JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF ENGINNERING & TECHNOLOGY

AB ROAD,RAGHOGARH, GUNA (M.P.)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

B.TECH., I YEAR, II SEMESTER, SESSION 2017-18

ELECTRONIC DEVICE & CIRCUIT LAB (14B17PH271)
 Course Description

Title: Electronic Device & Circuit Lab (Semester-II)

Course Code: 14B17PH271
Credit: 01
Objectives and Learning outcomes:
This one semester course is aimed at introducing the foundational principles of solid state physics to
students through demonstrating its applicability in predicting elastic, electrical, magnetic, optical, and
thermal properties of solid state materials. This course also aims at developing the capability to design
and construct basic electronic circuits, take measurements of circuit behavior and performance. On the
successful completion of this course, student will be able to demonstrate how to develop and employ
circuit models for elementary electronic components, e.g., resistors, sources, inductors, capacitors, diodes
and transistors.

List of Experiments
1. To determine the magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic, FeCl3 solution by Quinck’s
tube
method.
2. To study the magnetostriction in metallic rod using Michelson interferometer.
3. Using solar cell Trainer
a) Study voltage and current of a solar cell
b) Voltage and current in series and parallel combinations.
c) Draw power curve to find maximum power point (MPP) and to obtain efficiency of a
solar cell.
4. To determine the Planck’s constant using Wien’s distribution law.
5. Using Fiber Optic Kit, to determine
a) Numerical aperture of the fiber.
b) Losses in given fibers.
c) Setting up of optical communication link.
6. To study the Acousto-optic Effect and to determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in
water.
7. To study Zener diode characteristics and Transfer characteristics for a given load.
8. To implement clipper circuit.
9. To implement clamper circuit.
10. To implement Half wave Rectifier with and without Capacitive Filter.
11. To study common Emitter (CE) transistor characteristics.
12. To study common Base (CB) transistor characteristics.
Reference Books:
1. Concepts of Modern Physics, A. Beiser, McGraw Hill
2. Optics, A. Ghatak, Tata McGraw Hill
3. Semiconductor Physics And Devices, Donald A. Neamen
4. Boylstad and Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuits, PHI, 6e, 2001
5. Electronic Devices and Circuits, Millman, Jacob
 JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF ENGG. & TECHNOLOGY, GUNA
B.TECH., I YEAR, II SEMESTER, SESSION 2017-18
Physics Lab-II (14B17PH272) & EDC Lab (14B17Ph271)

Lab Evaluation Scheme

P-1: 15 Marks Practical test-1 (As Per schedule)

P-2: 15 Marks Final Exam (Includes performing one
experiment and via-voce).
15 Marks Attendance Discipline
15 Marks Laboratory Record
40Marks Quantity & quality of experiments
performed, Learning laboratory skills and
handelling laboratory
equipments/instruments, gadgets,
components, materials and software etc.
Total: 100 Marks (1Credit)
Note: Practical notebook will be evaluated every week in scheduled lab. Students have to come
prepared for viva.
 Experiment No 1
Objective-
To find the susceptibility of a Paramagnetic solution (Fecl3) using quinck tube method.

Apparatus required –
Electromagnet, power supply, gauss meter, wide and narrow limbs U shaped Tube, traveling
microscope.

Formula used-
The value of susceptibility K, of liquid or aqueous solution of ferromagnetic

2µ0 (ρ − σ ) 𝑔 ℎ
𝐾 − 𝐾𝐴 =
𝐻2
Where,
KA is the susceptibility of air or vacuum, i.e. zero,
ρ is the density of the liquid solution(ρ = 1550.kg/m3)
σ is the density of air (σ = 1.2754kg/m3),
g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 M/sec2),
h is the rise in level of liquid by applying magnetic field,
H is the value of the magnetic field. (1Tesla = 104 Gauss or 1 Gauss = 10-4 Tesla)
µ0 is Permeability of free space (4π × 10-7 henries per Meter (H·m−1), or Newtons per ampere
square (N·A−2)
Procedure-
1. The value of magnetic field (H) is measured for different input currents of electromagnet.
2. The apparatus is a U shaped tube. One of the limbs is wide and the other is narrow. The
experimental liquid or solution is poured in the tube and the tube is placed such that
meniscus of the narrow limb is at the centre of the magnetic field. The strong magnetic
field is produced by an electromagnet. The electromagnet is fed by a suitable current by
Power Supply.
3. The level of the liquid in the narrow tube, when the field is off, is read by a traveling
microscope.
4. The field is switched on and the new raised level of the column is read by the
microscope. The difference gives the value of h.The value of the current passing through
the electromagnet coil is measured.
5. The value of susceptibility at any temperature is calculated for various sets of h and H
(magnetic field) and then averaged.
Observations-
 Determination of Magnetic field (H) in gauss
S.N. Current in amperes Magnetic field (gauss)
1. 0.5 Amp
2. 0.75 Amp
3. 1.0 Amp
4. 1.25 Amp
5. 1.5 Amp

 Determination of rise in level of liquid (h)

S. no. Magnetic field Initial level reading Final level reading Rise in
 The level
Main Vernier Total Main Vernier Total h
scale scale (a) scale scale (b) (a-b)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Calculations-
Result-The susceptibility of the paramagnetic solution is found to be ………
Precautions-
1. The U tube must be handled care fully.
2. Measurement of mass of substance should be made carefully.
Experiment No 2

Objective-
To study the Magnetostriction in metallic rod with Michelson Interferometer.

Apparatus Required-
Helium Neon Laser with adjustable stand, Constant Current Source, Solenoid, Screen, Michelson
Interferometer setup.
 Screen

Mirror
M1 Lens
L1
Screw to
adjusting LASER
mirror Beam Splitter

Mirror
M2

Sample Rod
Solenoid

Terminal for
Connection

Fig.1. Michelson Arrangement

Theory- With the aid of two mirrors in a Michelson arrangement, light is brought to
interference. Due to the magnetostrictive effect, one of the mirrors is shifted by variation in the
magnetic field applied to a sample, and the change in the interference pattern is observed.
On magnetization a magnetic material undergoes changes in volume which is small i.e. of the
order of 10-6. The ferromagnetic substances exhibit a lengthening and shortening parallel and
perpendicular to the direction of magnetization. Such changes are termed as positive and
negative magnetostriction. Due to magnetostriction a ferromagnetic substance can reduce its total
an-isotropic and elastic energy.
Magnetostriction. Magnetostriction Is the property of certain metals and alloys to change
dimension under the influence of a magnetic field.
The sample rod is attached with mirror M2 of Michelson interferometer. Therefore, the change in
𝑛𝜆
length l is given by l =
2
Where; n is the mean nos. of rings (i.e. nos. of fringes appeared and disappeared).
is wavelength of laser light used.
Procedure-
1. Align the laser in such a way that the laser beam falls in the middle of mirror M 1 in
absence of lens L1 and beam splitter.
2. Now insert lens L1 and try to bring laser beam again in the middle of mirror M1 with the
help of adjustable screw attached to lens L1.
3. Now insert the beam splitter at an angle of 450 and then rotate the beam splitter in such a
way that it reflects half of the incident light (50%) to mirror M1 and rest half (50%) to
mirror M2.
4. In doing so after reflection from mirror M1 and M2, you will get two luminous nearby
spot on the screen.
5. Try to coincide these spots by slightly adjusting mirror M1 with the help of the screws
available at the back side of this mirror.
6. Get the clear interference pattern on the screen by adjusting mirror M1.
Remark- These six steps for adjustment of Michelson interferometer, which is
already adjusted for interference pattern.
7. At first, switch on the laser only and see on screen you will get circular rings
(Interference pattern). If not, adjust the laser by the screw which is provided inside the
laser stand.
8. Now, connect the magnetostriction coil with the constant current source and apply some
current say 150 mA.
9. You will find the appearance of rings on the screen.
10. Count and note down the total nos. of rings appeared. This is the value of n1.
11. Now, switch off the current source.
12. You will find the disappearance of rings on the screen.
13. Count and note down the total nos. of rings disappeared. This is the value of n2.
14. Now you can calculate the value of n from the table and hence value of l from the
formula given at this current say 150 mA.
15. Similarly you can repeat the experiment for different values of coil current say at 250 mA
in order to calculate their change in length.
Note: - For each observation you have to count appearing or disappearing number
at least 20 minutes.

Observations:-
S.No. Current Nos. of Rings Mean
I (mA) Appearing (n1) Disappearing (n2) (𝒏𝟏+𝒏𝟐)
n=
𝟐

1. 150

2.
250
Calculations-
The change in length l is given by l = n /2
Where; n is the mean nos. of rings (i.e. nos. of fringes appeared and disappeared).
is wavelength of laser light used.
(i) For magnetostriction coil current I = 150 mA
The mean of number of rings n = (n1+n2)/2 = ………….
Wavelength of laser light 𝜆 = 6328 Ǻ.
Change in length Δl can be calculated using above formula
Δl = n𝜆/2 = ……………..
(ii) Similarly we can calculate Δl for other value of coil current.
Result-
The change in length for different coil currents due to positive magnetostriction effect in
Iron rod is shown in the following tables:
Sr.No. Magnetostriction Coil Change in length
Current I mA. l mm

(i) 150

(ii) 250

Precautions:-
1. Don’t disturb the setup as it causes hindrance in counting of the rings.
2. Lens and mirror should be properly cleaned.

Experiment No 3
Objective- To study the
1. Voltage and current of a solar cell.
2. Voltage and current in series and parallel combinations.
3. Draw power curve to find Maximum Power Point (MPP).
4. To obtain the efficiency of a solar cell.
With the help of solar cell trainer.
Apparatus Required-
Solar Panel, Solar cell trainer kit, Digital Multimeter, Table lamp, Patch cord (Connecting
wires).
 Figure- Solar panel & solar energy trainer
Theory-

Solar cells in series boost voltage but the current remains same whereas when it is in parallel
it boosts current rating but the voltage remains the same.
Total voltage of the series combination is equal to the sum of the voltage of all solar cells.
VTotal = V1+ V2+V3 + V4 + V5 + V6
Total current of the series combination is equal to the individual current of each solar cell.
ITotal = I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 = I5 = I6
Total voltage of the parallel combination is equal to the individual voltage of each solar cell.
VTotal = V1= V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 = V6
 Total current of the parallel combination is equal to the sum of the current of all solar cells.
ITotal = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6

The maximum power point (MPP) is the maximum value of power where the product of
voltage and current is greatest.
The resistance, RMPP, at which the output power is maximum, can be calculated by the
following formula:
𝑉𝑀𝑃𝑃
𝑅𝑀𝑃𝑃 =
𝐼𝑀𝑃𝑃
The efficiency of the solar cell is the ratio of produced electrical power (Pout) and the incident
radiant power (Pin) and mathematically it may be represented as:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂=
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Where Pout (Output Electrical Power) = Maximum Power Point (MPP)
Pin (Incident radiant power) = Approximated Irradiance x Area of solar cell
= (F x Ip) x A
Here A = Area of a solar cell (Length x Breadth) m2
Approx. Value of A is [{(1.3 ⤫ 6) ⤫ 4} ⤫ 4] × 10-4 m2.
Ip = Practical value of current (maximum photoelectric current measured) indicated on the
ammeter
F is a constant and is given by
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
F= (Specified by Manufacturer)
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

The maximum irradiance in summer is approx. 1000 W/m2. The maximum value of the current
specified by the manufacturer is achieved at this value i.e. 150 mA in the given solar cells. (The
parameter of the solar cell/panel is related to the standard test conditions of 1000 W/m2 and cell
temperature of 25° C.)

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑾⁄ 𝟐
𝒎
F=
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝑨

Procedure:
(a) Voltage and current of a solar cell.
1. Take the Solar Energy Trainer NV6005 along with Solar Panel.
2. Place the solar panel in the stand and adjust the panel at an angle of about 45° with the
ground. Direct the sunlight straight at the solar panel (angle of 90°).
Note: If sunlight is not properly available then any source of light like lamp can be
used.
3. With the DB15 connector connect the Solar Energy Trainer NV6005 with the Solar
Panel. Then wait for 1 minute to avoid errors due to temperature fluctuations.
 4. Measure the voltage (V1) of S1 solar cell by connecting its output across voltmeter with
the
help of patch cords. Similarly, you can measure the voltages of other solar cells. Record
the
voltage of all cells (VI, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6) respectively in the Observation Table.
5. Measure the current (I1) of S1 solar cell by connecting its output across ammeter with the
help of patch cords. Similarly, you can measure the currents of other solar cells. Record
the
current of all cells (II, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6) respectively in the Observation Table.

(b) Voltage and current in series and parallel combinations.

1. Connect all six cell in series combination through patch chords (as shown in figure)
and
measure the voltage and current by voltmeter and ammeter.

Figure-1(Series combination)

2. Similarly Connect all six cell in parallel combination through patch chords (as shown in
figure) and measure the voltage and current by voltmeter and ammeter.

Figure-2(Parallel combination)

(c) Draw power curve to find Maximum Power Point (MPP).

Note: In order to find maximum current in our case, we will use only four cells in
Parallel combinations.
 Figure-3(Circuit diagram for maximum power point)
1. Set the potentiometer to maximum resistance i.e. at fully clockwise position and measure and
record its resistance into the Observation table.
2. Connect the combination of solar cell as shown in the fig.-3 circuit diagram. Record the
values of corresponding voltage and current into the Observation table.
3. Now gradually move the potentiometer in anticlockwise direction so that the resistance of
the potentiometer decreases. Now measure the resistances at successively smaller values and
record the corresponding values of voltages and current into the Observation table.
Note: Always to measure the resistance of potentiometer at any position, first remove the
patch cords from P1 and P2 and measure resistance by multimeter. Reconnect these
connections again for further measurements.
4. Plot the IV characteristics from the measurements recorded in Table, to show how the
photoelectric current depends on the photoelectric voltage and to find maximum power point.
Expected IV curve is shown in fig.-4.
5. From IV characteristics you can easily find the maximum power point (MPP).Maximum
power point (MPP) occurs where the product of voltage and current is greatest.

Figure -4
6. Now calculate the efficiency of solar cell by this formula
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂=
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Observations-
Table-1
Solar Voltage Current Voltage of Current of Voltage of Current of
cell series series parallel parallel
combination combination combination combination
S1
S2
S3 ………. …….. ……… ………
S4
S5
S6
Table-2
Resistance, Voltage, Current,
R V I Power Calculated
Sr.No.
( ) (Volts) (mA) P=V.I (Watts)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Calculations-

Results and Conclusions-

1. Solar cells in series boost voltage but the current remains the same.
2. Solar cells in parallel boost current rating but the voltage remains same.
3. Voltage of all the six cells in series combination is not equal to that of the sum of individual
of each solar cell. This deviation is due to the presence of internal resistance which is
practically present in the real cell. Similar type of explanation can be given for the current in
parallel combinations.
4. Maximum power point (MPP) of solar cell from the graph is found to be ………
5. Efficiency of the solar cell is found to be …………………
Precautions-
1. Connection has to be made properly as per given in the concerned circuit diagram.
2. Least count of voltmeter has to be taken before taking any readings through it.
3. Least count of ammeter has to be taken before taking any readings through it.

Experiment No 4
Objective-Determination of Planck’s constant using Wien’s distribution law.

Apparatus Used: Solar cell (Photo-voltaic cell- Celliniun type), Optical Filters (Blue, Green and
Red), Convex Lens. Power supply with voltmeter & ammeter and DMM.

Figure-1

Brief Theoretical Description & Formulae Used: In this experiment we make use of Wien’s
distribution law for the experimental determination of Planck’s constant. The Wien’s law is an
approximate form of Planck’s distribution formula in the high frequency (or equivalently short
wavelength) limit:
8𝜋ℎ𝑐
𝑢(𝜆)𝑑𝜆 = exp (−ℎ𝑐⁄𝜆𝑘 𝑇)d𝜆 ……………
𝜆5 𝐵
(1)
u (𝜆) d𝜆 = Energy per unit volume emitted by the black-body within the wavelength interval 𝜆
to 𝜆 + d𝜆
kB = is the Boltzmann’s constant
T = Absolute temperature of the black-body
h = is Planck’s constant to be determined by the experiment.
In the present experiment, we idealize a tungsten filament (bulb) as a perfect black body,
described by Wien’s distribution law. The radiation emitted by the filament is measured by
means of a photovoltaic cell. Typically the photo-current obeys the following relationship:

𝐼(𝜆, 𝑇) = 𝐵𝜆 exp (−ℎ𝑐⁄𝜆𝑘 𝑇)

𝐵
…………………(2)
ℎ𝑐
log 𝑒 𝐼 = log 𝑒 𝐵𝜆 − ...............................(3)
𝜆𝑘𝐵 𝑇
We compare above equation with an equation of a straight line
𝑦 = 𝐶 − 𝑚𝑥 …………………(4)
Thus variation of loge I with 1/T comes out as a straight line; calculating slope of this allows one
to determine h.
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑚 = ℎ𝑐⁄ ……………….(5)
𝜆𝑘 𝐵
Temperature of the black-body can be obtained as follows,
At temperature T the relation with filament resistance is
𝑅𝑇 𝑇 1.2
=( ) ……………..(6)
𝑅0 𝑇0
At room temperature this relation reads:

𝑅𝑇 𝑇𝑅 1.2
=( ) ………………(7)
𝑅0 𝑇0
Here RT is resistance of the filament at temperature TR and R0 is at T = 273K.
𝑅𝐷 𝑇 1.2
= ( 𝐷) ……………………(8)
𝑅0 𝑇0
𝑉
Here RD = 𝐷⁄𝐼 is the draper voltage, the minimum voltage at which the filament just starts
𝐷
glowing and TD is draper temperature which is 800 K for tungsten.
Dividing Eq.(7) by (8) we obtain:
𝑇 1.2
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝐷 ( 𝑅 ) ……………………….(9)
800
Now dividing Eq. (6) by (7)
𝑅 0.833
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑅 ( 𝑇 ) ………………………(10)
𝑅 𝑅
Here TR is the room temperature should be noted by room thermometer.

Procedure:
• Note draper voltage and draper current from power supply.
• Align the radiation source (light bulb), convex lens, filter and the radiation detector on the
optical bench. In this one first bring all the components namely bulb, lens, filter and detector
(solar cell) at the same height.
• Next we focus radiation coming from the bulb in such a way that the maximum amount of
light passes through lens and filter.
• After fixing the filter, we adjust the lens and solar cell in such way that the maximum amount
of radiation in received by the center of the black strip on the detector.
• We connect digital multimeter across the detector and use in ammeter mode (Range 2000 μA).
• We keep changing the voltage (VT) across the filament and note corresponding current (IT )
and Iμ
Observation Table:
RD = …… Ω
TR = ……. K
Wavelength 𝜆 = …… °A
S.No. VT IT I in RT 𝑻= 𝟏⁄ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝑰
in (volt) in (μA) 𝑽 𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝑻
𝑹𝑻
= 𝑻⁄𝑰 𝑻 𝑹 ( )
(Ampere) 𝑻 𝑹𝑹
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Above set of observations should be taken for three wavelengths by replacing the filter.

Calculations: From the plot loge I versus 1/T the slope is calculated as
𝛥 log 𝑒 𝐼
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝛥(1⁄𝑇)
Comparing Eq. (5) with (11) the value of Planck constant can be calculated as:
𝜆𝑘𝐵
ℎ = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ⤫
𝑐
Result:

Standard Value: h = 6.626 × 10-34 Joule-sec

Percentage error-
Standard value−Observed value
Percentage error = x 100%
Standard value
Precautions & Sources of Errors:
1. Special care should be taken while measuring the VT, particularly the draper voltage.
2. The bulb should be connected with power supply with thick wires so the resistance of the of
the wires do not contribute in the RT and RD.
3. Radiation from the bulb should be properly focused.

Experiment No 5

Objective- To study the optical fiber and

1. Measure the numerical aperture (NA) of optical fiber
2. Study of bending loss
3. Measurement of propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber
4. To establish optical fiber communication voice link

Apparatus Used- Optical fiber trainer kit, optical fibers of various lengths, mandrel, screen,
NA Jig, digital multi meter instead of CRO, connecting wires.
1. Measurement of numerical aperture (NA) of optical fiber

Procedure:
1. Connect power supply on the board.
2. Connect the frequency generator 1 KHz sine wave output to input of emitter circuit. Adjust its
amplitude at 5 Vp−p (Adjust the frequency generator knob at maximum clockwise position.).
3. Connect one end of the fiber cable to the output socket of emitter circuit and the other end to
the numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its
cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
4. Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles (10, 15, 20 and 25 mm diameter) vertically at a
suitable distance to make the spot from the fiber coincide with first circle (10 mm diameter).
5. Record the distances of screen from the fiber and L and the diameter W of the spot.
6. Calculate the numerical aperture using relation
𝑊
𝑁. 𝐴. =
√4𝐿2 + 𝑊 2
7. Vary L and make it coincide with one of the concentric circles and note W.
8. Tabulate the various values of L and W and compute N.A. using the formula mentioned
above.

Figure -1
S.No. L (mm) W(mm) Numerical aperture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

2. Study of Bending Loss in Optical Fiber

Procedure:
1. Connect power supply on the board.
2. Make following connection as shown in Fig. 2.
(a) Connect the function generator’s (1 KHz sine wave) output to input socket of emitter
circuit through connecting wires.
(b) Connect 1 meter fiber between emitter output and detector’s input.
(c) Switch on the power supply. Connect detector output to AC amplifier input socket through
connecting wire. Adjust the function generator at maximum clockwise position.
(d) Adjust the AC amplifier knob (Potentiometer) at nearly half of its maximum position.
Note this amplitude and name it V1. For this purpose set your DMM in AC Voltage range
and take reading from amplifier’s socket (TP19).
(e) Wind the fiber on the mandrel for various values of turns and observe the corresponding
AC amplifier out on DMM. It will be gradually reducing showing loss due to bends.

Figure-2

Observation-
S.No. No. of turns on mandrel Voltage
1.
2.
3.
4.

3. Measurement of Propagation or Attenuation Loss in Optical Fiber

 Procedure:
1. Connect power supply on the board.
2. Make following connection as shown in Fig. 3.
(a) Connect the function generator’s (1 KHz sine wave) output to input socket of emitter
circuit through connecting wires.
(b) Connect 0.5 meter fiber between emitter output and detector’s input.
(c) Switch on the power supply. Connect detector output to AC amplifier input socket through
connecting wire. Adjust the function generator at maximum clockwise position.
(d) Adjust the AC amplifier knob (Potentiometer) at nearly half of its maximum position.
Note this amplitude and name it V1. For this purpose set your DMM in AC Voltage range
and take reading from amplifier’s socket (TP19).
(e) Now replace the previous fiber with 1 meter fiber without disturbing any previous setting
and again note down DMM reading V2.

Figure-3

Calculation:
V1 = ……. Volt
V2 = ……. Volt
Now using the formula calculate 𝛼 in nepers/meter.
V1
= exp[α(L1 + L2 )]
V2
Where,
𝐀𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝜶 = loss in nepers/meter, 1 neper = 8.686 dB
L1 = length of shorter cable (0.5 meter)
L2 = length of longer cable (1 meter)
4. To establish optical fiber communication voice link
Procedure:
Make connections as shown in Fig. 4 and check voice output from speaker.

Figure-4
There are no any observations to note down in this activity.
Precautions-
1. Handle the fiber carefully; it can break.
2. All the components such as diode, transistor and IC’s in this optical fiber kit are
fitted on the top of the cabinet, so don’t touch or plug-out. Such type of activity can
damage whole optical fiber kit.

Experiment No 6
Object – To study the Acousto optic Effect and to determine the velocity of ultrasonic wave in
liquid (Water).

Apparatus required – Acousto optic cell, Photo Sensitive detector with current measuring unit
(nanoammter), R F Oscillator, He Ne laser with stand.

Theory / formula used

The Acousto optic effect is the change in the refractive index of a medium caused by the
mechanical production by an Acoustic wave. This variation in refractive is periodic in nature
leading to a formation of refractive index grating. when a light is incident on such a refractive
index grating, diffraction takes place and this produces either multiple order diffraction or only
single order diffraction.

The average separation‛d ’ will be

S
d =
Where M–1
S is the centre to centre separation between 1st and last Mth spot

The angular separation is

Ö = sin -1( d/D)
Sin Ö = d/D (1)
Where
D is the distance between A.O. Cell and detector.

We also know that the angle of diffraction ( in radian) for any grating is

Ö = sin-1 (λ/∆)
Sin Ö = λ/∆ (2)
Where
λ is wavelength of laser light
∆ is wavelength of ultrasonic wave in the liquid
From equation 1 and 2 you can calculate ∆ .

But ∆ is related to ultrasonic velocity Vs and frequency fo of ultrasonic transducer

Then
Vs = fo * ∆ m/s

Figure
Procedure
1.Fix the A.O. Cell on stand
2.Fill the A.O. Cell with liquid ( Water).( under supervision in concern person present
laboratory) and connect it to the R.F. Oscillator through cable.
3.Fix the screen on detector stand and put it away from A.O. Cell such that the distance between
the A.O. Cell and Screen near about 2 Meters.
4. Switch on the Laser and align it to obtain normal incidence of it’s beam approximately at the
geometrical centre of the cell. Under normal incidence the window reflection travels back into
the laser. Adjust the cell in such a position as a single spot is observed on the screen.
5. Switch on the R.F. Oscillator with its frequency set at minimum. As the generator Frequency
is increased gradually and become approximately equal to the Oscillating frequency of the
transducer fitted with the A.O. Cell, two faint spots i.e. the first order pattern, will appear one
each on either side of the centre spot.
6. With the fine adjustment of the frequency, the second order of patterns will gradually emerge.
There will be a noticeable decrease in the intensity of the zeroeth order beam as more and more
optical power is distributed to the diffraction orders.
7.Replace the screen from stand and put the photo-detector on stand. Connect Photo-detector
with the current measuring unit through the cable provided with the set-up. Switch ON the
measuring unit and adjust it for zero deflection position keeping the photo detector window
closed with thick sheet of paper.
8.Remove the paper From window of the photo-detector and adjust it on the first spot in such a
position to get the maximum deflection in the current measuring unit. In this position the photo-
detector will be in the middle of the first spot.Note the position of the photo-detector on
horizontal scale of the stand.
9. Move the detector from left to right or right to left and note the corresponding current in
nanoammeter .

Observations
Horizontal position of the
Intensity of light measured in
Sr. No. detector from one end of the diffraction
Nanoammter in nA.
pattern to other end. In mm
1
2
.
.
.
.
.
20

Calculations
S
The average separation ‘ d ‘ will be d =
M–1
Where
S is the centre to centre separation between 1st and last Mth spot

The angular separation in radian is

Ö = sin -1( d/D) radians
Sin Ö = d/D radians (1)
Where
D is the distance between A.O. Cell and detector.

We also know that the angle of diffraction ( in radian) for any grating is
 Ö = sin-1 (λ/∆)
Sin Ö = λ/∆ (2)
Where
λ is wavelength of laser light 6328 Ao
∆ is wavelength of ultrasonic wave in the liquid
From equation 1 and 2 you can calculate ∆ =……………

but ∆ is related to ultrasonic velocity Vs and frequency fo of ultrasonic transducer

( which is 5.5 to 5.7 MHz in this case)

Then
Vs = fo * ∆ m/s

Result

The ultrasonic velocity obtained in water ………………………m/s

Standard value of ultrasonic velocity in water = 1496 m/s.

% error =………

Precaution
1. Handle the laser carefully. Any mechanical jerk will effect the laser.
2. Mount the A.O. Cell on the translation stage carefully. Any mechanical jerk will effect the
transducer.
3. Use a non-corrosive transparent liquid for the experiment.
4. Align the Photo-detector with the laser beam. The proper alignment of the A.O. Cell and
detector is indicated by the maximum deflection in the nanometer.
5. Pour out all the liquid from A.O. Cell after completing the experiment.
6. Don’t scratch the glass surface of A.O. Cell.