1

References

Footnotes
(0) ​“What is Genocide?” ​United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ​30 May 2019,
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide
(1) “Why is there a war in Syria?” ​BBC News, ​25 February 2019,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35806229
(2) “Syria’s civil war explained from the beginning.” ​Al Jazeera, ​14 April 2018,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.ht
ml
(3) “Syria war: A brief guide to who’s fighting whom,” ​BBC News, ​7 April 2017,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39528673
(4) Deborah Amos, “Syrian Rebels, Secular and Islamist, Both Claim the Future,” ​NCPR, ​27 Feb
2013,
https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/172989072/syrian-rebels-secular-and-
islamist-both-claim-the-future
(5) Christopher Phillips, “The World Abetted Assad’s Victory in Syria,” ​The Atlantic, ​4 Aug
2018,
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/assad-victory-syria/566522/
(6) “Syria Events of 2009,” ​Human Rights Watch, ​30 May 2019,
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2010/country-chapters/syria
(7) “Syrian President Bashar al-Assad: Facing down rebellion,” ​BBC News, ​3 September 2018,
https://www.bbc.com/news/10338256
(8) Janine Di Giovanni, “Inside Syria’s Propaganda Wars,” ​Newsweek, ​24 December 2016,
https://www.newsweek.com/syria-propaganda-aleppo-assad-536003
(9) Ibid: Janine Di Giovanni, Newsweek
(10) Ibrahim Abu Ahmad, “Assad’s Law 10: Reshaping Syria’s Demographics,” ​The
Washington Institute, ​30 May 2019,
https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/assads-law-10-reshaping-syrias-de
mographics
(11) “Syria Events of 2009,” ​Human Rights Watch, ​30 May 2019,
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2010/country-chapters/syria
(12) Ibid: Human Rights Watch
(13) “'Syria's Mandela': Veteran Assad regime dissident Riad Turk smuggled out of Syria to
France,” ​The New Arab, ​30 July 2018,
https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/7/30/veteran-syrian-dissident-riad-turk-esc
apes-to-france
(14) “Is the Worst Yet to Come?” ​United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ​30 May 2019,
https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Syria_Bearing_Witness_Report_031218.pdf
(15) Dahlia Nehme, “Syrian state seizes opponents' property, rights activists say,” ​Reuters, ​11
December 2018,
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-property/syrian-state-seizes-oppo
nents-property-rights-activists-say-idUSKBN1OB0H3
(16) Dahlia Nehme, “Syrian state seizes opponents' property, rights activists say,” ​Business
Insider, ​12 December 2018,
 2

https://www.businessinsider.com/r-syrian-state-seizes-opponents-property-rights-activists
-say-2018-12
(17) Anne Barnard, “Inside Syria’s Secret Torture Prisons: How Bashar al-Assad Crushed
Dissent,” ​New York Times, ​11 May 2019,
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/11/world/middleeast/syria-torture-prisons.html?action
=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article
(18) Ibid: Anne Barnard, New York Times
(19) Ibid: Anne Barnard, New York Times
(20) Edward Wong, “U.S. Says Assad May Be Using Chemical Weapons in Syria Again,” ​New
York Times, ​21 May 2019,
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/21/world/middleeast/bashar-assad-syria-weapons.html
(21) Ibid: Edward Wong, New York Times
(22) Ashish Kumar Sen, “ World Reaction to Strikes on Syria,” ​Atlantic Council,​ 14 April 2018,
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/world-reaction-to-strikes-on-syria
(23) “Crisis in Syria: You can help,” ​Concern USA, ​30 May 2019,
https://give.concernusa.org/give/183231/#!/donation/checkout
(24) “Syrian Refugee Relief Fund,” ​Global Giving, 3​ 0 May 2019,
https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/syrian-refugee-relief-fund/
(25) “Shattered Lives Syria,” ​International Rescue Committee, ​30 May 2019,
https://www.rescue.org/country/syria
(26) Sahar Habib Ghazi, “GV Face: Worldwide Media Coverage of Syria,” ​PRI, ​30 May 2019,
https://www.pri.org/stories/gv-face-worldwide-media-coverage-syria
(27) Lyse Doucet, “Syria & the CNN Effect: What Role Does the Media Play in
Policy-Making?” ​MIT Press Journals,​ 3 Jan 2018,
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/DAED_a_00480
(28) “A Timeline of the US Involvement in Syria’s Conflict,” ​AP News, ​11 Jan 2019,
https://www.apnews.com/96701a254c5a448cb253f14ab697419b
(29) Ibid: Al Jazeera
(30) “Remarks by the President to the White House Press Corps,” ​The White House President
Barack Obama, ​20 Aug 2012,
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/20/remarks-president-wh
ite-house-press-corps
(31) “Timeline of International Response to the Situation in Syria,” ​Global Centre for the
Responsibility to Protect, 3​ 0 May 2019,
http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/timeline-of-international-response-to-syria-26.pdf
(32) Ibid: Timeline of International Response to the Situation in Syria, Global Centre
(33) “The Visible Impacts of the Syrian War May Only be the Tip of the Iceberg,” ​The World
Bank, ​10 July 2017,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/07/18/the-visible-impacts-of-the-
syrian-war-may-only-be-the-tip-of-the-iceberg
(34) William Polk, “Understanding Syria: From Pre-Civil War to Post-Assad,” ​The Atlantic, 1​ 0
Dec 2013,
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/understanding-syria-from-pre-
civil-war-to-post-assad/281989/
(35) Ibid: William Polk, The Atlantic
 3

Sources
Anupindi, Mayuri. “Syrian Refugee Crisis: Abandonment, Discrimination, and Response.”
UUSC. ​11 May 2018.
https://www.uusc.org/syrian-refugee-crisis-abandonment-discrimination-and-response/
Carey, Chip. “Syria’s civil war has become a genocide.” ​World Policy. ​16 Sep 2013.
https://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/16/syrias-civil-war-has-become-a-genocide/​.
Harvey, Adam. “Syrian rebels preventing refugees from leaving Idlib as Russian forces prepare
final offensive,” ​ABC News. 1​ 2 Sep 2018.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-13/syrian-rebels-preventing-refugees-from-leaving
-idlib-province/10239144​.
“International open letter calls for end to ‘Syrian Genocide.’” ​Al Jazeera. ​27 Feb 2018.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/international-open-letter-calls-syrian-genocide-
180227155538993.html​.
“Introduction Syria.” ​USHMM. 3​ 0 May 2019.
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/cases/syria/introduction/syria​.
“Iraq, ISIS, and the Syrian War,” ​CSIS. ​30 May 2019.
https://www.csis.org/programs/burke-chair-strategy/iraq-isis-and-syrian-war
“Is the worst yet to come?” ​USHMM. ​30 May 2019.
https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Syria_Bearing_Witness_Report_031218.pdf​.
“Pro-Democracy Protests Rock Syrian Capital.” ​DW. ​15 Apr 2011.
https://www.dw.com/en/pro-democracy-protests-rock-syrian-capital/a-14993578​.
Stanton, Gregory. “Genocide Watch Recommendations for Syria.” ​Genocide Watch. 3​ 0 May
2019. ​http://migs.concordia.ca/documents/StantonGenocideandMassAtrocitiesAlert.pdf​.
“Syria Backgrounder: The Situation.” ​United to End Genocide. 3​ 0 May 2019,
http://endgenocide.org/conflict-areas/syria-backgrounder/​.
“Syria.” ​Genocide Watch. ​30 May 2019. ​http://www.genocidewatch.org/syria.html​.
“Syria.” ​Human Rights Watch. ​30 May 2019. ​https://www.hrw.org/middle-east/n-africa/syria​.
“Syrian Arab Republic.” ​Financial Tracking Service. 3​ 0 May 2019.
https://fts.unocha.org/countries/218/summary/2018​.
“Syria’s Civil War Explained From The Beginning.” ​Al Jazeera. ​14 Apr 2018.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.ht
ml​.
“Syria.” ​Stop Genocide Now. 3​ 0 May 2019. ​https://stopgenocidenow.org/conflicts/syria/​.
“Syria.” ​USHMM. ​30 May 2019. ​https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/syria​.
“Syria.” ​USHMM. ​30 May 2019.
https://www.ushmm.org/mobile/confront-genocide/cases-of-genocide/syria​.
“Syria War: A brief guide to who’s fighting whom.” ​BBC News. 7​ Apr 2017.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39528673​.
Watkinson, Geoff. “Facing Genocide: Letting History Repeat Itself In Syria.” ​Topical. ​18 Apr
2018. ​https://www.headstuff.org/topical/genocide-syria/​.
“What is Genocide?” ​USHMM. ​30 May 2019.
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide​.
“What’s happening in Syria?” ​BBC. 1​ 6 Apr 2018. ​https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/16979186​.
 4

Videos
“President Obama Addresses the Nation on Syria.” Youtube Video. 15:46. The Obama White
House. Sep 10 2013.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y52LeaK6tHA&feature=youtu.be​.
“Syrian President Assad dismisses claims of chlorine gas use as ‘propaganda.’” Youtube Video.
3:22. CBS This Morning. Mar 27 2015.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qHgrFxVLDY​.
“The birth of Syria’s uprising.” Youtube Video. 2:50. TRT World. Mar 15 2017.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTX_Ld-ApKk​.
“The war in Syria explained in 5 minutes | Guardian Animations.” Youtube Video. 5:28. The
Guardian. Sep 18 2013. ​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5H5w3_QTG0​.

Images
A deserted street in the old city of Homs​. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img28
Alhabi, Ameer. ​Syrian men carrying babies make their way through the rubble of destroyed
buildings following a reported air strike on the rebel-held Salihin neighborhood of the
northern city of Aleppo. ​2016. Aleppo.
https://www.newsweek.com/syria-propaganda-aleppo-assad-536003
Al-Hariri, Khaled. ​A fire-damaged structure and destroyed clock on Old Clock square in Homs
city.​ 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img27
Al-Hariri, Khaled. ​Forces loyal to Syria's President Bashar al-Assad walk in a street in old
Homs city.​ 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img01​.
A satellite image of the military-run Saydnaya Prison, where the Syrian government has
executed thousands of prisoners.​ ​2019. Syria.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/11/world/middleeast/syria-torture-prisons.html?action
=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article
Buffer zone for refugees should be created in border areas of Syria. 2​ 017. Syria.
https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201701211049865361-syria-turkey-talks-astana/
Chughtai, Alia. ​Syria: who controls what. 2​ 019. Syria.
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/05/syria-country-divided-150529144
229467.html
Did CIA agree with Russia on Assad Alternative? ​2016. Syria.
https://reform4syria.org/did-cia-agree-with-russia/amp/
Eid, Joseph. ​A woman walks past a burning shop in the Maskuf market in the Old City of Homs​.
2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img12
 5

Eskaf, Mahmoud. ​Canada: Rwanda genocide being repeated in Syria​. 2016.

https://www.middleeastobserver.org/2016/06/01/canada-rwanda-genocide-being-repeated
-in-syria/​.
Homsy, Yazan. ​Damaged domes, pictured in the besieged area of Homs​. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img14
Homsy, Yazan. ​The battered Khalid bin al Walid Mosque, amid damaged buildings in the
besieged area of Homs​. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img07
Internally displaced Syrians from eastern Ghouta queue for food in Herjelleh shelter in
Damascus countryside. ​2018. Syria.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aid/france-announces-50-million-
euro-humanitarian-aid-for-syria-idUSKBN1HN2Z5
Jaber, Majed. ​A Syrian refugee watches a broadcast of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad
speaking in Damascus, at the Al-Zaatari refugee camp in the Jordanian city of Mafraq.​
2013. Syria.
https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fr/originals/2013/09/sectarianism-dominates-mideast-
media.html
Kilic, Bulent. ​Syrian internally displaced people walk in the Atme camp, along the Turkish
border in the northwestern Syrian province of Idlib.​ 2013. Syria.
http://www.devpolicy.org/antipodes-continue-to-fall-short-on-aid-to-syria-20140918/
Lucas, Scott. ​A rally in Idlib Province in northwest Syria. ​2016. Syria.
https://eaworldview.com/2016/11/syria-opinion-how-left-betrayed-syrian-uprising/
Middle Class Frustration Fueled the Arab Spring. ​2015. Middle East.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/10/21/middle-class-frustration-that-fuel
ed-the-arab-spring
Mohammed, Hani. ​A boy and his sisters watch graffiti artists spray on a wall, commemorating
the victims who were killed in Saudi-led coalition airstrikes​. 2015. Sanaa, Yemen.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/11/22/in-the-middle-eas
t-the-dream-of-democracy-is-dead/?utm_term=.0f57710df14b
People searching through the debris of destroyed buildings in the aftermath of a strike by Syrian
government forces​. 2013. Aleppo, Syria.
https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/syrias-civil-war-images-of-horror/2/​.
Premier Khamis chairs open discussion of the Post-War Syria Development Program​. 2019.
Damascus. ​https://sana.sy/en/?p=157935​.
President Assad.​ 2019.
https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201901021071157129-syria-assad-ouster-israel/​.
Pro-government Syrian forces in al-Rabiaa who have recently taken the town from rebels. ​2016.
Syria.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-isis-syrian-army-
russia-turkey-al-rabiaa-assad-a6882281.html
Qureshi, Aamir. ​Secular demonstrators, shown at a protest march this month in Aleppo, wave
the old Syrian flag (green, white, black and red) that has become the symbol of their
opposition movement​. 2013. Syria.
 6

https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/172989072/syrian-rebels-secular-and-
islamist-both-claim-the-future
Sanadiki, Omar. ​Soldiers walk past damaged buildings in the Yarmouk Palestinian camp in
Damascus​. 2018. Syria.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-property/syrian-state-seizes-oppo
nents-property-rights-activists-say-idUSKBN1OB0H3​.
Syrians and rescuers evacuate a wounded person following reported air strikes on Saturday in the
rebel-controlled neighbourhood of Saleheen in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. 2016.
Aleppo, Syria.
http://jordantimes.com/news/region/lebanon-syria-refugees-fear-rising-discrimination​.
Syrians walk amid debris as they return to the Juret al-Shayah district of the central city of
Homs​. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img11​.
Taylor, Alan. ​Syria’s City of Homs, Shattered by War. ​2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/​.
The Syria conflict has rebalanced regional axes of power in the Middle East.​ 2016. Syria.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-civil-war-isis-how-it-chan
ged-the-world-refugee-crisis-a6928796.html​.
The United States launched its first ever series of attacks to defend the "New Syria". 2​ 015. Syria.
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/First-US-air-raid-in-Syria,-to-defend-rebels-fighting-aga
inst-jihadists-(and-Assad)-34946.html​.
Women YPJ fighters take down the last Isis flag replacing it with their own. 2​ 019. Syria.
https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/e/islamic-state-are-defeated-what-now​.