ABSTRACT

The application of Test of Hypothesis was used to know in this topic about the drag coefficient of
15 known modern cars in the Philippines since automotive is very interesting field and a lot of
people needs to learn about this. We are interested to know if the drag coefficient is lesser than the
average stated by the Society of Automotive Engineers which is 0.325. We have gathered data
from different automotive sites, test and analyzed the data using T-test since the sample size is less
than 30 and the sample standard is not given. In order to find the components needed, we used
MATLAB as a computational tool to find the mean, sample standard deviation, and the t-test. After
calculating everything, we found out that the t-value falls under the critical region, therefore we
reject the null hypothesis which says that modern cars average drag coefficient is 0.325, since there
is not enough evidence to support that claim, thus, the modern cars have a drug coefficient lesser
that 0.325.

INTRODUCTION
Modern and Hybrid cars are the once in for the market nowadays, but one factor that consumer
chooses is the fuel efficiency, one way to achieve a fuel-efficient auto is for it to have a low drag
coefficient which has something to with the vehicle’s aerodynamic shape. The drag coefficient of
an automobile impacts the way the automobile passes through the surrounding air, and the
smoother the vehicle run, the faster it will be and it consume less fuel.
The topic of this project is to know the average drag coefficient of some known and modern cars
in the Philippines, this is because everyone is interested in automobiles and learning some ways to
maximize its performance would be a great help in the future. According to the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE), the Average drag coefficient (Cd) of today’s cars is 0.325. We
researched on the different drag coefficient of common cars in the country to test the claim. We
will be using T-test for the mean since the sample given is less than 30 and the population standard
deviation is unknown.

METHODOLOGY

ANALYZE THE DATA DRAW THE

GATHER DATA FROM USING T-TEST AND CONCLUSION
DIFFERENT MATLAB AS TOOL FOR WHETHER TO REJECT
AUTOMOTIVE SITES COMPUTATIONS. OR DO NOT REJECT
THE NULL HYPOTHESIS.

The first part of making this project is to gather all the data needed, specifically the drag
coefficients of the 15 known modern cars in the Philippines from different automotive sites. After
gathering all data, we are going to analyze the data using t-test statistics and do the calculations
using MATLAB. The outcome of the statistical test will determine if we are going to reject or not
to reject the null hypothesis that is presented.

DATA ANALYSIS
The table shows the data collected from various site. This contains the car brand or model with
their specified drag coefficient.
CAR BRAND DRAG COEFFICIENT (Cd)
a. Toyota Wigo 0.29
b. Hyundai EON 0.35
c. Suzuki Swift 0.30
d. Mitsubishi Mirage 0.27
e. Honda Jazz 0.33
f. Chevrolet Spark 0.325
g. Honda Brio 0.325
h. Mini Cooper 0.28
i. Kia Picanto 0.31
j. Suzuki Celerio 0.30
k. Suzuki Alto 0.30
l. Mazda 3 0.28
m. Ford Fiesta 0.32
n. Hyundai Accent 0.28
o. Toyota Prius 0.25

It is evident that the gaps in the drag coefficient of the data collected are not that large. The model
with the lowest drag coefficient is the Toyota Prius which has 0.25 Cd while the model with the
Highest drag coefficient is the Hyundai Eon with 0.35 Cd. One of the problems that we have
encountered while gathering the data is about the car’s year model. The year model that was
considered for the data ranges from 2015-2018, when in fact most of them have their latest model
already and most likely that their shapes looks more aerodynamic, but those sites doesn’t specify
their drag coefficient. So, some of the drag coefficient in the list may not be the updated one and
even though we did the research and gathering of data carefully and thoroughly, still, the outdated
car’s drag coefficient could be a possible mistake in our data gathering and can affect the overall
conclusion of this study.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Step 1: State the Hypothesis and Identify the claim
We claim that the average drag coefficient is lesser than 0.325 Cd which was the concluded
average drag coefficient of cars from the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Having a
significance level (α) = 0.05, is it justifiable that the average drag coefficient is less than 0.3 Cd
based from our 15 samples of different car models?
H0: µ = 0.325
H1: µ < 0.325 (claim)

Step 2: Find the critical value

At α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom = n – 1 =15 – 1 = 14, the critical value is -1.761. It is negative
because it is stated in the claim that it is “lesser”, and the negative sign denotes that it is a left tailed
test.

Step 3: Compute the sample test value (USING MATLAB)

First, present the given values:

Second, solve for x̅:

Third, solve for the Sample Standard Deviation (SD):

∑(𝑥− x̅)2
Formula of SD: 𝑆𝐷 = √ 𝑁−1

Last, solve for the t-test:

𝑥̅ − µ
Formula of t: 𝑡 = 𝑆𝐷
√𝑁
Step 4: Decision Rule: Reject the null hypothesis if t < -1.761, otherwise, do not reject the null
hypothesis.
In the case of this study, the evaluated value of t which is -3.5542 is lesser than our critical value.
We reject the null hypothesis because -3.5542 falls under the critical region.

Step 5: Conclusion
We reject the null hypothesis for there’s not much evidence to support the claim that the average
drag coefficient of today’s cars is 0.325.
ABSTRACT

Testing on the downloading speed of five different locations where students would stand by during
their vacant period in Mapua University is a great way to apply the test of Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA). The downloading speed was tested five times each in those 5 locations. In data
gathering, we used Samsung Galaxy Tab A device and Speedtest by Ookla to know the
downloading speed. We used One-way Analysis of Variance for this project because there are
more than 2 samples and we need to know if their mean has no significant difference from each of
the sample or group. We used MATLAB as a statistical tool since MATLAB command for
analyzing one-way ANOVA. In this project, we would like to know if the average downloading
speed in each location are all equal, or at least two of the means are not equal. After inputting all
the codes and data, MATLAB have projected the results where it contains the necessary
components to help us decide whether we reject the null hypothesis or not. In order to not reject
the null hypothesis, the Fcomputed < Fα (v1, v2), and the P-value > Significant level (0.05). MATLAB
Results showed that the Fcomputed is 10.22 which is greater than Fα (2.87), and the P-value is 0.0001
which is lesser than than the significant level (0.05). Therefore, the null hypothesis is which is all
since there is enough statistical evidence to show that at least two of the means are not equal.

INTRODUCTION

The internet is an important element in the overall educational experience of many

teenagers. Schools are a common location where online teens access the web, although very few
online teenagers rely exclusively on their school for that web access. Further, there is widespread
agreement among teens and their parents that the internet can be a useful tool for school.
There have been many pros which the internet can give us, but let us too consider the cons. One
of negative attributes that internet could give is that, that strength varies from different location,
wherein, there are locations where the Download Mbps is high, and there places too where it is
low.
We observed that students feel more convenient and at ease when the internet connection is fast,
but in contrary, they become more impatient and sometimes would rant and complain about the
quality of the internet they since they are paying so much for miscellaneous fees, yet the service
sometimes doesn’t meet the needs of the students.
This project is about the internet connection or Wi-Fi speed of Mapua University at five different
locations, to know if there is a significant difference for their mean downloading speed in these
five different locations, namely; MME Tambayan, Canteen, Library, 3rd Floor Student Center, and
4th Floor NW Tambayan. Those are the chosen location because we have seen that students stays
on those places during their vacant period.
METHODOLOGY

ANALYZE THE DATA DRAW THE

GATHER DATA USING
USING MATLAB CONCLUSION
SAMSUNG GALAXY
PROGRAM FOR ONE WHETHER TO REJECT
TAB A, SPEEDTEST BY
WAY ANALYSIS OF OR DO NOT REJECT
Ookla
VARIANCE. THE NULL HYPOTHESIS.

The first step that in making this project is to gather all the data, in gathering our data which is the
downloading speed (Mbps) of MU’s WI-FI, we used Samsung Galaxy Tab A which is the device
connected to the Wi-Fi and in order to know the speed, we used the app SPEEDTEST by Ookla
which measured the speed of the WI-FI. Once we gathered all the data, we analyzed it using the
one-way Analysis of Variance in MATLAB, since the software has an ANOVA program. After
the result is projected by MATLAB, we draw conclusion whether to reject or not reject the null
hypothesis that is presented.

DATA ANALYSIS
Following the methodology of this study, we were able to gather the data from these five different
locations in the school with their different downloading speed (Mbps) tested five different times.
Here are the data:
LOCATIONS

MME CANTEEN LIBRARY 3rd FLOOR 4th FLOOR NW

TAMBAYAN STUDENT TAMBAYAN
LOUNGE

4.56 3.72 3.87 4.11 4.79

3.78 3.75 3.76 4.57 4.77
4.38 3.59 3.78 3.73 4.92
4.48 3.26 3.02 3.82 4.73
3.70 3.78 3.98 4.64 4.70

We can see from the table that the downloading speed is not that consistent. Generally, the
downloading speed is greater than 2 Mbps but lesser than 5 Mbps. The location where the it has
the highest Mbps is at 4th Floor NW Tambayan having a 4.92 Mbps downloading speed, while for
the lowest one is in the Library having a 3.02 Mbps downloading speed. Gathering the data is
difficult in some locations because there are times where the internet connection are not stable
specially in the canteen and in the library, and two cases were observed; for the first case, as you
go in the inner parts of both canteen and library, the connection becomes weaker and eventually
lost it, and for the second case is that, there are portion where the connection is strong but after a
while it is disrupted. We might have a problem in the data gathering for the two location, because
we assumed that the specific places where we took the speedtest in the library and canteen is where
most stable and fastest parts already, but it is also possible that there are portions in the canteen
and library where the connection is much stronger compared from the data we have gathered from
the speedtest.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TEST

Step 1: Set up the hypothesis and provide the level of significance.

At standard α = 0.05, can it be concluded that the average downloading speed at five different
location in Mapua University are equal or could at least be two of the means are not equal?
H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 = μ5
H1: At least two of the means are not equal

Step 2: Find the critical F-value (Using MATLAB as calculator)

At α = 0.05, degrees of freedom for numerator (v1) = n - 1, and degrees of freedom for denominator
(v2) = k(n - 1). Where n is the “n” is the number of tests for the samples while “k” is the number
of groups or sample.

With the calculated degrees of freedoms v1 and v2 and significant level of 0.05, using the F
distribution table, we get F(4,20) = 2.87.
Step 3: Compute the test value (Using MATLAB)
MATLAB has a special tool that calculates the test value for one-way analysis of variance. After
running the program will project an ANOVA table containing the Source, Sum of Squares (SS),
Degrees of freedom (df), Mean Square (MS), Computed F (F), and the P-Value (Prob>F).
The table shows that the computed F value based from our data is 10.22, and the P-value calculated
is approximately 0.0001.

Showing the Significant Difference Through a Graph

Aside from the ANOVA table, MATLAB can also provide graph of the data if the users want those
date to be graphed.
The graph shows the summary of the data collected and it also shows how they vary from each
other. The whiskers represent the minimum and the maximum value, and the red lines represents
the median value of the data.
The graph also shows the visual representation on their difference to see how far or close those
data from each other in terms of their downloading speed in those five different locations.
Step 4: Decision Rule: Reject the null hypothesis if Fcomputed > F α (v1, v2) and P-value < α.
Otherwise, do not reject the null hypothesis.
Based from the result that MATLAB has provided, the Computed F which is 10.22 and it is greater
than 2.87 which is the F-alpha. And, the calculated P-value 0.0001 is lesser than the significant
level 0.05. Therefore, reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5: Conclusion
We reject the null hypothesis because we have a statistically significant evidence to show that at
least two means of the downloading speed from the different location is not equal.
REFERENCES:

https://www.carmudi.com.ph/journal/best-small-cars-philippines-2016/
https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-features/cheapest-cars-in-philippines-2018
http://www.turbo-zone.com/2014/03/toyota-is-roaring-to-go-with-wigo-in-the-phi-and-aygo-in-
geneva/
https://business.inquirer.net/67613/frugality-with-style-the-2012-hyundai-eon
http://www.carinf.com/en/2cf0414546.html
https://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/innovation/technology/library/aerodynamics.html
https://ecomodder.com/forum/showthread.php/chevy-spark-ev-24141.html
http://www.carinf.com/en/2390425441.html
https://clubjazz.org/forum/index.php?topic=10336.0
https://www.car.info/en-se/mini/hatch/3-door-2018-16276412/specs
https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/2017/2533430/kia_picanto_1_2_automatic.html
https://www.autozine.org/Archive/Suzuki/old/Kcar_2008.html
http://c-magazine.com/news/2015-suzuki-celerio/
https://leftlanenews.com/mazda/mazda3-hatchback/
https://www.motortrend.com/news/mercedes-a-class-sedan-claims-the-lowest-drag-of-any-
production-car/
https://www.car.info/en-se/ford/fiesta/fiesta-5-door-11-m5-2018-10850840/specs
https://leftlanenews.com/hyundai/accent-hatchback/
https://www.toyota-europe.com/world-of-toyota/articles-news-events/2016/toyota-prius-
aerodynamics
https://www.pewinternet.org/2005/08/02/the-internet-at-school/
 APPENDIX
(MATLAB CODE FOR ONE-WAY ANOVA)

The first part shows how the raw data is arranged in MATLAB. The structure shows a 5 X 5 matrix. And
the Locations are the labels per column for the data in the Matrix.

The second part shows the code to solve for the p-value

The ANOVA table is projected ones the

program is being run, and a graph too of the
data is being shown.
This figure from MATLAB is a boxplot or simplified version of the graph that was shown
earlier. This is optional, but it is easier to see the differences between those groups with
this kind of graph compared with the first one.