread use. In the 1960s, the space industry
began to make the first serious use of the technology to provide power aboard spacecraft.
Through the space programs, the technology advanced, its reliability was established, and the
cost began to decline. During the energy crisis in the 1970s, photovoltaic technology gained
recognition as a source of power for non-space applications.
2.5.2 Solar Cell:

The number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a single
support structure or frame is called a “photovoltaic module‟. Modules are designed to supply
electricity at a certain voltage, such as a common 12 volt system. The current produced is
directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the module. Several modules can be
wired together to form an array. Photovoltaic modules and arrays produce direct-current
electricity. They can be connected in both series and parallel electrical arrangements to
produce any required voltage and current combination.
A PV array consists of a number of PV modules, mounted in the same plane and
electrically connected to give the required electrical output for the application. The PV array
can be of any size from a few hundred watts to hundreds of kilowatts, although the larger
systems are often divided into several electrically independent sub arrays each feeding into
their own power conditioning system.

Fig 2.8: Solar Array

The circuit model developed for a PV cell is based on a current source and is depicted Fig 2.9

Fig 2.9: Equivalent Circuit Model of PV Cell

2.5.3 System Design:

There are two main system configurations – stand-alone and grid-connected. As its
name implies, the stand-alone PV system operates independently of any other power supply
and it usually supplies electricity to a dedicated load or loads. It may include a storage facility
(e.g. battery bank) to allow electricity to be provided during the night or at times of poor
sunlight levels. Stand-alone systems are also often referred to as autonomous systems since
their operation is independent of other power sources. By contrast, the grid-connected PV
system operates in parallel with the conventional electricity distribution system. It can be
used to feed electricity into the grid distribution system or to power loads which can also be
fed from the grid. It is also possible to add one or more alternative power supplies (e.g. diesel
generator, wind turbine) to the system to meet some of the load requirements. These systems
are then known as “hybrid‟ systems.

Hybrid systems can be used in both stand-alone and grid-connected applications but
are more common in the former because, provided the power supplies have been chosen to be
complementary, they allow reduction of the storage requirement without increased loss of
load probability. Figures below illustrate the schematic diagrams of the three main system
types.
 Fig 2.10: Schematic diagram of a stand-alone photovoltaic system.

2.5.4 General Block Diagram For PV Fed Converter:

Fig:2.11– General Block Diagram for PV Fed Converter

The general block diagram of PV system is shown in the fig 2.6. The PV string
converters solar radiation into DC. Here we are using DC/DC Boost converter to increase
the output voltage. The output inverter converts DC into AC and feeding into the grid.
2.5.5 Theory of I-V Characterization:

PV cells can be modeled as a current source in parallel with a diode. When there
is no light present to generate any current, the PV cell behaves like a diode. As the intensity
of incident light increases, current is generated by the PV cell, as illustrated in Fig. 2.7.
 Fig:2.12– I-V Curve of PV Cell and Associated Electrical

Diagram In an ideal cell, the total current I is equal to the current Iℓ

generated by the
photoelectric effect minus the diode current ID, according to the equation:

(2.1)
where I0 is the saturation current of the diode, q is the elementary charge 1.6x10 -19
Coulombs, k is a constant of value 1.38x10-23J/K, T is the cell temperature in Kelvin, and V is
the measured cell voltage that is either produced (power quadrant) or applied (voltage bias). A
more accurate model will include two diode terms, however, we will concentrate on a single
diode model in this document.
Expanding the equation gives the simplified circuit model shown below and the
following associated equation, where n is the diode ideality factor (typically between 1 and
2), and RS and RSH represents the series and shunt resistances that are described in further
detail later in this document:

(2.2)

Fig: 2.13 - Simplified Equivalent Circuit Model for a Photovoltaic Cell

 The I-V curve of an illuminated PV cell has the shape shown in Fig 2.9 as the voltage
across the measuring load is swept from zero to VOC, and many performance parameters for
the cell can be determined from this data, as described in the sections below.

Fig:2.14 - Illuminated I-V Sweep Curve

2.5.5.1 Short Circuit Current (ISC):

The short circuit current ISC corresponds to the short circuit condition when the
impedance is low and is calculated when the voltage equals 0.
I (at V=0) = ISC (2.3)
ISC occurs at the beginning of the forward-bias sweep and is the maximum current
value in the power quadrant. For an ideal cell, this maximum current value is the total current
produced in the solar cell by photon excitation.
ISC = IMAX = I for forward-bias power quadrant (2.4)

2.5.5.2 Open Circuit Voltage (VOC):

The open circuit voltage (VOC) occurs when there is no current passing through the
cell.

V (at I=0) = VOC (2.5)

VOC is also the maximum voltage difference across the cell for a forward-bias sweep
in the power quadrant.
VOC= VMAX for forward-bias power quadrant.

2.5.6 Maximum Power (PMAX), Current at PMAX (IMP), Voltage at PMAX (VMP):

The power produced by the cell in Watts can be easily calculated along the I-V
sweep by the equation P=IV. At the ISC and VOC points, the power will be zero and the
maximum value for power will occur between the two. The voltage and current at this
maximum power point are denoted as VMP and IMP respectively. which is shown in the Fig 2.1

Fig:2.15- Maximum Power for an I-V Sweep

2.5.7 Fill Factor (FF):

The Fill Factor (FF) is essentially a measure of quality of the solar cell. It is calculated
by comparing the maximum power to the theoretical power (PT) that would be output at both
the open circuit voltage and short circuit current together. FF can also be interpreted
graphically as the ratio of the rectangular areas depicted in Fig 2.11.

Fig: 2.16- Getting the Fill Factor From the I-V Sweep
A larger fill factor is desirable, and corresponds to an I-V sweep that is more square-
like.
Typical fill factors range from 0.5 to 0.82. Fill factor is also often represented as a percentage.
By using fill factor we can measure its quality. Based on fill factor range we can define its
quality.
 2.5.8 Efficiency (η):
Efficiency is the ratio of the electrical power output Pout, compared to the solar power
input, Pin, into the PV cell. Pout can be taken to be PMAX since the solar cell can be operated up
to its maximum power output to get the maximum efficiency.

(2.6)
Pin is taken as the product of the irradiance of the incident light, measured in W/m 2 or
in suns (1000 W/m2), with the surface area of the solar cell [m 2]. The maximum efficiency
(ηMAX) found from a light test is not only an indication of the performance of the device under
test, but, like all of the I-V parameters, can also be affected by ambient conditions such as
temperature and the intensity and spectrum of the incident light. For this reason, it is
recommended to test and compare PV cells using similar lighting and temperature conditions.

2.5.9 Shunt Resistance (RSH) and Series Resistance (RS):

During operation, the efficiency of solar cells is reduced by the dissipation of power
across internal resistances. These parasitic resistances can be modeled as a parallel shunt
resistance (RSH) and series resistance (RS), as depicted in Fig 2.18 For an ideal cell, R SH would
be infinite and would not provide an alternate path for current to flow, while RS would be
zero, resulting in no further voltage drop before the load.
Decreasing RSH and increasing Rs will decrease the fill factor (FF) and PMAX as shown
in Fig 2.17. If RSH is decreased too much, VOC will drop, while increasing RS excessively can
cause ISC to drop instead.

Fig:2.17- Effect of Diverging Rs & RSH From Ideality

 It is possible to approximate the series and shunt resistances, RS and RSH, from the
slopes of the I-V curve at VOC and ISC, respectively. The resistance at Voc, however, is at best
proportional to the series resistance but it is larger than the series resistance. R SH is
represented by the slope at ISC. Typically, the resistances at ISC and at VOC will be measured
and noted, as shown in Fig.2.18.

Fig:2.18- Obtaining Resistances from the I-V Curve

If incident light is prevented from exciting the solar cell, the I-V curve shown in
Fig2.19 can be obtained. This I-V curve is simply a reflection of the “No Light” curve from
Fig 2.19 about the V-axis. The slope of the linear region of the curve in the third quadrant
(reverse-bias) is a continuation of the linear region in the first quadrant, which is the same
linear region used to calculate RSH in Fig 2.19. It follows that RSH can be derived from the I-V
plot obtained with or without providing light excitation, even when power is sourced to
the cell. It is important to
note, however, that for real cells, these resistances are often a function of the light level, and
can differ in value between the light and dark tests.

Fig: 2.19- I-V Curve of Solar Cell Without Light Excitation

 2.5.10 Temperature Measurement Considerations:
The crystals used to make PV cells, like all semiconductors, are sensitive to
temperature. Fig 2.20 depicts the effect of temperature on an I-V curve. When a PV cell is
exposed to higher temperatures, ISC increases slightly, while VOC decreases more significantly.

Fig:2.20- Temperature Effect on I-V Curve

For a specified set of ambient conditions, higher temperatures result in a decrease in the
maximum power output PMAX. Since the I-V curve will vary according to
temperature, it is beneficial to record the conditions under which the I-V sweep was
conducted. Temperature can be measured using sensors such as RTDs, thermostats or
thermocouples.

2.5.11 I-V Curves for Modules:

For a module or array of PV cells, the shape of the I-V curve does not change.
However, it is scaled based on the number of cells connected in series and in parallel. When n
is the number of cells connected in series and m is the number of cells connected in parallel
and ISC and VOC are values for individual cells, the I-V curve shown in Fig.2.21 is produced.

Fig:2.21 I-V Curve for Modules and Arrays

 2.6 Wind Energy Conversion System:
Wind energy is transformed into mechanical energy by means of a wind turbine that
has one or several blades. The turbine is coupled to the generator system by means of a
mechanical drive train. It usually includes a gearbox that matches the turbine low speed to the
higher speed of the generator. New wind turbine designs use multi pole, low speed
generators, usually synchronous with field winding or permanent magnet excitation, in order
to eliminate the gearbox. Some turbines include a blade pitch angle control for controlling the
amount of power to be transformed. Stall controlled turbines do not allow such control. Wind
speed is measured by means of an anemometer. A general scheme of Wind energy conversion
system is shown in Fig 2.22.

Fig 2.22: Block diagram of wind energy conversion system

The electrical generator transforms mechanical energy from the wind turbine into
electrical energy. The generator can be synchronous or asynchronous. In the first case, an
excitation system is included or permanent magnets are used. Variable speed systems require
the presence of a power electronic interface, which can adapt to different configurations. The
compensating unit may include power factor correction devices (active or passive) and filters.
 2.6.1 Types of wind turbines:
Wind turbines can be separated into two types based on the axis about which the
turbine rotates. Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are most common where as
vertical-axis turbines are less frequently used

2.6.1.1 Horizontal- and Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines:

Wind turbines can be categorized based on the orientation of their spin axis into
horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) and vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT).
In horizontal-axis wind turbines, the orientation of the spin axis is parallel to the. The
tower elevates the nacelle to provide sufficient space for the rotor blade rotation and to reach
better wind conditions. The nacelle supports the rotor hub that holds the rotor blades and also
houses the gearbox, generator, and, in some designs, power converters. The industry standard
HAWT uses a three blade rotor positioned in front of the nacelle, which is known as upwind
configuration. However, downwind configurations with the blades at the back can also be
found in practical applications. Turbines with one, two, or more than three blades can also be
seen in wind farms.
In vertical-axis wind turbines, the orientation of the spin axis is perpendicular to the
ground. The turbine rotor uses curved vertically mounted airfoils. The rotor blades of the
VAWT have a variety of designs with different shapes and number of blades. The design
given in the figure is one of the popular designs. The VAWT normally needs guide wires to
keep the rotor shaft in a fixed position and minimize possible mechanical vibrations. The
vertical axis machine has the shape of an egg beater, and is often called the Darrieus rotor
after its inventor. However, most modern turbines use horizontal axis design.
2.6.2 Mathematical Model of wind turbine:

A wind energy conversion system is basically comprised of two main components, the
aerodynamic component and the electrical component. The turbine forms a major constituent
of the aerodynamic system. The energy that could be captured from wind by a specific
turbine depends on its design particulars and operating conditions. In this section all aspects
related to the power conversion, from kinetic wind energy to rotational energy, that are of
relevance for the stability model are explained.

The kinetic energy Ek of a mass of air m having the speed Vw is given by:
2
Ek = mV (2.7)
2

The power associated to this moving air mass is the derivative of the kinetic energy
with respect to time can be expressed as follows:
 Where q represents the mass flow given by the expression:
q =VW .A (2.8)
Where ρ: Air density;
A: Cross section of the air mass flow.
Ek: kinetic energy of the air
Only a fraction of the total kinetic power can be extracted by a wind turbine and converted
into rotational power at the shaft. This fraction of power (P wind) depends on the wind speed,
rotor speed and blade position (for pitch and active stall control turbines) and on the turbine
design. The aerodynamic efficiency Cp is defined as follows:
Pwind
C P (2.9)
o P

For a specific turbine design, the values of Cp (α, β) are usually presented as a function of
the pitch angle (β) and the tip speed ratio (α). The tip speed ratio is given by:
tur R (2. 10)

Vw

Where R: the radius of the turbine

blades. ωtur: the turbine angular
speed.
The aerodynamic efficiency Cp (α, β) is usually defined as a form of a two-
dimensional lookup characteristic (for different values of α and β) by actual measurement.
The variation of the power coefficient C p with variation of the tip speed ratio is shown in Fig
2.23.
 Fig 2.23: power coefficient versus tip speed ratio

A two dimensional, cubic line-interpolation method is used for calculating points

between measured values. The high accuracy of the interpolation method avoids the need of
entering a large number of points. Alternatively, analytical approaches for approximating the
aerodynamic efficiency Cp (α, β) characteristic could be used. Finally, the mechanical power
extracted from the wind is calculated using:

The aerodynamic efficiency Cp (α, β) characteristic can be calculated using special software
for aerodynamic designs that is usually based on blade-iteration techniques or it can be
obtained from actual measurements. The power coefficient of wind turbine can be expressed
by

c1, c2, c3, c4, c5 and c6 are the constants they depend on mechanical characteristics of the

wind turbine.

2.6.3 Types of Wind Generators:

Various types of generators that are used for wind power generation are induction
generators and synchronous generators. In this section a brief review of different types of
generators including their advantages and disadvantages are presented.
 Generators suitable for Constant speed turbines:

1.Squirrel Cage Induction Generator

 Generators suitable for variable

speedturbines:

1. Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

2. Permanent Magnet synchronous Generator (PMSG).

2.6.4 Induction Generators:

The induction machine is a well-established technology, as its application as a wind

generator, using a gear drive to a generator with a low number of poles. In general, because of
its small air-gap, the induction machine leakage flux increases to an unacceptable limit for
machines with many poles. This causes difficulty, in which the machine cannot use the
available current flow to generate torque. Induction machines with a large number of poles
must be large enough to accommodate a sufficient number of slots per pole per phase, in
order to prevent this situation from taking the upper hand. This means that induction
machines with many poles will inevitably be oversized in relation to the rated output. The
induction generator applied to conventional wind power generation has advantages like low
maintenance, robustness, and low cost, asynchronous operation, which allow some flexibility
when the wind speed is fluctuating. These advantages make the induction machine very
attractive for wind power application, for both fixed and variable speed operation. However, a
major disadvantage is the need for excitation of the magnetic field through the supply
terminal, which results in relatively low power factor for full load operation. For power factor
compensation of the reactive power in the generator, ac- capacitor banks are used. The
generators are normally compensated over the whole power range. The switching of
capacitors is done as a function of average value of measured reactive power during a certain
period. The capacitors may be heavy loaded and damaged in case of over- voltages to the
grid. Therefore, they may increase the maintenance cost. Another solution to improve the
power factor is to insert a power converter in series with the armature circuit. In this way, full
control is obtained over the induction generator performance, but at the cost of a converter
capable of handling the full power of the generator.
 2.6.4.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generator:

A squirrel cage induction generator is an asynchronous machine, with a squirrel cage

rotor and stator, which is directly connected to the grid. The wind turbine rotor will be
directly coupled to the generator through a gearbox, which matches the rotational speed of
blades with that of the generator. Essentially this is a constant speed wind turbine because the
power converted from the wind is limited by designing the turbine rotor in such a way that its
efficiency decreases under high wind speeds.

Induction generator is the most common generator in wind energy systems because
of its simplicity, ruggedness, low maintenance and low cost. The main drawback in induction
generator is its consumption of reactive power for producing the real power. The VAR
compensation can be done with the help of fixed capacitance connected near the Induction
generator. The fixed capacitance method of VAR compensation is generally done when the
torque applied to the induction generator is constant.
In practice, most wind farms have fixed capacitor banks installed to fulfill reactive
power compensation requirement at rated output level. Using a fixed capacitor to supply
reactive power may lead to voltage fluctuation and wear out the turbine's gearboxes.

2.64.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator:

The doubly fed induction generator is an induction machine with wound rotor and a
four- quadrant ac-to-ac converter setup connected to the rotor winding. The doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines are nowadays more widely used especially in large
wind farms. These are generally used in the variable speed applications. The main reason for
the popularity of the doubly fed wind induction generators is their ability to supply power at
constant voltage and frequency while the rotor speed varies. The DFIG concept also provides
a possibility to control the overall system power factor. DFIG wind turbine utilizes a wound
rotor induction machine while the rotor winding is supplied from frequency converter
providing speed control, together with terminal voltage and power factor control for the
overall system.

CHAPTER 3
MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS
3.1
Introductio
n:
 Converter is a device that converts DC power to AC power at desired output voltage
and frequency. The voltage source converters produce a voltage or a current with levels 0,
+Vdc or –Vdc they are known as two level converters. Demerits of converter are less
efficiency, high cost, and high switching losses.

3.2 Converters:

Converters are considerably accelerated.

Recent advances in the power-handling capabilities of static switch devices such as
IGBTs with voltage rating up to 4.5 kV commercially available, has made the use of the voltage
source inverters (VSI) feasible for high-power applications. High power and high-voltage
conversion systems have become very important issues for the power electronic industry
handling the large ac drive and electrical power applications at both the transmission and
distribution levels. For these reasons, a new family of multilevel inverters has emerged as the
solution for working with higher voltage levels. Multilevel inverters include an array of power
semiconductors and capacitor voltage sources, the output of which generate voltages with
stepped waveforms. Capacitors, batteries, and renewable energy voltage sources can be used as
the multiple dc voltage sources. The commutation of the power switches aggregate these
multiple dc sources in order to achieve high voltage at the output; however, the rated voltage of
the power semiconductor switches depends only upon the rating of the dc voltage sources to
which they are connected.
Switch-mode dc-to-ac inverters used in ac power supplies and ac motor drives where
the objective is to produce a sinusoidal ac output whose magnitude and frequency can both be
controlled. Practically, we use an inverter in both single-phase and three phase ac systems. A
half-bridge is the simplest topology, which is used to produce a two level square-wave output
waveform. A center-tapped voltage source supply is needed in such a topology. It may be
possible to use a simple supply with two well-matched capacitors in series to provide the
center tap. Today, multilevel inverters are extensively used in high-power applications with
medium voltage levels. The field applications include use in laminators, mills, conveyors,
pumps, fans, blowers, compressors, and so on.
 Fig 3.1: Classification of converter
first it converts the AC into DC (as we know that AC cannot be stored because it keeps on
varying w.r.t time i.e alternating in nature) and then it stores it in the batteries. ... Since its
behavior is to convert AC to DC for storing purpose and DC to AC for application, the name
given is inverter.
Three-Level Converter The block models a twelve-pulse three-phase three-level neutral-point
clamped controlled converter. You can use this block to connect a three-phase AC network to a
three-level DC network.

Diode clamped converter :

Diode clamped converter needs only one DC-bus and the voltage levels are produced by several
capacitors in series (Figure 1). Balancing of the capacitors is very complicated and only 3-level
diode clamped inverters are commercially available.
 3.3 Two Level Converter:

“H” topology has many redundant combinations of switches‟ positions to produce the
same voltage levels. As an example, the level “zero” can be generated with switches in
position S(1) and S(2), or S(3) and S(4), or S(5) and S(6), and so on.
Another characteristic of “H” converters is that they only produce an odd number of
levels, which ensures the existence of the “0V” level at the load .For example, a 51-level
converter using an “H” configuration with transistor-clamped topology requires 52
transistors, but only 25 power supplies instead the 50 required when using a single leg.
Therefore, the problem related to increasing the number of levels and reducing the size and
complexity has been partially solved, since power supplies have been reduced to 50%.

The single-phase H – Bridge of cascaded converter. The ac terminal voltages of each

bridge are connected in series. Unlike the diode clamp or flying capacitors inverter, the
cascaded converter does not require any voltage-clamping diodes or voltage balancing
capacitors.

This configuration is useful for constant frequency applications such as active front-end
rectifiers, active power filters, and reactive power compensation. In this case, the power
supply could also be voltage regulated dc capacitor. The circuit diagram consists of two
cascade bridges. The load is connected in such a way that the sum of output of these bridges
will appear across it. The ratio of the power supplies between the auxiliary bridge and the
main bridge is 1:3. One important characteristic of multilevel converters using voltage
escalation is that electric power distribution and switching frequency present advantages for
the implementation of these topologies.

The full-bridge topology is used to synthesize a three-level square-wave output

waveform. The half-bridge and full-bridge configurations of the single-phase voltage source
converter are shown in Fig. 3.2 and 3.3, respectively.
 In a single-phase half-bridge converter, only two switches are needed. To avoid
shoot- through fault, both switches are never turned on at the same time. S 1 is turned on and
S2 is turned off to give a load voltage, VAO in Fig. 3.2, of +V s/2. To complete one cycle, S1 is
turned off and S2 is turned on to give a load voltage, VAO, of -V s/2.

Fig 3.2 Half bridge converter

Fig 3.3 Full bridge converter
. In full bridge configuration, turning on S1 and S4 and turning off S2 and S3 give a
voltage of VS between point A and B (VAB) in Fig. 3.3, while turning off S1 and S4 and turning
on S2 and S3 give a voltage of -Vs .

Table 3.1: Switching pattern of 3 level full bridge converter

Conducing Switches Load Voltage VAB

S1,S4 +Vs

S1,S4 -Vs

S1,S4 orS1,S4 0

Table 3. 1Shows the voltage levels and their corresponding switching state condition to
generate zero level in a full-bridge converter, the combination can be S1 and S2 on while S3
and S4 off or vice versa. Note that S1 and S3 should not be closed at the same time, nor should
S2 and S4. Otherwise, a short circuit would exist across the dc source.

The output waveform of half bridge and full-bridge of single-phase voltage source
converter are shown in Fig. 3.4 and 3.5respectively.

VAO

V
s
t

V
s

Fig 3.4 Output Waveform Of Half Bridge

Fig 3.4 shows the output wave form of half bridge to get positive half cycle S1 is turned on
and S2 is turned off to give a load voltage, VAO of +V s/2.To complete one cycle, S1 is turned
off and S2 is turned on to give a load voltage, VAO, of -V s/2.

VAB

Vs

Vs

Fig 3.5: output waveform of full bridge converter

Fig 3.5Output waveform of Full Bridge converter to get positive half cycle S1 will be in on
state and S4 will be in off state to give a load voltage, VAO or vice versa

3.4 Multilevel converter:

The term Multilevel began with the three-level converter. To obtain a quality output
voltage or a current waveform with a minimum amount of ripple content, they require high
switching frequency along with various pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies. In high
power and high voltage applications, these two level converters, however, have some
limitations in operating at high frequency mainly due to switching devices should be used in
such a manner as to avoid problems associated with their series- parallel combinations that
are necessary to obtain capability of handling high voltages and currents. It may be easier to
produce a high power, high voltage converter with the multilevel structure because of the way
in which device voltage stresses are controlled in the structure. Increasing the number of
voltage levels in the converters without requiring higher ratings on the individual devices can
increase the power rating. The unique structure of multilevel voltages sources inverters allow
them to reach high voltages with low harmonics without the use of transformer or series
connected synchronized switching devices.
As the number of voltage levels increases, the harmonic content of output voltage waveform
decreases significantly. If the multilevel converter output increase to N level, the harmonics
reduced to the output voltage value to zero.
The general structure of multilevel converter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal
voltage from several levels of dc voltages, typically from capacitor voltage sources.
Multilevel converter output voltage produce a staircase output waveform, this waveform
look like a sinusoidal waveform. As number of levels increases, the synthesized output
waveform has more steps, which provides a staircase wave that approaches a desired
waveform.

3.4.1 Features of Multilevel Converter:

The most attractive features of multilevel converters are as follows.
1) They can generate output voltages with extremely low distortion and lower dv/dt.
2) They draw input current with very low distortion.
3) They generate smaller common-mode (CM) voltage, thus reducing the stress in the motor
bearings. In addition, using sophisticated modulation methods, CM voltages can be
eliminated.
4) They can operate with a lower switching frequency.

3.4.2 Advantages of multilevel converters:

 In High power circuits if you switch at high frequency switching losses are high.
 Particularly in Low power & low voltage circuits MOSFETs are used.
 In MOSFETs the conductions losses 70% of total losses and switching losses are 30 %
of total losses.
 So switching the MOSFETs at high switching frequency not affects the total losses
much.
 In case of High power high voltage circuits IGBTs are used.
 In IGBTs the conduction losses 50 % of total loss and switching losses are 50 % of total
loss. So if you switch at high frequency the efficiency of the system reduces.
 So in High power High frequency PWM is not suitable, so we need to use multilevel
converter for high power application.
 It improves the square waveform to sinusoidal.
3.5 Classification of Multilevel Converters:

Fig. 3.6: Classification of Multilevel Converters

In General, the multilevel Converters are classified as Single DC source and Multiple
DC sources or Several Separate DC Sources. Both the Diode Clamped Multilevel Converter
and the Flying Capacitor converter comes under the category of Single DC source where the
input supply is taken from a single DC source.

3.5.1Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converter:

The main concept of this converter is to use diodes to limit the power devices voltage
stress. The voltage over each capacitor and each switch is V dc. An m level converter needs
(m-1) voltage sources, 2(m-1) switching devices and (m-1)*(m-2) diodes.

3.5.1.1 5-Level Diode Clamped Multilevel Converter:

In a 5-level diode clamped multilevel: For n=5 the number of switches will be 2(n-1)
=8 and for this diodes will be (n-1) (n-2) =12 and the capacitors will (n-1) =4. For example to
obtain an output voltage level Vao=Vdc, turn on all upper–half switches S1 through S4.
 Fig 3.7: Diode-Clamped Multilevel converter

Table 3.2: Diode-Clamped Voltage Levels and Their Switching States

Output Switch State
Voltage

V5= Vdc 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
V4= 3Vdc/4 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
V3= Vdc/2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
V2= Vdc/4 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
V1= 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Table 3.2 shows the voltage levels and their corresponding switch state condition 1
means the switch is on, and state 0 means the switch is off. It should noticed that each switch
is turned on only once per cycle and there are four complementary switch pairs in each phase.
 Figure 3.8 shows the phase voltage waveform of the five-level converter. The line
voltage consists of the positive phase-leg voltage of terminal a. and the negative phase-leg
voltage of terminal b. Each phase-leg voltage tracks one-half of the sinusoidal waves.

Fig. 3.8: Phase and Fundamental Voltage Waveform of a Five Level Converter
The resulting line voltage is a nine level staircase wave. This implies that an m-level
converter has an m-level output phase-leg voltage and a (2m-1) level output line voltage.

Features
 High-Voltage Rating Required for Blocking Diodes. Although each active switching
device is only required to block a voltage level of Vdc/(m - l), the clamping diodes

Advantages:
 All of the phases share a common dc bus, which minimizes the capacitance
requirements of the converter. For this reason, a back-to-back topology is not only
possible but also practical for uses such as a high-voltage back-to-back inter-
connection or an adjustable speed drive.
 The capacitors can be pre-charged as a group.
 Efficiency is high for fundamental frequency switching.

Disadvantages:
 Real power flow is difficult for a single converter because the intermediate dc
levels will tend to overcharge or discharge without precise monitoring and control.
 The number of clamping diodes required is quadratically related to the number of
levels, which can be cumbersome for units with a high number of levels.
 3.5.2 Flying-Capacitor Multilevel Converter (FCMI):
This converter uses capacitors to limit the voltage of the power devices. The
configuration of the flying capacitor multilevel converter is as a diode clamped multilevel
converter except that capacitors are used to divide the input DC voltage. The voltage over
each capacitor and each switch is Vdc.

3.5.2.1 5-Level Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter:

The numbering order of the switches is S1, S2, S3, S4,4 S Ꞌ,S3ꞌ,S2Ꞌ,S1Ꞌ. Assuming that
each capacitor has the same voltage rating, the series connection of the capacitors indicates
the voltage level between the clamping points and all phase legs share the same dc-link
capacitors, C1through C4. For an m level converter, the dc bus needs (m-1) capacitors, 2(m-1)
switches.
Fig 3.9 shows a five level flying capacitor multilevel converter. The switching states
in this inverter are like in the diode clamped multilevel converter. It means that for each
output voltage level 4 switches should be on. Table 3.3 shows the switching states for a 5-
level flying capacitor clamped multilevel converter.

Fig. 3.9: Flying-Capacitor Multilevel converter

 Table 3.3: Flying Capacitor Voltage Levels and Their Switch States
Output Switch State
Voltage

V5= Vdc 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
V4= 3Vdc/4 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
V3= Vdc/2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
V2= Vdc/4 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
V1= 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Advantages of (FCMLC):
Compared to the diode-clamped converter, this topology has several unique and attractive
features as described below:
i) Added clamping diodes are not needed.

ii) It has switching redundancy within the phase, which can be used to balance the flying
capacitors so that only one dc source is needed.
iii) The required number of voltage levels can be achieved without the use of the transformer.
This assists in reducing the cost of the converter and again reduces power loss.
iv) Unlike the diode clamped structure where the series string of capacitors share the same
voltage, in the capacitor-clamped voltage source converter the capacitors within a phase leg
are charged to different voltage levels.
v) Real and reactive power flow can be controlled.

vi) The large number of capacitors enables the converter to ride through short duration
outages and deep voltage sags.

3.5.2.2 Disadvantages:
i) Converter initialization i.e., before the converter can be modulated by any modulation
scheme the capacitors must be set up with the required voltage level as the initial charge. This
complicates the modulation process and becomes a hindrance to the operation of the
converter.
ii) Control is complicated to track the voltage levels for all of the capacitors.

iii) Pre-charging all of the capacitors to the same voltage level and startup are complex.
iv) Switching utilization and efficiency are poor for real power transmission.

v) Since the capacitors have large fractions of the dc bus voltage across them, rating of the
capacitors are a design challenge.
vi) The large numbers of capacitors are both more expensive and bulky than clamping diodes
in multilevel diode-clamped converters.
vii) Packaging is also more difficult in inverters with a high number of levels.

3.5.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter:

The cascaded H-bridge multilevel Converter uses separate dc sources (SDCSs). The
multilevel converter using cascaded-converter with SDCSs synthesizes a desired voltage
from several independent sources of dc voltages, which may be obtained from batteries, fuel
cells, or solar cells. Cascaded multilevel converter avoids extra clamping diodes or voltage
balancing capacitors. Again, the cascaded multilevel converters are classified depending up
on the type of DC sources used throughout the input.
A single-phase structure of an m-level cascaded converter is each separate dc source
(SDCS) is connected to a single-phase full-bridge, or H-bridge, converter. Each converter
level can generate three different voltage outputs, +Vdc, 0, and –Vdc by connecting the dc

source to the ac output by different combinations of the four switches, S 1, S2, S3, and S4. To

obtain +Vdc, switches S1 and S4 are turned on, whereas –Vdc can be obtained by turning on

switches S2 and S3. By turning on S1 and S2 or S3 and S4, the output voltage is 0. The ac

outputs of each of the different full-bridge converter levels are connected in series such that
the synthesized voltage waveform is the sum of the converter outputs.
The Cascaded multilevel converter synthesizes its output nearly sinusoidal voltage
waveforms by combining many isolated voltage levels.
A cascade multilevel converter consists of a series of H-bridge (single-phase full
bridge) converter units. Each H-bridge converter consists of four switches, S1to S4 which
generate three different voltage outputs Vdc, –Vdcand zero. The AC outputs of different full-

bridge converters in the same phase are connected in series such that the synthesized voltage
waveform is the sum of the individual converter outputs. In this topology, the number of
output-phase voltage levels is defined by m= 2N+1, where N is the number of DC sources
 a
C1

a
C1 C2

a C2 C1
C1
n
n n

Fig. 3.10: Single Phase Structures of Cascaded converter (a) 3-level, (b) 5-level, (c) 7-level
Each H- bridge unit generates a quasi-square waveform by phase shifting its positive
and negative phase legs, switching timings. Each switching device always conducts for 180°
(or half cycle) regardless of the pulse width of the quasi-square wave.

Features:
For real power conversions, (ac to dc and dc to ac), the cascaded-converter needs separate dc
sources. The structure of separate dc sources is well suited for various renewable energy
sources such as fuel cell, photovoltaic, and biomass, etc.
Connecting separated dc sources between two converters in a back-to-back fashion is not
possible because a short circuit will be introduced when two back-to-back converters are not
switching synchronously.
In summary, advantages and disadvantages of the cascaded converter based multilevel
voltage source converter can be listed below.

Advantages:
i) The regulation of the DC buses is simple.
ii) Modularity of control can be achieved. Unlike the diode clamped and capacitor clamped
converter where the individual phase legs must be modulated by a central controller, the full-
bridge converters of a cascaded structure can be modulated separately.
iii) Requires the least number of components among all multilevel converters to achieve the
same number of voltage levels.
iv) Soft-switching can be used in this structure to avoid bulky and lossy resistor-capacitor-
diode snubbers.

3.6 Comparison of conventional multilevel topologies:

Converter Type Diode-Clamped Flying Capacitor Cascaded

Multilevel Multilevel Inverter Multilevel Inverter
Inverter
Main switching (m-1)*2 (m-1)*2 (m-1)*2

Main diodes (m-1)*2 (m-1)*2 (m-1)*2

Clamping (m-1)*(m-2) 0 0
diodes
Balancing 0 (m-1)*(m-2)/2 0
capacitors
DC Bus (m-1) m-1) (m-1)/2
Capacitors
Table 3.4 conventional Multilevel Topologies
The table 3.4 shows different topologies of conventional Multilevel Converter. The
table gives information about Switching diodes, Clamping diodes, Balancing Capacitors and
DC Bus Capacitors.

CHAPTER-4
PROPOSED CONCEPT
4.1
Introducti
on:

The increasing energy demand, increasing costs and exhaustible nature of fossil fuels,
and global environment pollution have generated huge interest in renewable energy resources.
Other than hydroelectric power, wind and solar are the most useful energy sources to satisfy
our power requirements. Wind energy is capable of producing huge amounts of power, but its
availability can’t be predicted. Solar power is available during the whole day but the solar
irradiance levels change because of the changes in the sun’s intensity and shadows caused by
many reasons. Generally solar and wind powers are complementary in nature. Therefore the
hybrid photovoltaic and wind energy system has higher dependability to give steady power
than each of them operating individually. Other benefit of the hybrid system is that the
amount of the battery storage can be decreased as hybrid system is more reliable compared to
their independent operation.
The utility of energy requirement for human being in various aspects getting higher at a snail's
pace. Non renewable energy is not a proper solution for energy requirement because a non
renewable energy resource decreases day by day. Non renewable energy also exposed
contaminated gases into the atmosphere. Photovoltaic energy has major contribution among
all the renewable energy for power generation because solar energy is abundantly available
everywhere. Solar energy system is eco friendly, less maintenance and huge reliable.
Electrical energy is generated from solar energy by using Photovoltaic cells. The output
voltage of photovoltaic cells needs to boost with high conversion ratio for practical
application. Series connection of several photovoltaic cells is not a viable solution. Hence DC-
DC boost converters which have high conversion ratio are employed.
Dual output converter is essential when two output voltages are needed at the same time from
single input voltage source. In, a dual output converter which uses a single switch is
explained. But the disadvantage of this converter is low voltage gain. Multiple outputs DC-
DC converter which uses a single inductor is explained in. Dual output flyback converter and
multiple outputs flyback converter is explained in respectively. Transformer is required for
flyback converter topologies. Complexity, losses, size, and cost of the converter are increases
because of transformer. In multilevel converters are used to achieve high voltage gain without
using transformer. In multilevel high gain cuk converter which uses a single switch is
explained.
In this paper a novel non isolated dual output hybrid DCDC multilevel converter is proposed.
The proposed converter topology provides a suitable solution to obtain two outputs with
opposite polarity from a single DC source. The proposed DC-DC converter topology is
thecombination of two high gain multilevel DC-DC converters, one is multilevel boost
converter and another is multilevel cuk converter. DC-DC Multilevel boost converter provides
positive polarity output voltage and DC-DC multilevel cuk converter provides negative
polarity output voltage. Circuit diagrams of multilevel boost converter and multilevel cuk
converter is shown in Fig1 (a)-(b). The main advantage of proposed topology is two output
voltages are obtained by controlling single switch. Hence only one gate driver circuit is needed
to drive the proposed converter. Voltage levels of both outputs can be increases by connecting
more number of diode-capacitor stacks without modifying the main circuit. The voltage gain of
proposed converter is depends upon the number of levels and duty cycle of switch.

FIG 4.1 MULTILEVEL BOOST CONVERTER

 FIG 4.2 MULTILEVEL CUK CONVERTER

4.2 Proposed System Architecture:

The block diagram of the proposed architecture is shown By using hybrid energy
sources we are delivering voltage to five level converter.
 Fig 4.3.Block diagram of proposed architecture

Here, photovoltaic cell and wind turbine are two energy sources used. The output of
these energy sources are connected to Multilevel Converter. The output is five level
Converter which is connected to the load.

4.3 Multilevel Converter:

Fig 4.4. Circuit diagram of multilevel level converter.

Concept of multilevel converters has been introduced in 1975 by [12], but the term multilevel
began with the three-level Neutral Pointed Clamped (NPC) converter in 1981 [13], when it
gained industrial interest. Its circuit diagram is presented in Fig. 1. Latter it was followed by
the flying capacitor circuit [14] and the cascaded full-bridge multilevel converters circuit
consisting of four diodes and a switch is used for generating five voltage levels at the
output. Using proper switching sequence in this modified circuit generates five levels
in output voltage. Table 4.1 shows the switching sequence used for creating five levels
for the output voltage.
Analysis of proposed concept:
When switch S is conducting, inductors L1 is charged by input supply VIN.
VL1=VIN. (1)
Voltage VC2 is charges by voltage VC1
VC2=VC1 (2)
Similarly,
VC2+VC4=VC1+VC3 (3)
VC2+VC4+VC6=VC1+VC3+VC5 (4)
VC2+VC4+VC6+VC8=VC1+VC3+VC5+VC7 (5)
Simultaneously VCC2 is charged by voltage VCC1 through Switch S and diode DC2
Vcc2=Vcc1 (6)
VCC2+VCC4=VCC1+VCC3 (7)
VCC2+VCC4+VCC6=VCC1+VCC3+VCC5 (8)
VCC2+VCC4+VCC6+VCC8=VCC1+VCC3+VCC5+VCC (9)
Finally, inductance L2 is charged by Cc1,Cc3,Cc5,Cc7 and Cc9
VL2=VCC1+VCC3+VCC5+VCC7+VCC9+V02 (10)
VCC1=VCC3=VCC5=VCC7=VCC9 (11)
VL2=5VCC1+V02 (12)
When switch s is not conducting, inductors L2 is discharged and Vc1 is charged
VL1=VIN-VC1 (13)
VL1=VIN-VCC1 (14)
Simultaneously voltage VC3 is equal to voltage VC2
VC3=VC2 (15)
VC3+VC5=VC2+VC4 (16)
VC3+VC5+VC7=VC2+VC4+VC6 (17)
VC3+VC5+VC7+VC9=VC2+VC4+VC6+VC8 (18)
Simultaneously VCC1 is charged by input supply VIN and inductor L1.
 VCC3=VCC2 (19)
VCC3+VCC5=VCC2+VCC4 (20)
VCC3+VCC5+VCC7=VCC2+VCC4+VCC6 (21)
VCC3+VCC5+VCC7+VCC9=VCC2+VCC4+VCC6+VCC8 (22)
Inductor L2 is discharged
VL2=VCC2+VCC4+VCC6+VCC8+V02 (23)
Voltage across each capacitor of multiplier is equal to VCC1
VL2=4VCC1+V02 (24)
By inductor volt second balance method for L1,
VIND+(VIN-VC1) (1-D) =0 (25)
VC 1 1
= where D is duty cycle (26)
VIN (1−D)
By inductor volt second balance method for L1
VIND+(VIN-VCC1) (1-D) =0 (27)
Vcc 1 1
= (28)
VIN (1−D)
By inductor volt second balance method for L2
5(VCC1+V02) D+4(VCC1+V02) (1-D) =0 (29)
VCC1D+4VCC1+V02=0 (30)
V 02
= - (4+D) (31)
Vcc 1
V01=VC1+VC3+VC5+VC7+VC9 (32)
V01=5VC1 (33)
V 01 Vc 1 5
=5 = (34)
VIN VIN (1−D)
V 02 V 02 Vcc 1 (4+ D)
= * =- (35)
VIN Vcc 1 VIN (1−D)
For N level, proposed converter gain is
v 01 N
G01= = (36)
VIN (1−D)
V 02 (( N −1)+ D)
G02= =- (37)
VIN (1−D)
The critical value of inductor L1 is separately calculated for multilevel boost converter and
multilevel cuk converter and larger values selected for proposed multilevel converter.
For multilevel boost converter,
 D (1−D)R
LC1 = ,where R is load (38)
2f
For multilevel cuk converter,
1−D
¿
LC1= ¿ (39)
¿2 R
¿
¿
(1−D)R
LC2 = (40)
2f

Fig 4.5 five voltage level wave forms

By increasing no of levels, we can reduce total harmonic distortion. Increasing no of
levels seems to near its sinusoidal waveform. In this waveform we can generate five voltage
levels w.r.t to time on X-axis and Voltage on Y-axis.
 CHAPTER-5
COMPARISON BETWEEN CASCADED MULTILEVEL
CONVERTER AND PROPOSED CONCEPT
5.1 Introduction:
Cascaded multilevel Converter are of two types. Symmetrical Multilevel Converter
and Asymmetrical Multilevel Converter .This chapter deals with different types of cascaded
Multilevel Converters.

5.2 Symmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter:

If all the input sources are of equal magnitude, it is known as Symmetrical H-Bridge
converter as shown in fig 5.1 and the switching sequence is given in table 5.1. Here both the
full bridge converters are fed with different sources of equal magnitude.

Fig 5.1: Symmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge Converter

In the above figure, each SDCS of equal magnitude is associated with a single-phase
full- bridge converter. The ac terminal voltages of different level converters are connected in
series. The ac output of each of the different level of full-bridge converters are connected in
series such that the synthesized voltage waveform is the sum of the converter outputs. In this
topology, the number of output phase voltage levels is defined by m = 2s+1, where s is the
 number of dc sources. 5- level cascaded-inverters will have two SDCSs and two full-bridge
cells.
Table 5.3 shows the switching states of a five level cascaded multilevel inverter. Here,
2 Full Bridges are used and are cascaded to each other. The Switches S1,S2,S3 and S4 are from

upper H-Bridge and Switches S5,S6,S7 and S8are from lower H-Bridge. By giving correct
switching pattern we get 5 voltage levels i.e. Vdc/2, Vdc, 0, -Vdc/2, -Vdc.

Fig. 5.2: Output waveform of Symmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel Converter

Table 5.1 : Switching states of Symmetrical five level cascaded H-Bridge converter

Switches ON Voltage level

S1,S2,S5and S7 Vdc /2
S1,S2,S6and S5 Vdc
S1,S3,S6 and S8 0
S3,S4,S6and S8 -Vdc /2
S3,S4,S7and -Vdc
 5.3 Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel Converter:
The cascaded H-Bridge multilevel converter with two SDCS with unequal
magnitude is known as Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel converter. The following
is the figure 5.3 of Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel converter where it is having
S3
2 unequal DC sources +2Vdc /3 and +Vdc /3.S1

S4 S2

S5 S7

S8
S6

Fig.5.3: Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter

By using this type of Asymmetrical configuration, for a „n‟ bridge converter we
can get 3n+1 voltage levels and n Capacitors of each rating nV dc/(n+1), Vdc /(n+1) to get Vdc

max and 6n switches of each voltage rating is V dc/(n+1).The following is the switching table
of Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel converter.

Table 5.2: Switching states of Asymmetrical five level cascaded H-Bridge converter

Switches ON Voltage level

S4,S2,S5and S6 Vdc/3
S1,S2,S8and S6 2Vdc/3
S1,S2,S5and S6 Vdc
S4,S2,S7and S8 -Vdc/3
S3,S4,S6and S8 -2Vdc/3
S3,S4,S7and S8 -Vdc
S4,S2,S8and S6 0
ADVANTAGES:
i) The regulation of the DC buses is simple.
ii) Modularity of control can be achieved. Unlike the diode clamped and capacitor clamped
converter where the individual phase legs must be modulated by a central controller, the full-
bridge converters of a cascaded structure can be modulated separately.

iii)Requires the least number of components among all multilevel converters to achieve the
same number of voltage levels.
iv)Soft-switching can be used in this structure to avoid bulky and lossy resistor-capacitor-
diode snubbers.

5.4 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED CONCEPT:

1.Because of the reduction in the number of switches the initial cost reduces.
2.Controlling becomes easier.
3.Losses becomes less due to the elimination of the harmonics.
4.Apt structure for industrial applications.
5.Overall weight reduces because of the usage of less number of components.

Level
Cascaded Multilevel Converter Proposed Multilevel Converter

5-level
Voltage Sources:2 Voltage Sources:1
Switches:8 Switches:5

9-level
Voltage Sources:4 Voltage Sources:2
Switches:16 Switches:10

5.5 Comparison Table:

Table 5.3 comparison table

 For cascaded Multilevel Converter there are two voltage sources and eight
switches. Coming to proposed Multilevel Converter only one Voltage Source and five
Switches.
For 9 level, four voltage sources are needed, and 16 switches are required for 5
level. Next for proposed Multilevel Converter two voltage Sources and ten Switches are
required.

DISADVANTAGES:
(1) Different voltage ratings for clamping diodes are required.
(2) Real power flow is difficult because of the capacitors imbalance.
(3) Need high voltage rating diodes to block the reverse voltages.
(4) The number of switches, capacitors, and diodes required in the circuit increases with the
increase in the number of output voltage levels. Extra clamping diodes required are (n-1) (n-2)
per phase.

CHAPTER-6

RESULTS

6.1 Introduction:

Simulation is a tool for the understanding of many complex problems. Several digital
simulation packages are commercially available. This chapter presents a comparison of the
salient features of various simulation tools available to model the electrical drive systems in a
digital computer such as PSIM, CASPOC, PSPICE, SABER, SIMPLORER and
SIMULINK/MATLAB.
PSPICE is mainly meant for the simulation of electronic circuits. Modeling of
machines especially with a feedback control loop becomes very difficult in this package.
PSIM and CASPOC take very little time to learn but the micro-modeling of devices is not
possible in this package due to which the accuracy of results is quite limited. SABER and
SIMPLORER are exclusively meant for power electronic and drive system simulations and
they are user-friendly as well. But both these packages are extremely expensive.
SIMULINK/MATLAB is a general- purpose simulation tool with several tool-boxes
embedded in it to enable modeling of complicated control schemes as well. The power
system block set has specifically the large number of components conforming to the needs of
an electrical power engineer.

6.1.1 MATLAB:
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. Originally it was meant for providing easy
access to the matrix manipulations. Over the years, it has developed into a tool for high
productivity analysis, research and development. MATLAB allows the user to focus on his
technical work and applications rather than on programming details.
MATLAB provides a user-friendly environment to integrate the computation,
visualization and programming. The problems and solutions are expressed in mathematical
notations. MATLAB is an interactive system. The basic data element is an array, which does
not require dimensioning. Thus the technical computing problems, with matrix and vector
formulations, are solved very quickly in MATLAB environment. MATLAB also provides an
extensive library of predefined functions. The advantages of MATLAB for technical
programming are:
  Ease of use
 It is supported on many different computer systems. Hence it has platform
independence.
 It has an extensive library of predefined functions which make the job
easier. Device independent plotting.
MATLAB has many integral plotting and imaging commands.
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions
are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include-

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Data acquisition
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows solving many technical computing problems, especially
those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a
program in a scalar non-interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.

The MATLAB system consists of six main parts:

(a) Development Environment

This is the set of tools and facilities that help to use MATLAB functions and files.
Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and
Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing
help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

(b) The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like
sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix
inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
(c) The MATLAB Language
This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions,
data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both
"programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and
"programming in the large" to create large and complex application programs.
(d) Graphics
MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as
well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-
dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and
presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow to fully customize the
appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on MATLAB
applications.
(e) The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)
This is a library that allows writing in C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling
MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

(f) MATLAB Documentation

MATLAB provides extensive documentation, in both printed and online format, to
help to learn about and use all of its features. It covers all the primary MATLAB features at a
high level, including many examples. The MATLAB online help provides task-oriented and
reference information about MATLAB features. MATLAB documentation is also available in
printed form and in PDF format.

6.1.2 Simulink:
SIMULINK is a tool-box in MATLAB Software that can be used for modeling,
simulating and analyzing dynamical systems. It supports linear and non-linear systems,
modeled in continuous time, sampled time or a hybrid of the two. Systems can also be multi-
rate, i.e., have different parts that are sampled or updated at differentiates.
For modeling SIMULINK provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building
models as block diagrams, using click –and-drag mouse operations. With this interface, we
can draw the models just as we would on paper. This is accomplished through the
SIMULINK block library of sinks, sources, linear and nonlinear components and connectors.

6.2 Simulink model of non-isolated dual output multilevel inverter:

 Here simulation in carried with the conventional cascaded multilevel inverter.

Fig 6.1 Simulink model of non-isolated dual output multilevel inverter:

Figure 6.1 shows the simulation of the proposed multilevel hybrid converter. The above Simulink
was designed in MATLAB version 2016rA. We used MASFET as switch rather than IGBT.
 Fig:6.2 Voltage waveforms of Gate pulse
Gate pulse is given to the switch inorder to perform the controlled switching operations. Tis operation is
called PWM(pulse width modulation).

Fig:6.3 Input voltage waveform

In this model the DC voltage of 12V is given. If the input voltage is plotted in the graph it is as the
above.
 Fig:6.4 Voltage Across the Switch

This Voltage was taken across the switch i.e, MOSFET. In order to analyze the switching pattern, we have to
know the switching voltage across the switch.
 Fig6.5: Voltage Across the Capacitor at boost converter
This voltage was taken across the capacitor of the boost converter and plotted with respect to time
and voltage

Fig:6.6 Voltage Across the Capacitor at cuk converter

The above graph was the voltage across the capacitor of the cuk converter and it was taken with
respect to voltage and current in graph.

Fig6.7: Output at load 1

If we observe the waveform at first the voltage was varying and after some time it came to stable
voltage i.e, 240V

Fig6.8: Output at load 2

Similarly, at first the voltage was varying with respect to time and after some time came to stable
position and at that time the voltage was -235.
Hardware:

Fig 6.9 Hardware of the project

Hardware is the platform where we are implementing our simulation idea or model. All the
components are placed according to the design of the project and we are using arduino as the PWM
generator for the gate circuit.
 CONCLUSION

The proposed non isolated dual output hybrid DC-DC multilevel converter is designed for
photovoltaic applications where two output voltages are needed at the same time with opposite
polarity. The converter was designed to supply 240V at 200W for load1 and -228V at 200W for
load2 from supply input voltage 12V. The proposed converter is designed by the combination of
boost and Cuk multilevel boost converter. Two output voltages with opposite polarity are achieved
by using only single switch and single input voltage. The gain of the converter can be increases by
adding appropriate number of capacitors and diodes without disturbing the main circuit. The
simulation waveforms confirms the performance of proposed hybrid converter.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES ATTAINED IN THIS PROJECT

Project Title: Non-Isolated Dual Output Hybrid DC-DC Multilevel Converter for Photovoltaic
Applications

Guide: Dr. M. AMARENDRA, MTech.,Ph.D.

Batch Details:

S. No Regd. No Name of the Student

1 16JR5A0209 P.SRIKANTH
2 15JR1A0222 G.MANINDRA

3 15JR1A0245 M.NAGA DIVYA

4 15JR1A0215 B.HARI CHANDRA PRASAD

PO attainment analysis:

Name of the Course from Description of application , page number in Attained PO

which Principles are applied the report
in this Project

Power Systems-I Renewable Energy Sources (p:1,2,5-10) po7,po1,po9

Power Electronics Multilevel Inverter (p:2-4,24-37) po1,po2,po3,po9

MATLAB Matlab and Simulink (p:47-56) po5,po9

 REFERENCES
[1] Yi Zhao, Wuhua Li, YanDeng, Xiangning He "Review of Non-Isolated High Step-Up
DC/DC Converters in Photovoltaic Grid Connected Applications" Industrial Electronics,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. PP, no.99, pp.1-1,2010.
[2] Mousa, M.Ahmed, M.E;Orabi,M; “New converter circuitry for PV applications using
multilevel converters”.31st International telecommunication energy conference INTELEC-
2009, pp 16,18-22 oct 2009.
[3] Rong-Jong Wai, Wen-Hung Wang, Chung-You Lin, "High Performance Stand-Alone
Photovoltaic Generation System" Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.55, no.1,
pp.240-250, Jan.2008.
[4] Kanthaphayao Y,Rungruenngphalanggul Y, and Chaisawadi A, “Dual output DC-DC
power supply with Buck-Boost and Zeta converter” International Conference on Control
Automation and systems, pp.1154-1158,2002.
[5] Charanasomboon T, Devaney M.J, and Hoft R.G, “Single switch dual output DC-DC
converter” Industry Application Society Annual Meeting, IEEE, Vol. 1, pp. 793-795, 1988.
[6] Wing-Hung Ki, and Dongsheng Ma, “Single-inductor multiple output switching
converters” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC. 2001, vol. 3, pp. 301-304, 6-9
May. 2001.
[7] M. Vazquez, E. de la Cruz, J.A. Navas and J.A.Cobos “Fixed Frequency Forward-Fly
back Converter with Two Fully Regulated Outputs” Telecommunications Energy Conference,
INTELEC’95, 17th International, pp. 161-166,1995.
[8] N. Vazquez, H. Lopez, C. Hernandez, H. Called “Multiple Output DC-to-DC based on the
Fly back Converter” 2008 IEEE.
[9] Rosas-Caro, J.C.; Ramirez, J.M.; Peng, F.Z.; Valderrabano, A"A DC-DC multilevel boost
converter," IET Power Electronics. vol.3, no.1, pp.129-137, 2010.
[10] Julio C. Rosas-Caro,Juan M. Ramirez,pedro MartinG.V “Novel DC-DC multilevel boost
converter” PESE pp.2146-2151, IEEE 2008.
[11] Fan Z.,Peng F.Z, Zhaoming Q.; “Syudy of Multilevel converter in DC-DC
applications”, PESE 04, vol-2, pp 1702-1706, IEEE, 2004.
[12] Julio Cesar Rosas-Caro, Jonathan Carlos Mayo-Maldonado, Ruben Salas-Cabrera ‘‘A
Family of DC-DC Multiplier Converters’’ Advance online publication: 10 February 2011.
[13] N. S. Choi, J. G. Cho, and G. H. Cho, “A general circuit topology of multilevel
inverter,” in Proc. IEEE PESC’91, Cambridge, MA, June 1991, pp. 96–103.
[14] M. Carpita, M. Fracchia, and S. Tenconi, “A novel multilevel structure for voltage
source inverter,” in Proc. EPE’91, Florence, Italy, Sept. 1991, pp. 1-090–1-094.
[15] A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, “A neutral-point clamped PWM inverter,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-17, pp. 518–523, Sept./Oct. 1981.
[16] M. Fracchia, T. Ghiara, M. Marchesoni, and M. Mazzucchelli, “Optimized modulation
techniques for the generalized n-level converter,” in Proc. IEEE PESC’92, Toledo, Spain,
1992, pp. 1205–1213.
[17] R. W. Menzies, P. Steimer, and J. K. Steinke, “Five-level GTO inverters for large
induction motor drives,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 30, pp. 938–944, July/Aug. 1994.
[18] G. Sinha and T. A. Lipo, “A four level inverter-based drive with a passive front end,” in
Proc. IEEE PESC’97, Columbia, MO, June 1997, pp. 590–596.
[19] J. S. Lai and F. Z. Peng, “Multilevel converters—A new breed of power converters,” in
Conf. Rec. 30th IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, Orlando, FL, Oct. 8–12, 1995, pp. 2348–2356.
[20] G. Sinha and T. A. Lipo, “A four level rectifier-inverter system for drive applications,”
in Conf. Rec. 31st IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, San Diego, CA, Oct. 6–10, 1996, pp. 980–987.

[21] F. Z. Peng, J. S. Lai, J. McKeever, and J. Van Coevering, “A multilevel voltage-source

converter system with balanced DC voltages,” in Proc. IEEE PESC’95, Atlanta, GA, June
1995, pp. 1144–1150.
[22] L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T. G. Habetler, “Multilevel converters for large electric
drives,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 35, pp. 36–44, Jan./Feb. 1999.
[23] M. Marchesoni, M. Mazzucchelli, and P. Tenca, “About the DC-link capacitors voltage
balance in multi-point clamped converters,” in Proc. IEEE IECON’98, Aachen, Germany,
1998, pp. 548–553.
[24] M. Marchesoni, M. Mazzucchelli, F. V. P. Robinson, and P. Tenca, “A minimum-energy
based capacitor voltage balancing control strategy for MPC conversion systems,” in Proc.
ISIE’99, Bled, Slovenia, July 1999, pp. 20–25.
[25] M. Marchesoni, M. Mazzucchelli, and P. Tenca, “An optimal controller for voltage
balance and power losses reduction in MPC AC/DCAC converters,” in Proc. IEEE PESC’00,
Galway, Ireland, 2000, pp. 662–667.