Design of Concrete University of

Structure II Palestine

Lecture # 5

Instructor:
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Introduction

Footings are structural elements used to support columns and walls

and transmit their loads to the underlying soil without exceeding its
safe bearing capacity below the structure.
Loads

B B Column

L L Beam
P P
M

Footing

Soil

Instructor:
Page 1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Introduction

The design of footings calls for the combined efforts of geotechnical

and structural engineers.
The geotechnical engineer, on one hand, conducts the site
investigation and on the light of his findings, recommends the most
suitable type of foundation and the allowable bearing capacity of the
soil at the suggested foundation level.
The structural engineer, on the other hand, determines the concrete
dimensions and reinforcement details of the approved foundation

Instructor:
Page 2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Footing

Wall Footings

Wall footing are used to support structural walls that carry loads for
other floors or to support nonstructural walls.
W kN/m /m
kN
W

all
W

Secondary reinft

g
o ti n
Fo

Main reinft.

Instructor:
Page 3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Footing

Isolated Footings

Isolated or single footings are used to support single columns. This

is one of the most economical types of footings and is used when
columns are spaced at relatively long distances. P kN

B C2
C1

Instructor:
Page 4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Footing

Combined Footings

Combined footings are used when two columns are so close that
single footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or
near a property line.
P1 P2
P2 kN

P1 kN
L

B C2 C2
C1 C1

L1 L2 L2

Instructor:
Page 5
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Footing

Continuous Footings

Continuous footings support a row of three or more columns

P1 P2 P3 P4 P4 kN

P3 kN

P2 kN
L
P1 kN

Instructor:
Page 6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Footing

Strap (Cantilever ) footings

Strap footings consists of two separate footings, one under each

column, connected together by a beam called “strap beam”.
The purpose of the strap beam is to prevent overturning of the
eccentrically loaded footing. P kN 2
P1 P2
prope rty line

Strap Beam
P1 kN

L1 L2

B1 C2 C2 B2
C1 C1

Instructor:
Page 7
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Footing

Mat (Raft) Footings

Mat Footings consists of one footing usually placed under the entire
building area. They are used, when soil bearing capacity is low,
column loads are heavy and differential settlement for single footings
are very large.

Instructor:
Page 8
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Footing

Pile caps

Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to
support and transmit column loads to the piles.
P

Instructor:
Page 9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Distribution of Soil Pressure

The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a function of the

type of soil, the relative rigidity of the soil and the footing, and the
depth of foundation at level of contact between footing and soil
P P P

L L L

Footing on sand Footing on clay Equivalent uniform distribution

Instructor:
Page 10
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Concentrically loaded Footings

If the resultant of the loads acting at the base of the footing

coincides with the centroid of the footing area, the footing is
concentrically loaded and a uniform distribution of soil pressure is
assumed in design, as shown in Figure
P

Centroidal axis

P/A

Instructor:
Page 11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Eccentrically Loaded Footings

Footings are often designed for both axial load and moment. Moment
may be caused by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake, and by
lateral soil pressures.
Footing is eccentrically Loaded if the supported column is not
concentric with the footing area or if the column transmits at its
juncture with the footing not only a vertical load but also a bending
moment.
P
P
e
M
Centroidal axis Centroidal axis

y y
L L

P/A P/A
My/I My/I

Instructor:
Page 12
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Eccentrically Loaded Footings

The pressure distribution on the base of footing that support

combined concentric load (P) and moment (M) is given by
P My P Pe y
q max = ± = ± P
min A I A I e
P Pe (L/2) Pæ 6e ö Centroidal axis
= ± = ç 1 ± ÷
A BL3 /12 Aè L ø
Where y
L
e The eccentricity of the load relative to
P/A
centroidal axis of area.
My/I
I Moment of inertia about centroidal
axis
y the distance from the centroidal axis to
point where the stresses are being
calculated
Instructor:
Page 13
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Eccentrically Loaded Footings

Large eccentricities cause tensile stresses on part of the base area of

the footing. Since soil cannot resist tensile stresses
For rectangular footing, this occurs when the eccentricity exceeds
P
ek= L/6
e
This is referred to as Kern distance
Centroidal axis
Loads applied within the kern, then pressure
distribution will be compression over the entire y
L
area of the footing
P/A
My/I
Various pressure distribution for rectangular
L
footing are shown in the following page Kern

B/6
B
L/6 L/6

Instructor:
Page 14
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Eccentrically Loaded Footings

P
e
P
ek

q=P/A=qavg q<P/A
q>P/A

a) Concentric load, e =0 b) e < ek

P
P Resultant of
e load on footing

ek ek

q=0
q=2qavg q>2qavg

c) e = ek c) e > ek Resultant of
soil pressure

Instructor:
Page 15
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Example # 1

Design an isolated footing to support an interior column 0.5m×0.3m

PD = 1000 kN and PL = 600 kN
MD = 120 kN.m and ML = 70 kN.m

Use fc’= 25 MPa , fy = 420 MPa, and qall net = 200 kpa
P

0.5
0.3

Instructor:
Page EX1-1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

1- Select a trial footing depth

Assume that the footing is 0.6 m thick
2- Establish the required base area of the footing
Ps (1000 + 600)
Ag = = = 6.75m 2
q all(net) 200
2 3.5 3 ´ 2.5 4
Try 3.5 ´ 2.5 m (A = 8.75m and I = 12 = 8.93m )
Check stress
M (120 + 70)
e= = = 0.119 < 6L = 3.56 = 0.583 (within the kern)
P (1000 + 600)
Ps M s C 1600 190 ´ 3.52
q min = - = - = 146 kPa > 0
A I 8.75 8.93
Ps M s y 1600 190 ´ 3.52
q max = + = + = 220 kPa > q all , net N .OK
A I 8.75 8.9

Instructor:
Page EX1-2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

4 3 ´ 2.5
Try 4 ´ 2.5 m (A = 10m 2 and I = 12 = 13.33m 4
)
M (120 + 70)
e= = = 0.119 < 6L = 64 = 0 . 67 (within the kern)
P (1000 + 600)
Ps M s C 1600 190 ´ 4.02
q min = - = - = 132 kPa > 0
A I 10 13.33
Ps M s y 1600 190 ´ 4.02
q max = + = + = 1 89 kPa < q all , net OK
A I 10 13.33
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure
Pu = 1.2 (1000 ) + 1.6(600) = 2 160 kN
M u = 1.2 (120 ) + 1.6(70) = 256 kN.m
Pu M u C 2160 256 ´ 42
q u, max = + = + = 254.4 kPa
A I 10 13.33
Pu M u C 2160 256 ´ 42
q u, min = - = - = 1 77 . 6 kPa
A I 10 13.33
Instructor:
Page Ex1-3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

P
M

254.4 kPa

177.6 kPa
254.4 kPa

B L

177.6 kPa
254.4 kPa
254.4 kPa

Instructor:
Page Ex1-4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear

d avg = 600 - 50 - 20 = 530 mm
bo = 2[ (530 + 500) + (530 + 300) ] = 3720 mm

2.5m

C1+d
æ 254.4+ 177.6 ö
Vu,max = ç ÷4 ´ 2.5 = 2160kN
è 2 ø
C2+d
Φ VC is the smallest of 4.0 m
1 1 3720´ 530
Φ fc ' bo d = 0.75 25 = 2465 kN
3 3 1000
1 æ 2ö 1 æ 2 ö 3720´ 530
Φ fc ' çç 1 + ÷÷bo d = 0.75 25 ç 1 + ÷ = 3697 kN
6 è βc ø 6 è 0.5/0.3ø 1000
1 æ αdö 1 æ 40 ´ 530 ö 3720´ 530
Φ fc ' çç 2 + s ÷÷ bo d = 0.75 25 ç 2 + ÷ = 3558 kN
12 è bo ø 12 è 3720 ø 1000
Φ VC = 2465 kN > Vu,max = 2160kN

Instructor:
Page Ex1-5
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

5- Check footing thickness for beam shear 1

In short direction (sec 1-1)
2 2

d
d avg = 600 - 50 - 20 = 530 mm

2.5m
d

æ 231 + 254.4 ö éæ 4 - 0.5 ö ù

Vu = ç ÷ êç ÷ - 0.53ú ´ 2.5 = 740 kN
è 2 ø ëè 2 ø û
1
1 1 2500 ´ 530 4.0 m
ΦVc = Φ fc ' b d = 0.75 25 = 828 kN > Vu
6 6 1000 d
In long direction (sec 2-2)
231 kPa
d avg = 600 - 50 - 20 = 530 mm 177. 6 kPa
255. 4 kPa
éæ 2.5 - 0.3 ö ù
Vu = 216 ´ êç ÷ - 0.53ú ´ 4.0 = 493 kN d
ëè 2 ø û
1 1 4000 ´ 530
ΦVc = Φ fc ' b d = 0.75 25 = 1325 kN > Vu
6 6 1000 216 kPa

Instructor:
Page Ex1-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction

1
In long direction (Sec 1- 1)
M u critical at column face Þ

2.5m
wu l 2 (237.6 ´ 2.5)1.752
Mu = = = 910 kN.m
2 2
b = 2500mm & d = 530mm 1
4.0 m

0.85 ´ 25 é 2 ´ 106 * 910 ù

ρ= ê1 - 1 - ú
420 êë 0.9(0.85)25* 530 * 2500 úû
2
177.6
221 kPa 254.4
2
= 0.00219 Þ As = 0.00356 ´ 530 ´ 2500 = 4717 mm
As,min = 0.0018´ 600 ´ 2500 = 2700 mm2 1.75

As,req = 4717mm2 Þ 19F18 mm

237.6 x 2.5

Instructor:
Page Ex1-7
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction

In short direction (Sec 2-2)
M u critical at column face Þ

2.5m
wu l 2 (216 ´ 4 ) 1.12 2 2

216x4
Mu = = = 523 kN.m
2 2
4.0 m
0.85 ´ 25 é 2 ´ 106 * 523 ù
ρ= ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.00125 > ρmin
420 êë 0.9(0.85)25* 530 * 4000 úû
2

As,req = As,min = 0.0018´ 4000 ´ 600 = 4320mm

2 Long side dimension of footing 4
Central band ratio = ,β= = = 1.6
1+ β Short side dimension of footing 2.5
2
Central band reinforcement = ´ 4320 = 3323mm2 Þ 17F16mm
1 + 1.6

Instructor:
Page Ex1-8
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

7- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement

Bottom longitudinal reinforcement (Φ18mm)
α=1.0 for bottom bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
α β =1.0 <1.7 OK
γ=0.8 for Φ18mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 50+18=68mm
[2500-2(50)-18]/(18)(2)=66.17mm
i.e., C is taken as 66.17mm
C + Ktr 66.17 + 0 C + Ktr
= = 3.67 > 2.5 Þ i.e., use = 2.5
db 18 db
æ 9 öæ 420 öæ (1.0)(1.0) (0.8)(1.0) ö
ld = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷18 = 435 mm
10
è øè 25 øè 2.5 ø
Available length =1750-50=1700> 450 mm

Instructor:
Page Ex1-9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

7- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement

Bottom longitudinal reinforcement (Φ16mm)
α=1.0 for bottom bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
α β =1.0 <1.7 OK
γ=0.8 for Φ16mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 50+16=66mm
[2500-2(50)-16]/(16)(2)=74.5mm
i.e., C is taken as 66mm
C + Ktr 66 + 0 C + Ktr
= = 4.13 > 2.5 Þ i.e., use = 2.5
db 16 db
æ 9 öæ 420 öæ (1.0)(1.0) (0.8)(1.0) ö
l d = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷16 = 388 mm
è 10 øè 25 øè 2.5 ø
Available length =1250-50=1200> 400 mm
Instructor:
Page Ex1-10
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

8- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and

provided reinforcement

0.60 m

0.75m 2.50 m 0.75m

2.50 m
17Φ16
3Φ14

3Φ14
19Φ18

4.00 m

Instructor:
Page ex1-11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Example # 2

Design a combined footing, to support two columns A and B spaced

at distance 6.0 m center-to-center as shown in Figure Column A is
0.4mx0.4m and carries a dead load of 500kNs and a live load of
300kNs Column B is also 0.4mx0.4m in cross section but carries a
dead load of 700 kNs and a live load of 500 kNs.
Use fc’= 25 MPa , fy = 420 MPa, and qall net = 150 kpa
A B
0.4 0.4

0.4 0.4
Property
limit PD =500kN PD =750kN
PL=300kN PL=450kN

?? m

6m ?? m

Instructor:
Page EX2-1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

1- Establish the required base area of the footing

P + PB 500 + 300 + 750 + 450
Ag = A = = 1 3 .33 m 2
q all(net) 150
To locate the resultant of the column forces
Ps=2000kN B
A
Ps=800kN Ps=1200kN

X=3.8 m
0.2 m 6m

M@start =0.0 › 800(0.2)+1200 (6) =2000 (x)› x= 3.8 m

Ps=2000kN B
A
Ps=800kN Ps=1200kN

X=3.8 m X=3.8 m

Instructor:
Page EX2-2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Length of footing L=2 (3.80) = 7.60m

Width of footing B =13.33/7.6 =1.754 m , taken as 1.80 m.
2- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure

P A,u = 1.2 (500 ) + 1.6(300) = 1080 kN

PB, u = 1.2 (750 ) + 1.6(450) = 1620 kN.m
P A,u + PB,u 1080 + 1620
qu = = = 197.4 kPa
A 7.6 ´ 1.8
3- Select a trial footing depth
Assume that the footing is 0.8 m thick
Effective depth d = 800 – 75 – 10 = 715 mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear

A B

1115
1.8 m

1115
758 1115
Column A 7.6 m

The factored shear force Vu =1080- 197.4(1.115)(0.758) =914 kN

b =2(400+715/2)+400+715=2630 mm
Φ VC is the smallest of
1 1 2630 ´ 715
Φ fc ' bo d = 0.75 25 = 2350 kN control
3 3 1000
1 æ αdö 1 æ 30 ´ 715 ö 2630 ´ 715
Φ fc ' çç 2 + s ÷÷ bo d = 0.75 25 ç 2 + ÷ = 5968 kN
12 è bo ø 12 è 2630 ø 1000
ΦVc = 2350 kN > Vu= 914 OK
Instructor:
Page EX2-4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear [contd.]

A B

1115
1.8 m

1115
758 1115
Column B 7.6 m

The factored shear force Vu =1620- 197.4(1.115)2 =1375 kN

b =4(400+715)=4460 mm
Φ VC is the smallest of
1 1 4460 ´ 715
Φ fc ' bo d = 0.75 25 = 3986 kN control
3 3 1000
1 æ αdö 1 æ 40 ´ 715 ö 4460 ´ 715
Φ fc ' çç 2 + s ÷÷ bo d = 0.75 25 ç 2 + ÷ = 8383 kN
12 è bo ø 12 è 4460 ø 1000
ΦVc = 3986 kN > Vu= 1375 OK
Instructor:
Page EX2-5
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

5- Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for footing

1080kN 1620 kN

197.37 x1.8=
355.26 kN/m

2.84 m 1122.6
798

0.915
71

497.4
1009 1425.7

7.10
348

Instructor:
Page EX2-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

6- Check footing thickness for beam shear

Effective depth d= 800–75–10=715 mm (lower layer)
Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from the
face of column B, Vu,critical =798 kN
1 1 1800 ´ 715
ΦVc = Φ fc ' b d = 0.75 25 = 804 kN > Vu
6 6 1000
7- Compute the areas of flexural reinforcement
a) Top longitudinal reinforcement

0.85 ´ 25 é 2 ´ 106 * 1425.7 ù

ρ= ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.00428
420 êë 0.9(0.85)25* 715 * 1800 úû
2

As,req = 0.00428´ 1800 ´ 715 = 5508 mm2 ,Use 18F 20mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-7
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

7- Compute the areas of flexural reinforcement [contd.]

b) Bottom longitudinal reinforcement

0.85 ´ 25 é 2 ´ 106 * 348 ù

ρ= ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.00101 < ρmin
420 êë 0.9(0.85)25* 715 * 1800 úû
2

As,req = As,min = 0.0018´ 1800 ´ 800 = 2592 mm2 ,Use 13F16

c) Short Direction :
Effective depth d= 800–75–16-8=700 mm (Upper layer)
7.6 m
1.8 m

0.4 0.4
0.4 0.4

400+350 400+700
750 1100

Instructor:
Page EX2-8
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Under Column A 7.6 m

1080

0.7
1.8

1.8 m
0.4 0.4
0.4 0.4

400+350 400+700
750 1100
2
1080 0.75 æ 1.8 - 0.4 ö
M A,u = ´ ç ÷ = 147 kN.m
(1.8* 0.75) 2 è 2 ø
b = 750 mm,d = 700 mm
25 é 2 ´ 106 * 147 ù
ρ = 0.85* ê1 - 1 - ú < ρmin
420 êë 0.9(0.85)25* 700 * 750 úû
2

As,min = 0.0018´ 800 ´ 750 = 1080 mm2 . Use6F16

Instructor:
Page EX2-9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Under Column B 7.6 m

1620

0.7
1.8
1.8 m
0.4 0.4
0.4 0.4

400+350 400+700
750 1100
2
1620 1.1 æ 1.8 - 0.4 ö
M B,u = ´ ç ÷ = 220.5 kN.m
(1.8* 1.1) 2 è 2 ø
b = 1100 mm,d = 700 mm
25 é 2 ´ 106 * 220.5 ù
ρ = 0.85* ê1 - 1 - ú < ρmin
420 êë 0.9(0.85)25* 700 * 1100 úû
2

As,min = 0.0018´ 800 ´ 1100 = 1584mm2 . Use 8 F16

Instructor:
Page EX2-10
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution
Shrinkage Reinforcement in the short direction
As,min = 0.0018 ´ 800 ´ 1000 = 1440mm 2 . Use Φ14@100mm
9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement
a) Top reinforcement (Φ20mm)
α=1.3 for top bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
γ=0.8 for Φ20mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 75+10=85 mm
[1800-2(75)-20]/(17)(2)=48 mm
i.e., C is taken as 48mm
C + Ktr 48 + 0
= = 2.4 < 2.5
db 20
æ 9 öæ 420 öæ (1.3)(1.0) (0.8)(1.0) ö
l d = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ 20 = 655 mm
è 10 øè 25 øè 2.4 ø
Available length =2840+200-75=2965> 655 mm
Instructor:
Page EX2-11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

b) Bottom reinforcement (Φ16mm)

α = β= 1.0
γ=0.8 for Φ16mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 75+8=83 mm
[1800-2(75)-16]/(12)(2)=68.1 mm
i.e., C is taken as 68.1mm
C + K tr 6 8 .1 + 0
= = 4 .26 > 2.5, take it equal to 2.5
db 16
æ 9 öæ 420 öæ (1.0)(1.0) (0.8)(1.0) ö
l d = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷1 6 = 3 87 mm
è 10 øè 25 øè 2.5 ø
Available length =1400-75=1325 > 387 mm
10- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and
provided reinforcement

Instructor:
Page EX2-12
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution
0.4m 5.6 m 0.4m 1.2 m

18Φ20 Φ14@100 Φ14@100

0.80 m

13Φ16

6Φ16 Φ14@100 8Φ16 Φ14@100

0.75m 1.10 m

18Φ20 T

1.80 m
Φ14@100

Φ14@100
8Φ16 B
6Φ16 B

13Φ16 B

7.60 m

Instructor:
Page EX2-13
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Example # 3

Design a combined footing, to support two columns A and B spaced

at distance 4.0 m center-to-center as shown in Figure Column A is
0.4mx0.4m and carries a dead load of 800kNs and a live load of
400kNs Column B is also 0.3mx0.3m in cross section but carries a
dead load of 500 kNs and a live load of 250 kNs.
Use fc’= 28 MPa , fy = 420 MPa, and qall net = 180 kpa
A B
0.4 0.3

0.4 0.3
Property
limit PD =800kN PD =500kN
PL=400kN PL=250kN

?? m

4m

Instructor:
Page EX2-1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

1- Establish the required base area of the footing

P + PB 800 + 400 + 500 + 250
Ag = A = = 10.833 m 2
q all(net) 180
To locate the resultant of the column forces
A Ps=1950kN B
Ps=1200kN Ps=750kN

0.2 m 4m

M@start =0.0 › 750(4) =1950 (x)› x =1.538 m

Ps=1950kN
A B
Ps=1200kN Ps=750kN

X=1.54 m

Instructor:
Page EX2-2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Try a rectangular combined footing

Length of footing L=2(1.54+ 0.20)=3.48m
i.e. this type of footing is not possible if uniform soil pressure is to be
maintained below the footing.
Try a trapezoidal combined footing
Assume no projection of footing beyond column B.
æ B1 + B2 ö
÷(L) = 10.833 m
2
ç
è 2 ø
L=0.2+4+0.15=4.35m
æ B1 + B2 ö
÷(4.35) = 10.833m , or
2
ç
è 2 ø
B1 + B2 = 4.98 m
Instructor:
Page EX2-3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution
A=10.55 m2
æ B + 2B2 öæ L ö
xbar = çç 1 ÷÷ç ÷ , but B1 + B2 = 4.98 m
è B1 + B2 øè 3 ø A B

4.0 m

1.0 m
0.3
0.4 c.g
æ 4.98 + B2 öæ 4.35 ö 0.3
1.74 = ç ÷ç ÷ 0.4

è 4.98 øè 3 ø
B2 = 0.99 m,& B1 = 4.98 - 0.99 = 3.99 m Xbar =1.74 m
2- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure 4.35 m

PA,u = 1.2 (800 ) + 1.6(400) = 1600 kN

PB,u = 1.2 (500 ) + 1.6(250) = 1000 kN.m
PA,u + PB,u 1600 + 1000
qu = = = 240 kPa
A 10.875
3- Select a trial footing depth
Assume that the footing is 0.75 m thick
Effective depth d = 750 – 75 – 10 = 665 mm (lower layer)
Instructor:
Page EX2-3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear

Column A
0.633

The factored shear force,

0.965
1.065
Vu =1600- 240(1.065)(0.733)=1412.8 kN 0.4 A B 0.3
0.3
0.4
bo =2(400+665/2)+400+665 =2530 mm
0.733
Φ VC is the smallest of
1 æ 2ö 1 æ 2 ö 2530´ 665
Φ fc ' çç 1 + ÷÷ bo d = 0.75 28 ç 1 + ÷ = 3338 kN
6 è βc ø 6 è 1 ø 1000
1 1 2530´ 665
Φ fc ' bo d = 0.75 28 = 2225 kN control
3 3 1000
1 æ αdö 1 æ 30 ´ 665 ö 2530´ 665
Φ fc ' çç 2 + s ÷÷ bo d = 0.75 28 ç 2 + ÷ = 5500 kN
12 è bo ø 12 è 2530 ø 1000
ΦVc = 2225 kN > Vu= 1413 OK
Instructor:
Page EX2-4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear [contd.]

Column B
0.633
The factored shear force,

0.965
1.065
Vu =1000- 240(0.965)(0.633)=854 kN 0.4 A B 0.3
0.3
0.4
bo =2(300+665/2)+300+665 =2230 mm
0.733
Φ VC is the smallest of
1 æ 2ö 1 æ 2 ö 2230´ 665
Φ fc ' çç 1 + ÷÷ bo d = 0.75 28 ç 1 + ÷ = 2943 kN
6 è βc ø 6 è 1 ø 1000
1 1 2230´ 665
Φ fc ' bo d = 0.75 28 = 1962 kN control
3 3 1000
1 æ αdö 1 æ 30 ´ 665 ö 2230´ 665
Φ fc ' çç 2 + s ÷÷ bo d = 0.75 28 ç 2 + ÷ = 5369 kN
12 è bo ø 12 è 2230 ø 1000
ΦVc = 1962 kN > Vu= 854 OK
Instructor:
Page EX2-4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

5- Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for footing

q1= 240 x 1.0= 240 kN/m & q2= 240 x 4= 960 kN/m
The intensity of soil pressure at distance x from the left side of
footing is qux=960-165.5x
The shear force is given as Vux=960x-82.76x2+C1 ,Where C1 is the
constant of integration accounting for shear due to column loads
The bending moment is given by Mux=480x2-27.59x3+C2 , Where
C2 is the constant of integration accounting for bending due to
column loads.
The section of maximum bending moment corresponds to the section
of zero shear force, or 960x-82.76x2-1600=0.0
Solving this equation gives x1= 2.02 m, and x 2 =9.71m (rejected).
Substituting x1=2.05m in moment equation gives Mu,max=1187kN.m
Instructor:
Page EX2-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

6- Check footing thickness for beam shear

1600 kN 1000 kN
Section A-A
Effective depth d=750–75–10= 665mm
Critical section for beam shear is located qu (x) 240
960
at distance 665+200= 865mm to the x
962
right side of center of column A. 2.02 701
188 0.815
X=0.2+0.865=1.065 m
Vu=960x-82.76x2-1600=671 kN 0.865 38

The width of footing at 671

@ x=1.065 is equal to 3266 mm 1412 1187

1 1 3257 ´ 665
ΦVc = Φ fc ' b d = 0.75 28
6 6 1000
= 1433 kN > Vu = 671 kN 18.9 2.8

Instructor:
Page EX2-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

6- Check footing thickness for beam shear

1600 kN 1000 kN
Section B-B
Effective depth d=750–75– 10= 665mm
Critical section for beam shear is located qu (x) 240
at distance 665+150= 815mm to the 960
x
962
left side of center of column B. 701
2.02
0.815
X = 4.2 - 0.815 = 3.385 m 188

Vu=960x-82.76x2-1600=701 kN 0.865 38
The width of footing at
671
@ x=3.385 is equal to 1666 mm 1412 1187
1 1 1666 ´ 665
ΦVc = Φ fc ' b d = 0.75 28
6 6 1000
= 732.8 kN > Vu = 701 kN 18.9 2.8

Instructor:
Page EX2-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

7- Compute the areas of flexural reinforcement

a) Top longitudinal reinforcement
The width of footing at @ x=2.02 is equal to 2600 mm
0.85 ´ 25 é 2 ´ 106 * 1187 ù
ρ= ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.0028
420 êë 0.9(0.85)28 * 665 * 2600 úû
2

As,req = 0.0028´ 2600 ´ 665 = 4842 mm2 ,

Use 16 F 20mm or ( F 20@160mm)
b) Bottom longitudinal reinforcement
ρ < ρmin , so used ρ = ρmin = 0.0018
As,req = As,min = 0.0018 ´ 1000 ´ 750 = 1350 mm2 /m,Use Φ14@100 mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-7
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Under Column A
Effective depth for upper layer

1.44 m
= 750 - 75 - 14 - 10 = 651mm

1.0m
4.0 m

3.5 m
0.4 A 0.3 B
0.3
æ 4 + 3.5 ö 0.4

lavg =ç ÷ = 3.75m 0.633

è 2 ø
2 0.733
æ 3.75 - 0.4 ö
ç ÷
1600 è 2 ø = 600 kN.m
M A,u = ´
3.75 2
b = 733 mm, d = 651 mm
28 é 2 ´ 106 * 600 ù
ρ = 0.85* ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.00537
420 êë 0.9(0.85)28 * 651 * 733 úû
2

As,req = 0.00537 ´ 651´ 733 = 2560 mm2 . Use 7 F 22mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Under Column B
Effective depth for upper layer

1.44 m

1.0m
4.0 m

3.5 m
= 750 - 75 - 14 - 10 = 651mm 0.4 A 0.3 B
0.3
0.4
æ 1.44 + 1.0 ö
lavg = ç ÷ = 1.22m 0.633

è 2 ø
2 0.733
æ 1.22 - 0.3 ö
ç ÷
1000 è 2 ø = 87 kN.m
M A,u = ´
1.22 2
b = 633 mm, d = 651 mm
28 é 2 ´ 10 6 * 87 ù
ρ = 0.85 * ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.00087 < ρmin
420 êë 0.9 (0.85 )28 * 651 * 633 úû
2

As,req = As,min = 0.0018 ´ 750 ´ 633 = 855 mm2 . Use 6 Φ 14mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution
Shrinkage Reinforcement in the short direction (top and bottom sides)
As,min = 0.0018 ´ 750 ´ 1000 = 1350mm 2 . Use Φ14@100mm
9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement
a) Top longitudinal reinforcement (Φ20mm)
α=1.3 for top bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
γ=0.8 for Φ20mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 75+10=85 mm
50 mm
i.e., C is taken as 50 mm
C + K tr 50 + 0
= = 2.27 < 2.5
db 22
æ 9 öæ 420 öæ (1.3)(1.0) (0.8)(1.0) ö
l d = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ 22 = 720 mm
è 10 øè 28 øè 2.27 ø
Available length =2020-75=1945 > 720 mm
Instructor:
Page EX2-11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

b) Bottom longitudinal reinforcement (Φ14mm)

α=β=1.0
γ=0.8 for Φ14mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 75+7=82 mm
50 mm
i.e., C is taken as 50 mm
C + K tr 50 + 0
= = 3.57 > 2.5, take it equal to 2.5
db 14
æ 9 ö æ 420 ö æ (0.8)(1.0) ö
ld = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ 14 = 320 mm
è 10 ø è 28 ø è 2.5 ø
Available length =1400-75=1325 > 387 mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-12
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

c) Bottom transverse reinforcement (Φ14mm)

α =β = λ = 1.0
γ=0.8 for Φ14mm,
C the smallest of 75+7=82 mm
[(633-75-7)/(2x5)]= 55.1 mm
i.e., C is taken as 55.1 mm
C + K tr 5 5 .1 + 0
= = 3.94 > 2.5, take it equal to 2.5
db 14
æ 9 ö æ 420 ö æ (1.0)(0.8) ö
ld = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷14 = 320 mm
è 10 ø è 28 øè 2.5 ø
Available length =350-75=275 < 320 mm
Bottom longitudinal bars need to be hooked at their ends to provide
additional anchorage.
Instructor:
Page EX2-12
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

d) Bottom transverse reinforcement (Φ 22mm)

α =β = λ = 1.0
γ=1.0 for Φ22mm,
C the smallest of 75+11=86 mm
[(733-75-11)/(2x6)]= 53.9 mm
i.e., C is taken as 53.9 mm
C + Ktr 53.9 + 0
= = 2.45 > 2.5
db 22
æ 9 öæ 420 öæ (1.0) ö
l d = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ 22 = 642 mm
10
è øè 28 øè 2.45 ø
Available length =1550-75=1475 > 642 mm
10- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and
provided reinforcement
Instructor:
Page EX2-12
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution
0.4m 3.65 m 0.3m

Φ20@160 Φ14@100
0.75 m

7Φ22 Φ14@100 6Φ14

0.733m 0.633 m
7.60 m

Φ14@100 T&B
Φ20@160 T
4.0 m

1.0 m
6Φ14 B
7Φ22 B

A B
Φ14@100 B

Instructor:
Page EX2-13
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Example # 4

Design a combined footing, to support three columns A, B, and C as

shown in Figure. Column A is 0.4mx0.4m and carries a dead load of
500kNs and a live load of 300kNs, column B is also 0.4mx0.4m in
cross section but carries a dead load of 800 kNs and a live load of
480 kNs, and column C is also 0.4mx0.4m in cross section but carries
a dead load of 600 kNs and a live load of 360 kNs.
Use fc’= 28 MPa , fy = 420 MPa, and qall net = 180 kpa
A B C
0.4 0.4 0.4

0.4 0.4 0.4

PD =500kN PD =800kN PD =600kN

PL=300kN PL=480kN PL=360kN

?? m

L1 4.5 m 5.5 m L2

Instructor:
Page EX2-1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

1- Establish the required base area of the footing

P + PB + PC 800 + 1280 + 960
Ag = A = = 16.89 m 2
q all(net) 180
To locate the resultant of the column forces
A B R =3040 kN C
800 kN 1280 kN 960 kN

4.5 m 5.5 m

M@A =0.0 › 1280(4.5)+960(10)=3040 (x)› x =5.05 m

A B R =3040 kN C
800 kN 1280 kN 960 kN

xbar =5.05 m

Instructor:
Page EX2-2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Length of footing Ltotal=2(5.05+L1) ,assume L1 = 0.6 m

Ltotal =2(5.05+0.6)=11.3 m & L1+5.05 = (10-5.05)+L2› L2 =0.7 m
L x B = Area › 11.3 x B =16.89 › B=1.495 m, taken as 1.5m
2- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure
PA,u = 1.2 (500 ) + 1.6(300) = 1080 kN
PB,u = 1.2 (800 ) + 1.6(480) = 1728 kN.m
PC, u = 1.2 (600 ) + 1.6(360) = 1296 kN.m
PA,u + PB,u 1080 + 1728 + 1296
qu = = = 242.12 kPa
A 11.3 ´ 1.5
3- Select a trial footing depth
Assume that the footing is 0.8 m thick
Effective depth d = 800 – 75 – 10 = 715 mm (lower layer)
Instructor:
Page EX2-3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear

B
A B C

1.5 m

1115
d/2
d/2

1115

Column B 0.6 4.5 m 5.5 m 0.7

The factored shear force Vu =1728- 242.12(1.115)(1.115) =1427 kN

b =4(400+715) =4460 mm
ì 1 1 4460 ´ 715
ïΦ fc ' bo d = 0.75 28 = 4219 kN control > Vu OK
ï 3 3 1000
ï æ
ï 1 2ö 1 æ 2 ö 4460 ´ 715
ΦVc íΦ fc ' çç 1 + ÷÷ bo d = 0.75 28 ç 1 + ÷ = 6328 kN
ï 6 è βc ø 6 è 1 ø 1000
ï æ ö
ïΦ 1 fc ' ç 2 + αs d ÷ bo d = 0.75 1 2 8 æç 2 + 40 ´ 715 ö÷ 4460 ´ 715 = 8872 kN
ïî 12 ç bo ÷ø 12 è 4460 ø 1000
è
Instructor:
Page EX2-4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

5- Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for footing

1080 kN 1728 kN 1296 kN

242.12 x1.5=
363.18 kN/m
1041.7
2.37 m 772.2 Vuc =709.4
0.915
217.9

254.2
2.87 m

862.1 955.7
1405

958

142

66 89

Instructor:
Page EX2-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

6- Check footing thickness for beam shear

Effective depth d=800–75–10= 715mm (lower layer)
Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance
715+200=915mm to the left side of center of column C.
Vu=1041.7-0.915x363.18=709.4 kN
1 1 1500 ´ 715
ΦVc = Φ fc ' b d = 0.75 28 = 709 .4 kN = Vu = 709 .4 kN OK
6 6 1000
7- Compute the areas of flexural reinforcement
a) Top longitudinal reinforcement

0.85 ´ 28 é 2 ´ 106 * 1405 ù

ρ= ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.005074
420 êë 0.9(0.85)28 * 715 * 1500 úû
2

As,req = 0.005074´ 1500 ´ 715 = 5443 mm2 , Use 18F 20mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

7- Compute the areas of flexural reinforcement [contd.]

b) Bottom longitudinal reinforcement
ρ < ρmin , so use ρ = ρmin = 0.0018
As,req = As,min = 0.0018´ 1500 ´ 800 = 2160 mm2 ,Use F14@100
c) Short Direction :
Effective depth d= 800–75–16-8=700 mm (Upper layer)

A B C
1.5 m

1.1 m 1.1 m 1.1 m

Instructor:
Page EX2-8
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution
2
Under Column A æ 1.5 - 0.4 ö
ç ÷
1080 è 2 ø
M A,u = ´ = 109 kN.m
1.5 2
28 é 2 ´ 106 * 109 ù
ρ = 0.85* ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.000538
420 êë 0.9(0.85)28 * 7002 * 1100 úû
As,req = As,min = 0.0018 ´ 800 ´ 1100 = 1584 mm2 . Use Φ 14@100 or(8Φ 16)
Under Column B 2
æ 1.5 - 0.4 ö
ç ÷
1728 è 2 ø
M B,u = ´ = 175 kN.m
1.5 2
28 é 2 ´ 106 * 175 ù
ρ = 0.85* ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.000866
420 êë 0.9(0.85)28 * 7002 * 1100 úû
As,req = As,min = 0.0018 ´ 800 ´ 1100 = 1584 mm2 . Use Φ 14@100 or (8Φ 16)
Instructor:
Page EX2-9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution
2
Under Column C æ 1.5 - 0.4 ö
ç ÷
1296 è 2 ø
M C,u = ´ = 131 kN.m
1.5 2
28 é 2 ´ 106 * 131 ù
ρ = 0.85* ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.000647
420 êë 0.9(0.85)28 * 700 * 1100 úû
2

As,req = As,min = 0.0018 ´ 800 ´ 1100 = 1584 mm2 . Use Φ 14@100 or (8Φ 16)
Shrinkage Reinforcement in the short direction (top and bottom)
As,min = 0.0018 ´ 800 ´ 1000 = 1440mm 2 . Use Φ14@100mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement

a) Top longitudinal reinforcement (Φ20mm)
α=1.3 for top bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
γ=0.8 for Φ20mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 75+10=85 mm
[1500-2(75)-20]/(2x17)=39.1 mm
i.e., C is taken as 39.1 mm
C + K tr 39.1 + 0
= = 1 . 95 < 2.5
db 20
æ 9 öæ 420 öæ (1.3)(0.8) (1.0) ö
l d = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ 20 = 762 mm
è 10 øè 28 øè 1.95 ø
Available length =2370+600-75=2895 > 762 mm
Instructor:
Page EX2-11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement

b) Bottom reinforcement (Φ14mm)
α= β= λ =1.0 and γ=0.8
C the smallest of 75+10=85 mm and 100/2 =50 mm
i.e., C is taken as 50 mm
C + K tr 50 + 0
= = 3 .57 > 2.5 , take it equal to 2.5
db 14
æ 9 öæ 420 öæ (1.0)(0.8) ö
l d = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷14 = 320 mm
è 10 øè 28 øè 2.5 ø
For longitudinal reinforcement.
Available length =600-75=525mm > 320 mm
For transverse reinforcement.
Available length =550-75=475mm > 320 mm
Instructor:
Page EX2-11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Φ14@100 Φ14@100 18Φ20

0.80 m

8Φ16 Φ14@100 8Φ16 Φ14@100 8Φ16

1.10 m 1.10 m 1.10 m

Φ14@100
Φ14@100

18Φ20 T
1.5 m

8Φ16 B
A B C
8Φ16 B

8Φ16 B
Φ14@100 B

0.6 4.5 m 5.5 m 0.7

11.30 m

Instructor:
Page EX2-4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Example # 5

Design a combined footing, to support three columns A, B, and C

using a 0.5m wide spine beam as shown in Figure. Column A is
0.4mx0.4m and carries a dead load of 500kNs and a live load of
300kNs, column B is also 0.4mx0.4m in cross section but carries a
dead load of 800 kNs and a live load of 480 kNs, and column C is
also 0.4mx0.4m in cross section but carries a dead load of 600 kNs
and a live load of 360 kNs.
Use fc’= 28 MPa , fy = 420 MPa, and qall net = 180 kpa
A B C
0.4 PD =500kN 0.4 PD =800kN 0.4 PD =600kN

0.4 PL=300kN 0.4 PL=480kN 0.4 PL=360kN

A B C

4.5 m 5.5 m

Instructor:
Page EX2-1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

1- Establish the required base area of the footing

P + PB + PC 800 + 1280 + 960
Ag = A = = 16.89 m 2
q all(net) 180
To locate the resultant of the column forces
A B R =3040 kN C
800 kN 1280 kN 960 kN

4.5 m 5.5 m

M@A =0.0 › 1280(4.5)+960(10)=3040 (x)› x =5.05 m

A B R =3040 kN C
800 kN 1280 kN 960 kN

xbar =5.05 m

Instructor:
Page EX2-2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

Length of footing Ltotal=2(5.05+L1) ,assume L1 = 0.6 m

Ltotal =2(5.05+0.6)=11.3 m & L1+5.05 = (10-5.05)+L2› L2 =0.7 m
L x B = Area › 11.3 x B =16.89 › B=1.495 m, taken as 1.5m
2- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure
PA,u = 1.2 (500 ) + 1.6(300) = 1080 kN
PB,u = 1.2 (800 ) + 1.6(480) = 1728 kN.m
PC, u = 1.2 (600 ) + 1.6(360) = 1296 kN.m
PA,u + PB,u 1080 + 1728 + 1296
qu = = = 242.12 kPa
A 11.3 ´ 1.5
3- Select a trial footing depth
Assume that the footing is 0.3 m thick
Effective depth d = 300 – 75 – 7 = 218 mm (lower layer)
Instructor:
Page EX2-3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

4- Check footing thickness for beam shear

Effective depth d=300–75–7= 218 mm
For a strip 1-m wide
1 1 1000 ´ 218
ΦVc = Φ fc ' b d = 0.75 28 = 144 kN
6 6 1000
Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from the
face of beam

1.5 m
0.5 m

d=0.218
0.5-0.218=0.282

1m
Vu=242.12x1.0x0.282 =68.3 kN < ΦVc=144 kN

Instructor:
Page EX2-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

5- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement for the slab

a- Transverse direction: For a strip 1-m wide

Maximum factored moment is located at the face of beam

1.5 m
0.5 m
0.5 m

1m
Mu=242.12(1.0)(0.5)2 =30.3 kN.m
2
0.85 ´ 28 é 2 ´ 106 * 30.3 ù
ρ= ê1 - 1 - ú = 0.0017 < ρmin
420 êë 0.9(0.85)28 * 218 * 1000 úû
2

As,req = As,min = 0.0018 ´ 1000 ´ 300 = 540 mm2 , Use F12@200mm

Instructor:
Page EX2-6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Footing

Solution

b- Longitudinal direction:
For shrinkage reinforcement in the Longitudinal direction of the slab
As,min = 0.0018 ´ 300 ´ 1000 = 540mm 2 . Use Φ12@200mm
5- Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for footing
1080 kN 1728 kN 1296 kN

242. 12 x1. 5=
363. 18 kN/m
1041.7
2.37 m 772.2 Vuc =709.4
217.9 0.915

254.2
2.87 m

862.1 955.7 1405

958

142
66 89
Instructor:
Page EX2-11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa