A

Project Report
On
“ANALYSIOF WAST WATER FROM SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT”
Submitted In partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Submitted By
SUSHIL KUMAR (13092017)

Under the supervision of

Dr. SWETA SINGH
Associate Professer
Department of Biotechnology
School of Engineering & Technology
IFTM University
Moradabad-244 102 (U.P) INDIA

To the

Department of Biotechnology IFTM University

Moradabad
May 2019

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who has supported us
throughout M.Tech (Biotechnology) project on “ANALYSIS OF WAST WATER
FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT”

We are extremely Thankful to Dr.Nabeel Ahmad (HOD) and Dr. Tanzeel Ahmad
Director SET, IFTM University Moradabad, for Providing me an opportunity to work in
an exciting field of research.

We are greatly obliged to Dr. SWETA SINGH our guide, for his valuable guidance,
support and inspirations. It was not possible to accomplish this task without him of
studying. Processing, analyzing and reporting the topic of project. I feel indebted to him.

We would also like to thank Prof Dr. Sanjay Mishra Sir and all other faculty member
and Staff of Department of Biotechnology SET, IFTM University Moradabad.

Sushil Kumar (17092017)

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SUSHIL KUMAR (17092017) has carried out the project
work presented in this thesis entitled “ANALYSIS OF WATER AND WAST
WATER FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT” for the award of master of
Technology from IFTM University Moradabad under my supervision. The thesis
embodies result of original work, and studies are carried out by the student himself
and the contents of the thesis do not from the basis for the award of any other
degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University
/Institution.

DATE

(Dr. Sweta Singh)

Associate Professor
School of Biotechnology
IFTM University
Moradabad- 244102 (UP) INDIA

3
 INTRODUCTION
Absolutely Pure water is never found in nature. Pure water is that water which
contains only two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen by volume and
nothing else. But water found in nature contains a number of impurities in
varying amounts. The rainwater, which is originally pure, also absorbs various
gases, dust and other impurities while falling. This water when comes to the
ground further carries silt, organic and inorganic impurities, therefore, the runoff
water has large number of impurities Now this water supplying to the public
should be treated and purified
The following are the requirements of wholesome water-
l) It should be free from bacteria’s, which may cause disease.
2) Is should be colourless and sparkling which may be accepted by the public.
3) I should not corrode pipes.
4) It should be free from all objectionable matter.
5) It should have dissolved oxygen and free carbonic acid so that it may remain
fresh.

IMPURITIES IN WATER
All impurities of water can be listed broadly as follows-

I. SUSPENDED INMPURITIES: These impurities are dispersion of solid

particles that are large enough to be removed by filteration and heavier ones
settles down. The suspended particles, which have the same specific gravity as
that of water, are mixed in the water. Suspended impurities include clay, algae,
fungi organic and inorganic matters and mineral matter etc
All these impurities are microscopic and cause turbidity in water. The
concentration of suspended matter in water is measured by its turbidity
4
 II. COLLOIDAL IMPURITIES It is very finely divided dispersion of particles in
water. These particles are so small that these cannot be removed by ordinary
filters and are not visible to naked eye. All colloidal impurities are electrically
charged and remain in continuous motion and do not settle down that is why their
removal is difficult. The colloidal impurities are generally associated with
organic matter containing bacteria’s and are the chief source of epidemic.
Most of the colour of water is due to colloidal impurities. The size of the
colloidal particles is between 10mm to 10mm.
III. DISSOLVED IMPURITIES: Some impurities are dissolved in water when it
moves over the rocks, soil etc. Solids, liquids and gases are dissolved in natural
waters.
These dissolved impurities may contain organic compounds, inorganic salts and
gases etc. The concentration of total dissolved solids is usually expressed in ppm
and is obtained by weighing the residue after evaporation of water sample from a
filtered sample.
IV. WATER POLLUTION: The water available from various sources of water may
or may not contain impurities. The water which contains impurities is known
polluted water. The word pollution is derived from the Latin word polluts (pol
means before' and lutus means 'wash)

There is a difference between words pollution and contamination. Pollution in

impure water or water containing various types of impurities, in presence of
whom the water may be unsafe for use by the people whereas the word
contamination means the polluted water which is unsafe and unreliable for use.
The colour water, foul smelling water, water containing oil & grease, floating
bodies etc. are examples of polluted water & the water containing high

5
 percentage of harmful diseases causing and pathogenic bacteria etc. are the
examples of contaminated water.

The pollution causes undesirable changes and it affects the land, water and air or
the environment as a whole. In the modem living the heavy industrialization and
increase of population has increased the rate of water pollution therefore, their is
the need of water pollution control.

WATER POLLUTION SOURCES

The main water pollution sources are as follows:
i. Industrial sewage
ii. Domestic Sewage
iii. Miscellancous pollution sources

I. INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE: The industrial wastes coming from the industrial

areas and big industries contain grease oil, chemicals, highly odourous
substances, explosives etc. The main industries which contribute to river
pollution are: oil and soap, pulp-paper, sugar & distillaries, chemical, textile,
steel mills, pharmaceuticals, tanneries, oil refineries and various other
miscellaneous industries. When the untreated sewage waters of these industries
are allowed to dispose off in river it causes water pollution. Even if these are
disposed off by land treatment, these may pollute the underground water
sources.Therefore; the industrial sewage should be to dispose off on land or
water after its treatment, so that it may not pollute the water.
II. DOMESTICSEWAGE: The domestic sewage also contains oils; human excreta
decomposed kitchen wastes, soap water, pathogenic bacteria (from the sick
people sewage), hospital waste etc. If the sewage or partly treated sewage is
6
 directly disposed off into the surface water sources, they may get contaiminated
and become unsafe for direct human use

III. MISCELLANEOUS POLLUTION SOURCES: Following are the various

water
Pollution sources:

a. Faculty joints & cracks.

b. Navigation ships.
c. Radio- active wastes.
d. Run off.
e. Storage resources
f. Travel of water
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
Following are the various preventive measures which may be adopted against the
water pollution:
1. Treatment of sewage: The sewage before discharging into the water body
should be properly treated up to such extent that it may not pollute the water.
2. Treatment of industrial waste: The industrial waste should be properly treated
before disposing it off, so that it may not cause any pollution of the water body.
3. Technical Facilities: The industries should be given training and facilities to treat
their sewage before discharging it.
4. Water Sources: As far as possible the water sources should not be used for
discharging the sewage. The sewage should be disposed off by other method
such as land application, burning, drying etc.

7
 5. Economic use of water: As water is not in exhaustive gift of nature, and also
there is no substitute of it, other substitutes and method should be found out for
the industries requiring large quantity of water.
6. Administration: Water pollution control cell should be formed at state & central
government level, to check the pollution of water sources.
7. Funds: The government should provide adequate funds to public health
engineering. departments for the construction and smooth running of sewage
treatment plants.
8. Legal provision: The treatment of industrial sewage, which may cause pollution
should be made legally compulsory, so that the concerned industries should treat
their sewage before disposal.
9. Propaganda: Sufficient propaganda should be done to train the people against
water pollution. The public should also check up the points where there are
chances of sewage pollution. The water sources should be protected against
pollution by all possible means
10. Pollution Control Regulations: Suitable water pollution control laws should be
made and enforced. These laws should be amended from time to time as per
requirements and advancement in the treatment technology.
PIHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER
It includes following tests
i. Temperature: Temperature of sewage is measured by means of ordinary
thermometers. The saturation values of solids & gases that can be dissolved in
water and rates of chemical, biochemical & biological activities are also
determined on the basis of temperature. At warm temperature the biological
activities are more whereas at low temperature these are dormat.
The thermometer used for determing the temp. Of sewage should be able to read
up to 0.10C.
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 i. Turbidity
ii. Color
iii. Odour: It indicates whether the sewage is fresh or stale .As the foul smell starts
coming immediately after the sewage becomes stale or septic; the odour readily
helps in ascerting the condition of sewage odour also indicate the presence of
certain chemical wastes of industries.

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

1. Solids: Total, volatile, suspended, organic & inorganic

2. B.O.D
3. C.O.D
4. pH Value
5. Chlorides

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 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES

GENERAL
It is an old axiom that the result of any testing method can be no better than the
sample on which it is performed

Objective of Sampling: The objective of sampling is to collect a portion of

material small enough in volume to be transported conveniently and handled in
the laboratory while still accurately representing the material being sampled. This
objective implies that the receive proportion or concentrations of all pertinent
components will be the same in the samples as in the material being sampled and
that the sample will be handled in such a way that no significant changes in
composition occur before the tests are made.

2. TYPES OF SAMPLES:

a) Grab Samples or Catch Samples: Stricktly speaking, a sample collected at a

particular time and place that represent only the composition of the source at that
time and place only is known as grab sample. However, when a source is known
to be fairly constant in composition over a considerable period of time over
substantial distance in all direction then only grab sample may be said to
represent the source for a longer time period or a larger volume or both
b) Composite Samples : The term composite samples refers to a mixture of grab
samples collected at the same sampling point at different times Time-composite
samples are most useful for observing average concentration of source.
Composite samples represent a substantial saving in laboratory effort and

10
 expenses. Generally sample representing a 24hr period is considered standard for
most determination
c) Integrated Samples: For certain purposes the information needed is provided
best by analysing mixtures of grab samples collected from different point
simultaneously or as nearly as possible. Such mixtures are called integrated
samples. An example of the need for such sampling occurs in a river or stream
that varies in composition across its width and depth

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES
1) Method of Sampling:
I. Mannual Sampling: Mannual sampling involves no equipment. It may be unduly
costly and time consuming for routine or large scale-sampling programmes.
II. Automatic Sampling: Automatic samples can eliminate human errors in manual
sampling, can reduce labour costs, may provide the means for more frequent
sampling and are used increasingly. Be sure that the automatic sampler does not
contaminate the sample.
CHAIN OF CUSTODY PROCEDURES
It is essential to ensure sample integrity from collection to data reporting. This
includes the ability to trace possession and handling of the sample from the time
of collection through analysis and final disposition. This is referred to as chain of
custody and is important in the event of litigation involving the result, it is also
useful for routine control of sample low
The following process summarize the major aspects of chain of custody
a) Sample labels or tracability of sample: Use labels to prevent sample
misidentification. Gummed paper labels or tags generally are adequate, include at
11
least the following information sample number, name of collector, date and time
of collection, place of collection of sample pH and temperature and other
essential details should be written on the lable.
b) Sample Seals: Use sample seals to detect unauthorised tampering with
samples up to the time of analysis. Attach seal in such a way that it is necessary
to break it to open the sample container
c) Field log book: Record all information pertinent to a field survey or sampling
in a bound log book. As a minimum include the following in the log book:
purpose of sampling. location of sampling point, and sampled and address, type
of sample, processes through which waste stream is coming and every other thing
related to sampling so that one could reconstruct the sampling without reliance
on the collector's memory. Always protect the log book and keep it in a safe lace
t, name and address of field contact, producer of material being
d) Chain-of-custody record: Fill out a chain-of-custody record to acc each
sample or group number, signature of collector, date, time and address of
collection, sample, type, signatures of persons involved in the chain of possession
and inclusive dates of possession.
e) Sample analysis request sheet: The sample analysis request sheet
accompanies sample to the laboratory. The collector completes the field portion
of such a form that includes most of the petinent information noted in the log
book. The laboratory portion of such a form is to be completed by laboratory
personnel and includes; name of receiving the sample, laboratory sample number,
date of sample receiving, and determinations to be performed. of samples. The
record includes the following information; sample person.
f) Sample delivery to laboratory: Deliver sample to laboratory as soon as
practicable. Accompany sample with chain of custody record and a sample
analysis request sheet. Deliver sample to sample custodian
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 g) Receipt and logging of Sample: In the lab, the sample custodian receives the
sample and inspects its condition and seal; reconciles label information and seal
against the chain-of-custody record as signs a laboratory number, logs sample in
the laboratory log book and sotres it in secrued storage room or cabinet until it is
assigned to an analyst
h) Assignment of Sample for Analysis: The laboratory supervision usually
assigns the sample of analysis. Once in the laboratory, the supervisor or analyst
in responsible for the samples care and custody

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS WHILE SAMPLING

a) The sample obtained should meet the requirements of the sampling programme
and handle it in such a way that is does not deteriorate or become contaminated
before it reaches the laboratory
b) Before filling, rinse sample bottle two or three times with the water to be collated
unless the bottle contains preservative or decholorinating agent.
c) Depending upon determination to be performed, fill container full (most
organic determination) or leave space for aeration, mixing etc (microbiological)
analysis
d) Special precautions must be taken when the sampling contains organic compound
and trace metals, as there concentration is too low therefore they might be totally
or partially lost if proper sampling is not done.
e) Sample carefully to insure that analytical result represent the actual sample
composition. Important factors affecting results are the presence of suspended
matter or turbidity, the method chosen for its removal and the physical and
chemical changes brought about by storage of aeration.
13
f) Make a record of every sample collected and identify every bottle. Preferably by
attaching an appropriately inscribed tag or label.
g) Before collecting samples from distribution system, flush line sufficiently to
insure that the sample is representative of the supply
h) While collecting sample from a well the water should be pumped out first
sufficiently to insure that the sample represents the ground water source.
i) When samples are collected from a river or stream, observed results may vary
with depth, stream flow, and distance from shore and from one shore and other.
If equipment is available, take an "integrated" sample from top to bottom in the
middle of the stream or from side to side at mid depth, in such a way that the
sample is integrated according to flow. If only a grab or catch sample has to be
collected take it from the middle of the stream and mid-depth by placing the
mouth of the bottle towards upstream side.
j) Lake and reservior are subject to considerable variations from normal cause such
as seasonal specification, rain full, run off and wind. Choose location, depth, and
frequency of sampling depending on local conditions and the purpose of the
investigation. Avoid surface scum.
k) Always avoid areas of excessive turbulence while sampling because of potential
loss of volatile constituents and of potential presence of toxic vapours.
l) Use only representative samples (of those conforming to a sampling programme
for examination.
The grate variety of conditions under which collection must be made makes it
impossible to prescribe a fixed procedure. In general, take into account the tests
or analysis to be and the purpose for which the results are needed.

SAMPLE PRESERVATION

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 Complete and unequivocal preservation of sample, whether domestic waste water
industrial wastes, or natural waters, is a practical impossibility Regardless of the
sample nature, complete stability for every constituent never can be achieved. At
best preservation techniques only retard chemical and biological changes that
inevitably continue after sample collection.
Why preservation is required: In general, the shorter the time that elapses
between collection of a sample and its analysis, the more reliable will be the
analytical result but if the time elapse is more and no preservation of sample is
done then nature of the sample changes
Some determinations are more likely than others to be affected by sample storage
before analysis.
I. Certain cautions are subject to loss by absorption on, or ion exchange with the
walls of glass containers. These include aluminum, zinc, cadmium, chromium,
copper iron, lead, manganese and silver.
II. After sampling temperature of the sample changes quickly and due to that the pH
may change significantly in a matter of minutes. The dissolved gases (O2, CO2.)
may be lost. Also with changes in the pH-alkalinity-carbon dioxible balance,
calcium carbonate may precipitate and cause a decrease in the values for calcium
and for total hardness.
III. Microbiological activity may become responsible for changes in the nitrate-nitric
ammonia content, for decrease in phenol concentration and in BOD or for
reducing sulfate to sulfide.
IV. Residual chlorine could reduce to chloride. Sulfide ferrous iron, iodide and
cyanide may be lost through oxidation.
V. Color, dour and turbidity may increase or decrease or change in quality.
VI. Sodium, Silica or boron may bleached from the glass container.

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PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES

To minimize the potential for vitalization or biodegradation between sampling

and analysis:
1. Keep sample as cool as possible without freezing. Preferably pack sample in
crushed or cubed ice or commercial ice substitutes. Avoid using dry ice because
it will freeze the sample, also it will effect of the sample
2. Use chemical preservatives only when they are shown not to interfere with the
analysis being made. When they are used add them to the sample bottle initially
so that all sample portions are preserved as soon as collected
No single method of preservation in entirely satisfactory. The method of are
relatively limited and are intended generally to retard biological action
complexes, and reduce volaticity of retard hydrolysis of chemical compounds
and
Preservation methods are limited to phi control, chemical addition, the use of
amber and opaque bottles, refreigeration, filteration and freezing and they vary
from one constituent to be analyzed to other

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GENERAL STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER& LIQUID
EFFLUENT
TABLE: BIS (ISD STANDARDS FOR DISCIHARGE OF SEWAGE AND
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS IN SURFACE WATER SOURCES AND
PUBLIC SEWE

S.NO Characteristics of Tolerance Tolerance

the Effluent limit of Limit for
Sewage Industrial
Effluent effluents
discharged discharged
into Surface into
Water
Sources as
per IS 4764-
1973

Inland Public

17
 surface sewers as
water, as pet per 3306-
IS2490- 1974
1974
1 2 3 4 5
1 BOD5 20 mg/l 30mg/l 500mg/l
2 COD - 250mg/l -
3 pH value - 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0
4 Total Suspended 30mg/l 100mg/l 600mg/l
Solid (TSS)
5 Oil and greases - 10mg/l 100mg/l
6 Sulphides (as S) - 2mg/l -
7 Fluorides (as F) - 2mg/l -
8 Mercury - 0.01mg/l -
9 Chlorides(as Cl) - - 600mg/l
10 % Sodium - - 60%
11 Ammonical - 50mg/l 50mg/l
nitrogen(as N)

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OBJECTIVE

1. Determination of the pH of waste water

2. Determination of the temperature of waste water

3. To assess the colour of waste water

4. To determine the Total Suspended Solids of given sample

5. To determine the Total Dissolved Solids of given sample

6. To determine the Alkalinity of given sample

7. To determine the chloride content of the given sample

8. To estimate the amount of dissolved oxygen in waste water sample

9. To determine BOD of given waste water sample

10. Estimation of COD of the given sample of waste water.

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Literature and Review
The complexity of the process seems challenging when a small community in Ohio
progresses from private disposal of septic waste to municipal treatment of
wastewater. Obtaining funding and permits for such infrastructure or improvements
can be the biggest hurdles. Next, gaining consent and access from residents to the
wastewater streams they generate must be done. The hiring of capable staff
knowledgeable in waste water treatment system operation and science,
understanding the available wastewater treatment options and choosing the most
feasible system for the public good are yet more challenges communities may face.
Largely, the main objective of small communities is to reduce the environmental
and health risks associated with “straight pipes,” private wastewater and septic
storage, and disposal and transport of these wastes by replacing them with
municipal treatment and discharge of clean effluent in an economically and
environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner. If the sewage
generated by a home is treated at the home site, it would be an example of onsite
wastewater treatment. In some communities or applications decentralized or onsite
wastewater treatment may be a viable alternative to centralized treatment, this is not
examined here but more information can be found in the EPA’s Onsite Wastewater
Treatment Systems Manual (2002). Some of the factors with which to assess the
sustainability of wastewater treatment systems are reviewed by Balkema et al.
(2002) and also by Muga and Mihelcic (2008).

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Effective sewage treatment for small communities is based on the natural models
provided by the scientific understanding of where organic pollutants are broken
down and made innocuous in the first place, in wetlands and estuaries. The natural
processes that occur in wetlands by microbes, algae and plants in are the same
processes that occur in wastewater treatment, particularly in systems used in rural
small communities (Crites and Tchobanoglous 1998, Gersberg et al. 1986).
Most organic pollutants that are the very products of life that move through
terrestrial and aquatic habitats end up being broken down and recycled in wetlands.
Sewage and pollutant wastes include metabolites, proteins, products of their
decomposition and other nitrogenrich toxins (in larger amounts) and nutrients (in
smaller amounts), such as ammonia and ammonium (Kuai et al. 1998). These
nitrogen-rich pollutants must be broken down through the microbial processes of
nitrification and then denitrification to become the relatively inert gas nitrogen that
makes up about 70% of our atmosphere. Wastewater treatment is modeled on these
important processes, and other natural chemical absorptions, accumulations,
reactions and transformations that occur in wetlands.
The primary function of sewage treatment systems is to remove nitrogen from the
waste stream. Therefore, some understanding of the processes involved is
fundamental in choosing the community’s sewage treatment. Microbial nitrification
reactions require oxygen, or aerobic, and end up in part transforming ammonia into
nitrite in the first stage, and then into nitrate in the second stage. The need for
oxygen, in these reactions in wetlands and in wastewater treatment is measured by
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD or the measured use of oxygen by microbes also
referred to as BOD5 in wastewater treatment) and by chemical oxygen demand
(COD or the oxygen requirement for all reactions occurring in a system) (Grady et
al. 2011). The relationship of these relative measures is used as an indicator of the
level of pollutants. These aerobic (requiring oxygen) reactions can only occur
21
within certain parameters (e.g. it can’t be too acidic) and without the presence of
inhibitors. The nitrates produced by nitrification can be taken up by plants and
algae to some degree,
A basic overview of wastewater treatment and discharge systems used can be found
in the Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems from the US EPA
(http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/primer.pdf). Here
we are concerned with the types of wastewater treatment systems in use in small
communities in Ohio. The Ohio Environmental Protection agency (OEPA)
classifies a wastewater treatment system as “Class A” if the system receives 25,000
gallons of wastewater a day or less. The OEPA’s Class A Training Manual
provides a detailed summary of the operational knowledge and permitting
requirements of wastewater treatment plant operators
(http://web.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/CAP/Class%20A%20Training%20Manual%20Com
plete.pdf ).
According to the research, BOD was minimum in winter and maximum in summer.
In rainy season it was found that waste was alkaline in nature but it was further
revealed that chloride range was beyond the limit .He also concluded that main
increase in the pollution load of the Tap water was due to discharge of heavy
organic waste. It was further found that BOD load was increasing to six thousand
Kg per day due to the discharge of million gallons per day Physico-Chemical
characteristics of Khadakwasla reservoir near Pune were monitored for Physico-
Chemical parameters like temperature, pH, electric conductivity, Sodium,
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Silica, Iron, Bicarbonate, Chloride,Sulphate,
Nitrate, Phosphate, dissolved Oxygen, biological Oxygen demand & chemical
Oxygen demand. These parameters were analyzed by collecting water samples at 5
different Sample. From this study, it is observed that there is a seasonal variation in

22
concentration of Physico-Chemical parameters & some of parameters are beyond
permissible limit, which shows degradation of water quality due to pollution (2).
A study carried on the assessment of surface water quality during monsoon and post
monsoon season of Rupahi beel of Nagaon district, Assam, India. Nilotpal Kumar.
B, revealed that the relevant parameter such as Temp, pH, TSS, TDS, free Co2
alkalinity hardness, chloride, sulphate, phosphate and heavy metals were analyzed
for water samples by various standard methods & reveals that most of the water
quality parameters are within the tolerance level as prescribed in IS 2296. TDS &
DO values in some locations are not so good for fish as well as aquatic life. The
concentrations of heavy metals are not negligible (12). This study was aimed to
determine pH, turbidity, DOS & BOD reduction from municipal waste water. The
present study reveals the assessment of Physico chemical parameters like pH,
turbidity, DO & BOD high concentration in inlet & low concentration in the final
treated Wastewater due to various stages of municipal wastewater treatment plant
(MWWTP)

23
MATERIAL AND METHOD

Object: - Determination of pH Value of waste water

GENERAL
Measurement of pH is one of the most important and frequently used test in
water chemistry Periodically every phase of water supply and waste-water
treatment eg, acid- based neutralization, water softening precipitation,
coagulation, disinfection and corrosion control is pH-dependent, pH is used in
alkalinity and carbon dioxide measurements and many other acid-base
equilibrium

ELECTROMETRIC METHOD

PRINCIPLE
The basic principle of electrometric pH measurement is determination of the
activity of the hydrogen ions by potentiometric measurement using a standard
hydrogen or glass electrode and a reference electrode.

INTERFERENCE
The glass electrode is relatively free from interference from color, turbidity,
colloidal matter, oxidants, reductants, or high salinity pH measurements are
affected by temperature also. Standard pH buffers have a specified pH at
indicated temperatures.
Always report temperature at which pH is measured

24
 APPARATUS
a) PH meter
b) Reference Electrode
c) Glass electrode

REAGENTS

GENERAL PREPARATION
Calibrate the electrode system against standard buffer solution of known pH.
Because buffer solution may deteriorate as a result of mold growth or
contamination.Dissolve the buffer table of particular mass and composition of
desired pH in distilled water make buffer solution of before 24 hrs. of use. The
distilled water used is first boil, cool, and make sure that conductivity is less than
2μ mho/cm to 50ml add I drop saturated KCI solution suitable for reference
electrode use. If pH of the test solution is between 6.0 to 7.0 then use the water to
prepare all standard buffer solution. The basic salt used in the preparation of
buffer is potassium hydrogen phosphate (kH2,PO4,). The standard buffer
solutions are made of 7.0, 4.0 and 9.2 pH

PROCEDURE
1. Instrument Calibration: Keep the glass electrode and reference electrode wet
by returning them to storage solution when every pH meter is not in used. Before
use remove electrodes from storage solution Rinse, blot dry with a soft tissue,
place in initial buffer solution and take the pH at the fixed room temperature such
as 250C. Remove electrodes from the first buffer, rinse thoroughly with distilled
water, blot dry, immerse in second buffer of known pH record the temperature,
and set the temperature dial to the same at which first buffer reading is taken at
25
 250C and check the pH displayed by the pH meter. This is the two point
calibration of the instrument. For the three point calibration immerse the
electrode in third known pH buffer with same procedure and check the pH
displayed by the pH meter at the specific temperature. The difference of +0.1 pH
in third buffer is allowed. This is done to adjust the response of glass electrode of
the instrument
2. Sample analysis Take the pH of buffer solution and after that replace the
electrodes from buffer solution, wash with distilled water, rinse, blo: dry and
immersed in a known volume of fresh sample and note down the pH value of that
sample at the same temperature

Observation Table for pH Determination

pH pH pH Average
Sample Reading Reading Reading pH
Reading

Object: - Determination of the temperature of waste water Sample

Apparatus Required Thermometer- 0.1o C division.

Procedure: Temperature measurement is made by taking a portion of the water

sample (about 1litre) and immersing the thermometer into it for a sufficient period
of time (till the reading stabilizes) and he reading is taken, expressed as °C.

26
Observation Table for temperature
Sample Thermometer Thermometer Thermometer Average
Reading Reading Reading Thermometer
Reading

OBJECT: To assess the colour of waste water

GENERAL
Color in water may result from the presence of natural metallic ions (Iron and
Manganese) humus and peat materials, plankton, weeds and industrial wastes.
Color is removed to make water suitable for general and industrial applications.
Color can be determined by visual comparison method and spectrophotometric
method.
Visual comparison method is applicable only for measuring the color of natural
water and of water in which color is due to naturally occurring material. Whereas
the spectrophotometric method is applicable for both natural as well as industrial
waste waters

VISUAL COMPARISON METHOD

PRINCIPLE
Color is determined by visual comparsion of the sample with known
concentration of colored solutions. The platinum-cobalt method of measuring
27
 color is the standard method the unit of color being that produced by I mg
platinum/L, in the form of the chloroplatinate ion

INTERFERENCE
Even a slight turbiditycauses the apparent color to be noticeable higher than that
of true color; therefore remove turbidity before approximating true color by
differential reading with different color filters, or by differential scattering
measurements. The color value of water is extremely pH- dependent and
invariably increases as the pH of the water is raised
Make the color determination within a reasonable period because biological or
physical changes occurring in storage may affect color and these changes
invariably lead to poor results in naturally colored waters

TERMINOLOGY
1. True Color: The color of water from which turbidity has been removed
2. Apparent Color: The color of water due to substances present in solution, but
also due to suspended solids or matter present in solution.

APPARATUS
Nessler Tubes: 50ml, tall form.
pH meter: For determining sample pH.

PREPARATION OF STANDARDS
1. Stock Standards: Dissolve 1.246 gm of potassium chloroplatinate, K2PI Cl6, and
1.00 gm crystallized cobaltous chloride (CoCl2 5H2O) in distilled water with 100
ml concentrated HCl and make up to 1000ml with distilled water. This stock
28
standard has a color of 500 units and it is readed as 5 Pt-Co scale working
standards.
PROCEDURE
Collect the representative Sample in a clean glassware. Take 50ml of sample in
nessler tube and compare it with standards. Look vertically downward through
moves toward a white or specular surface placed at such an angle that light is
reflected upward through the columns of liquid.
It color exceeds 70units, dilute the sample with distilled water in known
proportions until the color is within the range of standards Measure the pH of
each sample

Observation Table for colour

Sample Colour

29
 CALCULATIONS
Calculate color units by the following:
Color unit= (Ax50) /B

Where
A = estimated color of a diluted sample
B = ml of sample taken for dilution.

OBJECT: To determine the Total Suspended Solids of given waste water

sample

PRINCIPLE
A well-mixed sample is filtered through a weighed standard glass microfiber
filter and the residue retained on the filter is dried to a constant weight at 103 OC
to 104OC. The increase in weight of filter paper represents the total suspended
solids.

SOURCES
Solids suspended in water may consist of inorganic or organic particles.
Inorganic such as day, silt and other soil constituents are common in surface
water. Organic solids material such as plant fibres and biological solids/algae
cells, bacteria etc. is also common constituents of surface waters.

30
 IMPACTS
I. It is aesthetically displeasing and provides adsorption sites for chemical and
biological agents.
2. Suspended organic solids may be degraded biologically resulting in
objectional by products.
3. Biologically active (live) suspended solids may include disease causing
organisms as well as organisms such as toxin-producing strains of algae.

NTERFERENCE
Exclude large floating particles or submerged agglomerates of non-homognous
materials from the sample

APPARATUS
Filter paper of pore size=45μ, desiccator, balance, funnel, beaker

PROCEDURE
1. Take 25 ml of sample in beaker
2. Note the weight of properly dried filter paper (WI)
3. Properly fold and place the filter paper on the Erlenmeyer flask
4. Pour the sample through the filter paper and filter it completely
5. Transfer the filter paper to an oven at 105 °C for one hour
6. Note the weight of dried filter paper (W2)
7. Difference between the above two weight gives the suspended solids (W3)

31
Observation Table for Suspended Solid Determination
Sample Total suspended solid

CALCULATION
Total suspended solid (mg/1) = (A-B) x1000
Vol .of sample

Where,
A = Final wt.of filter paper with residue (mg).
B = Initial wt. of filter paper with residue (mg)

32
OBJECT: To determine the Total Dissolved Solids of given sample

PRINCIPLE
A well-mixed sample is filtered through a standard glass fiber filter and the
filtrate is evaporated to dryness in a weighed dish and dried to constant weight at
180°C. The increase in weight represents the total dissolved solids or it can be
determined by the weight difference in total solids and total suspended solids of
the sample.

SOURCES
Dissolve material results from the solvent action of water on solids, liquids and
gases Dissolve substances may be organic or inorganic in nature. Inorganic
substances which may be dissolve in water include minerals, metals and gases.
Materials from the decay products of vegetation from organic chemicals and
from the organic gases are common organic dissolved constituents of water

IMPACTS
Many dissolved substances are undesirable in water Dissolved minerals, gases,
and organic constituents may produce aesthetically displeasing color, tates and
odor. Some chemicals may be toxic.

APPARATUS
Filter paper of pore size =.45μ
Dissicator, Balance, funnel, beaker

33
 PROCEDURE
1. Note the initial weight of properly dried dish/beaker (WI)
2.100 ml sample through filter paper into the weighed dish/beaker.
3. Keep it on a water bath to evaporate to dryness.
4. Cool it in dessicator and weigh it again. Record the final weight of the
dish/beaker (W2)
5. Difference between the above two weight gives the Dissolved solids (W3)

Observation Table for Dissolved Solid Determination

Sample Total dissolved solid

CALCULATION
Total dissolved solids (mg/l) = (W1-W2) x1000
Vol .of sample
Initial weight of beaker= W1 mg
Final weight of beaker with residue=W2 mg
Total weight of residue = (W1-W2) mg

34
 OBJECT: To determine the Alkalinity of given sample.

GENERAL
Alkalinity of water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all titrable
bases. It is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters and waste
waters because alkalinity of many surface water is primarily a function of
carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide content, some times contribution from
borates, phosphates, silicates or other bases can also be present

PRINCIPLE
Hydroxyl ions present in a sample as a result of dissociation or hydrolysis of
solutes react with additions of standard acid. Alkalinity thus depend on end point
pH used Phenolphthalein alkalinity is the term traditionally used for the quantity
measured by titration to pH 8.3 irrespective of the colored indicator, if any, used
in the determination. Methyl oranges or Bromcresol green or a mixed
bromocresol green and methyl red indicator may used for pH 4.5

INTERFERENCE
Soaps, oily matter, suspended solids or precipitates may coat the glass electrode
of pH water and cause a sluggish response. Do not filter, dilute, concentrate or
alter sample.
APPARATUS
Volumetric flask pH meter, Pipette, Burette, Titration flask.

REAGENTS
1. Sodium Carbonate solution (Na2CO3): It is used as a primary standard. Dry 3
to 5 gm of Na2CO3 at 250 OC for 4 hr. and cool in a desiccators. Weight 2. 5 ±
35
 0.2 gm, transfer to a 11 volumetric flask, and make up to II with distilled water.
Do not keep longer than I week. Because it is hygroscopic in nature.
2. Standard sulfuric acid H2SO4or hydrochloric acid (HCl), O.I N: Prepare a
solution of O.1N of H2SO4 or HCl and standardize it against Na2CO3 with
phenolphthalein as an indicator. The end point will be color change from pink to
color less. Now calculate the normality of H2SO4 or HCI.

Normality= 1 × wt. of Na2CO3

H2SO4 Or HCl mol.wt. of Na2CO3 vol. of H2SO4 or HCl used

Take the calculated normality of H2SO4 or HCI for further calculations.

PROCEDURE
1. Take 20 ml of the giving sample in Erlenmeyer flsak (V)
2. Add 1 drop of 0.1N sodium thiosuIphate solution to remove the free chlorine if
present
3. Add 2 drop of phenolphthalein indicator .The sample turn pink if the pH is above
8.3
4. Run down 0.02N standard sulphuric acid till the solution turn to colourless.
5. Note down the one volume of H2SO4 added (v1)
6. Add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator the sample turn yellow
7. Repeat titration till the colour of the solution turn to orange
8. Note down the total volume of H2SO4 added (v2)

36
 End Point: (1) The end point for Phenolphthalein is reddish orange to yellowish
(2) The end point for methyl is orange to violet.
Observation Table for Alkalinity Determination
Sr.N Sampl Volum Initial Final Volum Total
o e e of burett burett e of Alkalinit
Sampl e e H2SO4 y (mg/l)
e (ml) readin readin (ml)
g (ml) g (ml)

CALCULATION
Phenolphthalein alkalinity = V×N×50×1000
(CaCO3 scale) (mg/l) Vol. of sample in m

V = Volume of H2SO4or HCl used

N = Normality of H2SO4or HCl

Methyl orange alkalinity (M) = V1×N1×50×1000

(CaCO3 scale) (mg/l) Vol. of sample in ml

Where,
V1 = Volume of H2SO4or HCl used
N1 = Normality of H2SO4or HCl
Alkalinity due to phenolphthalein (p) = mg/l
Alkalinity due to methyl orange (M) = mg/l
Total Alkalinity (T) = (P+M) mg/l.
37
 OBJECT: To estimate the amount of dissolved oxygen in water sample.

GENERAL

Theory DO Ievels in natural and waste waters depend on physical, chemical and
biochemical activities in the water body. The presence of oxygen water body.
The presence of oxygen in water in dissolved form is necessary to keep it fresh
and sparkling and in waste water DO is important in precipitating and dissolution
of
inorganic substance in water. The solubility of oxygen in water depends upon its
temperature.
DO analysis is a key test in water pollution and waste treatment process control.

APPARATUS
Burette, pipette, volumetric flasks, conical flasks, BOD bottles.

REAGENTS
1. Manganous Sulphate Solution: Dissolve 364 gm MnSO4 H2O or480 gm of
MnSO4. 4H2O in distilled water. Filter and dilute to. The MnSO4 solution should
not give a color with starch when added to an acidified potassium iodide (Kl)
solution.
2. Akali -iodide-azide Reagent: Dissolve 500gm NaOH (or 100 KDH) and 150
gm KI (or 135 gm Nal) in distilled water. Now add 10gm NaN 3, and dilute to 11.
Potassium and sodium salts may be used inter changeably.
3. Concentrated H2SO4.

38
4. Starch Indicator: Use either an aqueous solution or soluble starch powder
mixtures.
5. Standard Sodium Thiosulphate Solution : 0.01N (Na2 S2O3 5H2O)
6. Potassium Iodate (KIO3):0.1N

PRINCIPLE
The azide modification method or iodometric method or winkler method is mot
precise and reliable titrimetric procedures for DO analysis. It is based on the
addition of divalent manganese solution, followed by strong alkali to the sample.
Oxygen present in the sample oxidizes the divalent manganous to its higher
valency which precipitates as a brown hydrated oxide after addition of NaOH and
KI.

Upon acidification, manganese reverts to divalent state and liberates iodine from
KI equivalent to DO content in the sample. The liberated iodine is titrated against
standardized sodium thisoluphate using starch as indicator.

STANDARDIZATION PROCEDURE
Take I ml KlO3, in conical Flask and add few drop of distilled water then add
0.5ml conc. H2SO4 and add 1g Kl. Then color changes to brownish yellow. Then
titrate it against sodium thisoluphate. When the colour becomes dull. The add 1-2
drops of starch solution and then titrate it until the color changes to colorless.

End Point = Brownish black to coloress

39
PROCEDURE
1. Collect the sample in a 250-300 ml bottle and place the stopper tightly back so
that no air bubble would be there in the bottle.
2. Now add 1 ml Manganous sulphate solution with the help of pipette followed
by I ml alkali iodide azide reagent.
Note: If pipettes are dipped into sample. Rinse them before returing them to
reagent bottle. Tip of the pipette should be below the liqued level which adding
and then rise it slowly upwards
3. Stopper carefully to exclude air bubbles and mix by inverting bottles a few
times
4. When precipitate has settled sufficiently to leave clear supernate above the
manganese hydroxide floc, add I ml conc H2 SO4
5. Restopper and mix by inverting several times until dissolution is complete.
6. Titrate a volume corresponding to 200ml original sample after correction for
sample loss by displacement with reagent. Thus for 2ml (1 ml each) of MnSO4
and alkali-iodide. acid reagent in a 300 ml bottle, titrate 200x 300/(300-2)=20ml.
7. Titrate with standard Na2S2O3 solution to a pale straw colour. Now add few
drops of starch solution and continue titration to first disappearance of blue color.

40
 ORSERVATION TABLE

Vol. of sample Initial Reading Final Reading Vol.of Na2S2O3

taken (IR) of burette (FR) of Burette used =
(ml) ml FR-IR(ml)

CALCULATIONS
DO (mg/l) = Vol.of Na2S2O3× Normality of Na2S2O3 × 8× 1000
Vol. of sample

 DO = 4×0.01×8000 = 3.2 mg/l

100

Where,
8 = Equivalent weight of oxygen

41
OBJECT: To determine BOD of given waste water sample.

GENERAL
The biochemical oxygen demand of a sewage is the quantity of oxygen required
for the biological oxidation of the decomposable matter at specified temperature
and within the specified time. During natural decomposition the life activities of
orgnisms are stimulated by high temperature and are decreased at low
temperature, therefore the temperature and time during BOD tests are specified.
The BOD test is an emprical test in which standardized laboratory procedures are
used to determine the relative oxygen requirement of waste waters, effluents and
polluted waters. This test has its wide application in measuring waste loading to
treatment plant and efficiency of treatment units.
The decomposition of organic matters is done in two stage. The corbaon aceous
matter is first oxidised and the oxidation of nitrogenous matters take place in
latter stages. The BOD of the sewage for the first stage is about 90 % of total
BOD.
The complete oxidation of organic matter takes about 2-3 months but within 10
days nearly 90 % BOD is satisfied after which the rate of depletion of oxygen
very slow In laboratory usually 5day BOD is tested within which 70 % BOD is
satisfied.

42
 APPARATUS
1. Incubation bottles or BOD bottles: 250 to 300 ml capacity, clean bottles with a
detergent, rinse thoroughly and drain before use. As a precautions against
drawing air into the dilution bottle during incubation. Use a water seal. Obtain
satisfactory water seal by inverting bottles in a water bath or by adding water to
the flared mounth of special BOD bottles. Place a paper or plastic cup or foil cap
over flared mouth of bottle to reduce evaporation of the water seal during
incubation.
2. Air incubator or water bath: Thermostatically controlled at 20±10C.Exclude all
light to prevent photosynthetic production of DO.
3. Miscellaneous: Measuring cylinder, beaker, volumetric flasks, pipettes, Burettes
Conical flasks etc.

Reagents

1. Phosphate buffer solution: Dissolve 8 5 gm KH2PO4 21.75 gm K2 HPO4 33. 4

gm Na2 HPO4. 4H2 0 and 1.7 gm NH4Cl in about 500ml distilled water and dilute
to 1 lit. The pH should be 7.2 without further adjustment. Discard regent if there
is any biological growth in the bottle.
2. Magnesium Sulfate Solution: Dissolve 22.5 gm MgSO4.7HO2 in distilled water
and diltute to 1lt.
3. Calcium Chloride Solution: Dissolve 27.5 gm CaCl2 in distilled water and
dilute to 1 It .
4. Ferric Chloride Solution: Dissolve 0.25gm FeCl3 6H20 in distilled water and
dilute to 1 It.
5. Acid and Alkali Solution: I N for neutralization of cuastic or acidic waste
sample.
43
 a) Acid: Slowly and while stirring add 28 ml cone H2SO4 to distilled water and
Dilute to 11.
b) Akali: Dissolve 40gm sodium hydroxide in distilled water dilute to 11.
6. Sodium Sulfite Solution: Dissolve 1.575 gm Na2 SO4 in 1000 ml distilled
water this solution is not stable; prepare daily.

PRINCIPLE
The method consist of filling the sample to an air tight bottle of the specified size
and incubation it at specific temperature of 5 day. Dissolve oxygen measured
initially and after incubation and the BOD is computed as difference between
initial and final DO; Because the initial DO in determined immediately after the
dilution is made, all oxygen uptake, including that occurring during the first 15
min is included in the BOD measurements.

PROCEDURE
1. Preperation of dilution water:
I) In a container by bubbling compressed air for 1-2 days to attain DO saturation,
create the required volume of distilled water. Temperature should be maintained
near 20OC. The DO saturation is done for proceeding to BOD test the initial DO
should between 6-9mg/l
2. Now add 1.0 ml each of magnesium sulfate, phosphate buffer, ferric chloride
c and calcium chloride solution for each litre of dilution water and mix it well
3. If the waste water is not expected to contain sufficient bacterial population
which are capable of oxidizing the biodegradable organic matter. Than seed is
added to dilution water. The preferred seed is effluent from a biological treatment

44
system. Generally 2ml settled sewage is considered sufficient for 100 ml of
diluted water.

DILUTION OF SAMPLE
1. Sample containing caustic alkalinity or acidity: Neutralize the sample to pH
6.5 to 7.5 with a solution of H2SO4 or sodium hydroxide.
2. Sample Containing Residual Compounds: If possible, avoid samples
containing residual chlorine by using Na2SO3solution as follows:
Take 50 ml of the sample and acidify with addition of 10ml 1+1 acetic acid. Add
about l gm Kl. Now titrate with Na2S2O2 0.0025 N Using starch indicator.
Determine the volume of Na2SO3 required per ml. of the sample and add
accordingly to the sample to be tested for BOD.
3. Sample Supersaturate with DO: Simple which have high DO content i.e. DO
is more than 9 mg/l due to either algal growth or some other reason, reduce the
DO content by aerating and agitating the samples.
4. Make several dilutions of the prepared sample so as to obtain about 50 %
depletion of DO in dilution water but not less than 2mg and the residual oxygen
after 5 days of incubation should not be less than 1mg/1. Dilution should be
prepared as follows:
Siphon out seeded dilution water in a meaning cylinder or volumetric flask half
the required volume. Now add the required quantity of carefully mixed sample.
By siphoning dilution water. dilute to the desired volume and well mix.

Following dilution percentages may be used:

0.1%to 1% Strong trade waste water
45
 1.0 % to 5% Row or settled sewage
5% to 25% Treated effluent
25 to100% River water

5. Siphon the dilution prepared a above in 4 labelled BOD bottles as

demonstrated and put stopper immediately.
6. Keep 1 bottle for determination of the initial DO and incubate 3 bottles at 20 0
C for 5days.The bottle should have a water seal.
7. Prepare blank in duplicate by siphoning plain water (without seed) to measure
the oxygen consumption in dilution water.
8. Fix the bottles kept for immediate DO determination of sample arid blank by
adding 2 ml in MnSO2 followed by 2ml NaOH + KI + NaN3 as described in the
DO determination.
9. Determine DO in the sample and in the blank as first day and after 5 days.

Dissolve Oxygen Determination of the collected of Sample

S.N Sample Volume of Initial Final Volume Dissolve
Sample burette burette of Oxygen
(ml) reading reading Titrant (mg/l)
(ml) (ml) (ml)
1. 100 0 17 17 17
Blank

CALCULATION
Determine BOD of the sample as follows

C0 = DO of blank on 0th day.

C5 = DO of blank on 5th day.

46
 BOD = (DO0-DO5) – (C0-C5) × dilution

Where
DO0 = DO of the sample on 0th day.
DO5 = DO of the sample on 5th day.

OBJECT: Estimation of COD of the given sample of waste water.

GENERAL
The Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used as a measure of the oxygen
equivalent of the organic matter content of a sample that in susceptible to
oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant.
The COD test is useful in identifying the performance of the various steps of the
treatment plants. It is also useful in determining the strength of industrial wastes
in sewage, which cannot be determined by BOD test.
The COD determination has an advantage over BOD test as it takes only 5 hours
as compared to 5 days required for BOD test. This test is also easy and also not
affected by interference as in BOD test. The limitation of this test is its inability
to differentiate between the biological oxidizable and biologically inert material.

APPARATUS
Conical flask, burettes, pipettes, volumetric flasks, Analytical balance or
weighing machine and reflex apparatus consisting of 500 or 250 ml Erlenmeyer
flask with ground glass 24/20 neck and 300 mm jacket lie beg. West or
equivalent condensor with 24/40 ground glass joint and hot plate having
sufficient power to produce at least 1.4cm2 of heating surface or equivalent.

47
 REAGENTS
1. Standard Postassium dichromte solution: Dissolve 12.259gm K2Cr2O7,
primary standard grade, previousty dried at 1030C for 2hrs, in distilled water and
dilute to 1000ml.
2. Sulfuric acid Reagent: Add Ag2SO4, reagent or technical grede crystals or
powder, to conc. H2SO4, at the rate of 5.5gm Ag2SO4 /Kg H2SO4, Let it stand for
I to 2 days to dissolve A g2SO4.
3. Ferrion indicator: Dissolve 1.485gm 1-10 phenanthroline monohyderate and
695 mg FeSO4, 7 H20 in distilled water and dilute to 100ml. This indicator
solution may be purchased readymade also.
4. Standard ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS): Titrant, approximately 0.25 M:
Dissolve 98gm Fe (NH4)2(SO4) 2 6H2O distilled water. Add 20 ml conc. H2SO4
cool and dilute to 1000ml. Standardize this solution daily against standard
K2Cr2O7,, solution.

PRINCIPLE

Most types of organic matter gets oxidized by a boiling mixture of chromic and
H2SO4.A sample is refluxed in strongly acid solution with a known excess of
potassium dichromate. After digestion the remaining unreduced K 2Cr2O7 in
titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the amount of K 2Cr2O7,
consumed and the oxidizable organic matter is calculated in terms of oxygen
equivalent, Keep ratios of reagent weights volumes and strengths constant when
sample volumes other than 50ml are used. The standard 2hr reflux time may be
reduced if it has been shown that a shorter period yields the same results

48
STANDARDIZATION PROCEDURES
Dilute 10ml standard K2Cr2O7 to about 100ml with distilled water in a conical
flask. Now add 30ml con. H2SO4. in that and cool the mix to room temperature.
Now titrate it with FAS (ferrous ammonium sulphate) using 0.10 to 0.15 ml (2-3
drops) ferrion indicator

PROCEDURE
a) Treatment of samples with COD of > 50mg 02L: Place 50.0 ml sample (for
samples with COD of 900mgO2/L. Use smaller sample portion diluted to 50.0ml)
in a 500ml refluxing flask. Now very slowly add 5.0 ml Sluphuric acid reagent
with mixing. Cool while mixing to aovid possible loss of volatile materials, add
25.0 ml 0.25N K2Cr2O7. Solution and mix well. Now attach the flask to condenser
and turn on cooling water. Add remaining Sulphuric acid reagent (70ml) through
open end of condenser. Continue swirling and mixing while addling the sulphuric
reagent.

Caution: Mix reflux mixture throughly before applying heat to prevent local
heating of flask bottom and a possible blow out of flask contents.

Cover open end of condenser with a small beaker to prevent foreign material
form entring refluxing mixture and reflux for 2hrs. Cool and wash down
condensor with distilled water Disconnect reflux condenser after 2hrs.and dilute
the mixture to about twice its volume with distilled water Cool to room
temperature and titrate excess K2Cr2O7.with FAS using (2 to 3 drops) 0.1 to 0.15
ml ferrion indicator. And titrate till the first sharp color change from blue-green
to reddish brown.
49
Prepare the blank to that of same manner using distilled water of volume equal to
that of sample and titrate it in the same manner with Ferrous ammonium
sulphate.

Observation Table
Sample Vol.of Vol. of I.R of F.R of Vol. of COD
sample K2Cr2O7 Burette Burette FAS in mg/l
used used

Calculation

COD as mg/1 = (A-B) x N x 8000

ml. of sample

Where
I.R. = Initial reading
F.R = Final reading
FAS = Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
A = ml of FAS used for blank
B = ml of FAS used for sample
and, N = Normality of FAS

50
For Sample 1 =12.4 x 0.25 x 8000 = 496mg/l
50

51
 RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

Sr.No Sample inlet Sample outlet

1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Colour
4. Total Suspended
Solids
5. Total Dissolved
Solids
6. Alkalinity
7. Chloride
8. dissolved oxygen
9. BOD
10. COD

The maximum water temperature (35.2⁰C) was obtained sample 3 (pond water) and
minimum water temperature (34.5⁰C) was obtained sample 1 (drinking water). The
variation in water temperature may be due to different timing of collection.
Temperature controls behavioral characteristics of organisms, solubility of gases
and salts in water. No other factor has so much influence on temperature.
The present study was showed that the turbidity in the range of 1.0–19.5 NTU.
World Health Organization prescribed the highest desirable limit 5.0 NTU and

52
maximum permissible limit 19.5 NTU. In Sample the value of turbidity present is
higher than permissible limits.
The maximum value of pH of the water samples was recorded as 9.07 in Sample 3
and minimum value of pH was recorded as 7.66 in Sample 2. In general pH was
within the limits of standard value. For drinking water, a pH range of 6.0-8.5 is
recommended.
PH is a measure of the acidic or basic (alkaline) nature of a solution. The
concentration of the hydrogen ion [H+] activity in a solution determines the pH.
The pH value is the negative power to which 10 must be raised to equal the
hydrogen ion concentration. A pH range of 6.0 to 9.0 appears to provide protection
for the life of fresh water fish and bottom dwelling invertebrates. The Table 1gives
some special effects of pH on fish and aquatic life.
In the present study, TDS ranged from 185 mg/l to 1480 mg/l. according to WHO
and Indian tandards7, 8. TDS value should be less than 500 mg/l for drinking water.
All the sample station (tap water, irrigation water, pond water, foundation water,
Hostel waste water) except sample station of pond higher ranged as prescribed by
WHO and Indian standards7,8.The present study was showed that the turbidity in
the range of 1.0–19.5 NTU. World Health Organization prescribed the highest
desirable limit 5.0 NTU and maximum permissible limit19.5 NTU. In Sample the
value of turbidity present is higher than permissible limits.
The alkalinity of water is its capacity to neutralize acids. The maximum alkalinity
was recorded as 447 ppm at station 2 and minimum value is recorded as 162 at
station4. BIS has set a desirable level of alkalinity in drinking water to be 200 ppm
where as its value has been prescribed to be 600 ppm in the absence of alternative
source. So in maximum stations value of total alkalinity present in water is higher.
Alkalinity is primarily due to carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide contents. It is
used in the interpretations and control of water and waste water processes.
53
The chlorine contents in the samples between 28.48mg/l to 285.40 mg/l natural
water contain low chloride ions. In the present study sample No.7 shows 315.75
mg/l chloride which is highest value in twenty different sampling stations. The
tolerance range for chloride is 200 to 1000mg/l7, 8. The WHO a residual
concentration of free chlorine of greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/litre after at least
30 minutes contact time at pH less than 8.0.” This definition is only appropriate
when users drink water directly from the flowing tap. The maximum value chlorine
dissolve was calculated as 3.5ml/litre at location 2 and minimum value calculated as
2.0mg/litre at location 4.
BOD is typically reported as 5 day BOD and ultimate BOD at 20⁰C and reported as
milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter (mg O/L). BOD 5 is used by regulatory
agencies for monitoring wastewater treatment facilities and monitoring Drinking
water quality. BOD is the biochemical oxygen demand of the water and it is related
to the concentration of the bacterial facilitated decomposable organic material in the
water. BOD is a laboratory test that requires an oxygen sensing meter, incubator,
nitrifying inhibitors, and a source of bacteria. The maximum BOD was calculated
as 110 in sample 3(pond water), and minimum BOD calculate value 40 in sample1
(Drinking water)
COD is used as a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content
of the sample. Only the organic matter that is susceptible to oxidation by strong
chemical oxidant. COD is typically used when there are industrial wastewater
sources, comparing biological to chemical oxidation in the selection of treatment
process and performances, or depending on the waste stream it can provide insight
into the concentration of reduced inorganic metal inorganic, such as ferrous iron,
sulfide, and manganese. Chromium (Cr): The MCL is 0.05 mg/L. The impact of
chromium is not clearly defined, but it is known to adversely impact aquatic
organisms. The maximum chemical oxygen demand was calculated as 416mg/L in
54
sample5 (hostel waste water), and minimum chemical oxygen demand was value
calculated as 256mg/L in sample1 (Drinking water).
The maximum water temperature (34.6⁰C) was obtained in sample5 (hostel waste
water) and minimum water temperature (34.5⁰C) was obtained in sample1 (tap
water). The variation in water temperature may be due to different timing of
collection. Temperature controls behavioral characteristics of organisms, solubilty
of gases and salts in water. No other factor has so much influence on temperature.
The maximum value of pH of the water samples was recorded as 9.07 in sample3
(pond water and minimum value of pH was recorded as 7.66 in sample 2. In general
pH was within the limits of standard value. For drinking water, a pH range of 6.0-
8.5 is recommended.
The present study was showed that the turbidity in the range of 1.0 – 19.5 NTU.
World Health Organization prescribed the highest desirable limit 1.0 NTU and
maximum permissible limit 25.0 NTU. The alkalinity of water is its capacity to
neutralize acids. The maximum alkalinity was recorded as 447 ppm at station 2 and
minimum value is recorded as 162 at station 4. BIS has set a desirable level of
alkalinity in drinking water to be 200 ppm where as its value has been prescribed to
be 600 ppm in the absence of alternative source. So in maximum stations value of
total alkalinity present in water is higher.
In the present study water samples of different locations was observed in the range
of 181-269 ppm. The hardness of water is not a pollution parameter but indicates
water quality.
To solve this problem you can make sure that you are careful with the sample
water. To solve the problem of testing to see how much alkalinity is in the water
and determining if the sample turns the right pink you should have the same person
do all the test or the same person determining whether or not the sample turned
pink.
55
The positive part of having alkalinity in your water is that it keeps the water less
susceptible to acids. If you have to much of it in your water it means that it is
packed with minerals and can cause the water to become fogged. This is
called turbidity, which can fog the water and make sunlight very hard to get
through. The turbidity causes the plants under the water not to get any sunlight
Without sunlight, plants aren't able to give off any oxygen and wildlife suffers.
Another thing that can happen if there is to much alkalinity in the water is that the
water becomes known as "Hard water. This can have toll on pipes and can cause
them give off lead (where apply) which can harm us if we drink it. When the water
becomes "hard" it has to many dissolved solids. Dissolved solids are the minerals
in the water. Alkalinity is essential for keeping our water protected from acids, like
acid rain. It is essential we
understand what is in our school water! We hope that this test has helped you
understand the conditions of our school water and others around the city.

56
CONCLUSION

57
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