University, Nashville, Tennessee; and Departments of bPediatrics, WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: This prospective study showed that
cMedicine, and dPsychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of
476 SHELBY et al
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ARTICLE
The Rome IIIDiagnostic Questionnaire for at follow-up (Table 1). Of the control for $1 current anxiety disorders at
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders15 group, 12 (7.5%) met criteria for a FGID follow-up compared with the control
assesses symptoms associated with the at follow-up; they were excluded from group (30.4% vs 11.6%). The OR for any
diagnostic criteria for abdominal pain– further analysis because there were not current anxiety disorder was 3.57
related FGIDs (irritable bowel syn- enough of these cases to create a dis- times greater for FAP compared with
drome, functional dyspepsia, abdominal tinct comparison group on its own. Thus, controls (CI: 2.00–6.36; P , .001).
migraine, functional abdominal pain). the control sample comprised 147 indi- The most common anxiety disorder in
Participants’ responses were scored viduals who did not report abdominal the FAP group was social anxiety, with
according to the pediatric Rome III cri- pain at baseline or at follow-up. The approximately one-quarter (25.9%)
teria (for participants aged ,18 years) follow-up interval ranged from 4 to 16 meeting criteria for social anxiety dis-
or the adult Rome III criteria (for par- years (M = 8.49; SD = 3.25) and age at order during their lifetime. Indeed, the
ticipants aged $18 years). follow-up ranged from 12 to 32 years OR for social anxiety during their lifetime
Hollingshead Index of Socioeconomic (M = 20.01; SD = 3.79). was 5.84 times greater for the FAP group
Status27 was based on the occupation compared with controls (CI: 2.81–12.15;
and educational level of the participant Lifetime and Current Risk of P , .001). The OR for current social anx-
or, for those aged ,18 years, their Psychiatric Disorders iety disorder at follow-up was 8.14 times
parents. Scores can range from 8 (un- Table 2 presents the lifetime and cur- greater for the FAP group compared with
skilled laborer) to 69 (professional). rent risk of all major DSM-IV diagnoses controls (CI: 2.44–27.12; P , .01).
Scores of both spouses were averaged for FAP and control groups. Table 3
for married adults and for parents of presents odds ratios (ORs) and 95% Depressive Disorders
adolescents. confidence intervals (CIs) comparing A significantly higher proportion of the
the groups on the lifetime and current FAP group met criteria for a depressive
Procedure risk of any anxiety disorder and any disorder during their lifetime com-
The protocol was administered in depressive disorder, controlling for age pared with the control group (40.1% vs
a face-to-face interview at Vanderbilt and gender. 16.3%). The OR for any lifetime de-
University Medical Center or, for those pressive disorder was 2.62 times
who could not travel to the medical Anxiety Disorders greater for FAP compared with controls
center, by telephone. Interviewers were A significantly higher proportion of the (CI = 1.56–4.40; P , .001). Risk for
unaware of participants’ group status. FAP group met criteria for $1 lifetime current depressive disorder at follow-
Procedures were approved by the in- anxiety disorders compared with the up was low and did not differ signifi-
stitutional review board. control group (51.2% vs 20.4%). The OR cantly between groups.
Data Analysis for any lifetime anxiety disorder was
4.59 times greater for FAP compared Other Psychiatric Disorders
Analyses used Statistics 18 statistical with controls (CI: 2.83–7.43; P , .001). A higher proportion of the FAP group
package (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL). All vari- Similarly, a significantly higher pro- met criteria for lifetime and current
ables met assumptions of normality. portion of the FAP group met criteria somatoform disorders compared
Analyses of variance and x2 tests were
used to evaluate group differences by age
and gender. Probability values were 2- TABLE 1 Sample Characteristics
tailed, P , .05. Logistic regression anal- Demographic Variables Participant Group P
yses compared categorical dependent FAP (n = 332) Controls (n = 159)
variables by group, controlling for age Sex (% Female) 63.8 54.4 ,.05
and gender. Race/ethnicity (% white) 89.7 94.5 .09
Age at initial evaluation (y) 11.77 (2.59) 10.82 (2.09) ,.001
Follow-up interval (y) 8.96 (3.49) 7.43 (2.31) ,.001
RESULTS Age at follow-up (y) 20.69 (3.94) 18.46 (2.91) ,.001
Socioeconomic status at follow-up 39.60 (11.73) 37.46 .12
Sample Characteristics FGIDs at follow-up 40.1% 7.5%a ,.001
Of 332 previously identified patients IBS only 27.4 6.3% ,.001
FD only 17.8% 1.9% ,.001
with FAP who participated in the cur- Other FGID (abdominal migraine, FAP) 5.4% 0.6% .01
rent study, 133 (40.1%) met criteria for $2 FGIDs 10.5% 1.3% ,.001
an FGID associated with abdominal pain a Controls with FGIDs at follow-up were excluded from further analyses.
n % n % n % n %
Anxiety disorders
Any anxiety disorder 170 51.20% 30 20.41% ,.001 101 30.42% 17 11.56% ,.001
Separation anxiety 31 9.34% 6 4.08% .06 2 0.60% 0 0.00% 1.00
Panic 23 6.93% 2 1.36% .06 11 3.31% 1 0.68% .24
Agoraphobia 2 0.60% 1 0.68% .90 2 0.60% 1 0.68% .90
Social anxiety 86 25.90% 9 6.12% ,.001 40 12.05% 3 2.04% .001
Generalized anxiety 59 17.77% 9 6.12% .001 44 13.25% 6 4.08% ,.01
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 13 3.92% 0 0.00% 1.00 9 2.71% 0 0.00% 1.00
Specific phobia 46 13.86% 11 7.48% .02 27 8.13% 6 4.08% 1.00
Posttraumatic stress disorder 31 9.34% 5 3.40% .12 8 2.41% 1 0.68% .21
Acute stress 0 0.00% 1 0.68% .99 0 0.00% 0 0.00% .00
Anxiety NOS 7 2.11% 2 1.36% .91 4 1.20% 1 0.68% .95
Depressive disorders
Any depressive disorder 133 40.06% 24 16.33% ,.001 20 6.02% 4 2.72% .23
Major depressive disorder 120 36.14% 21 14.29% ,.001 17 5.12% 4 2.72% .50
Dysthmia 14 4.22% 3 2.04% .22 3 0.90% 1 0.68% .51
Depression NOS 4 1.20% 1 0.68% .84 0 0.00% 0 0.00% .00
Other disorders
Mania 5 1.51% 0 0.00% 1.00 1 0.30% 0 0.00% 1.00
Somatoform 14 4.22% 0 0.00% 1.00 12 3.61% 0 0.00% 1.00
Substance abuse/dependence 58 17.47% 13 8.84% .15 14 4.22% 2 1.36% .11
Eating disorders 17 5.12% 6 4.08% .97 2 0.60% 1 0.68% .89
Disruptive behavior 25 7.53% 6 4.08% .17 8 2.41% 1 0.68% .11
Significance level (P) is for logistic regression controlling for gender and age at follow-up. NOS, not otherwise specified.
with the control group (Lifetime: 4% vs Age of Onset of Psychiatric group (FAP, M = 15.96 years, SD = 4.61;
0%; Current: 3% vs 0%). Lifetime rates Disorders and Temporal Relation to control, M = 14.92 years, SD = 3.76).
of substance abuse/dependence also FAP Evaluation Among FAP participants with a lifetime
were higher in FAP than in controls Among participants who met criteria anxiety disorder, the majority (72.62%)
(17.5% vs 8.8%). However, group dif- for a lifetime anxiety disorder (FAP, n = reported onset before the age of their
ferences in somatoform and sub- 170; control, n = 30), the age of onset FAP evaluation. Among those with
stance abuse/dependence were not was in childhood and did not differ a lifetime depressive disorder, the
significant in logistic regression significantly for FAP (M = 7.78 years, majority (77.27%) reported onset after
analyses that controlled for age and SD = 5.19) compared with controls (M = the age of their FAP evaluation.
gender. Rates of other disorders were 8.97 years, SD = 5.98). The onset of
low and did not differ significantly by depressive disorders was during ado- Relation of Anxiety and Depressive
group. lescence and also did not differ by Disorders to FGID at Follow-up
We subdivided participants in the FAP
group into those who met Rome III
TABLE 3 ORs From Logistic Regression Analyses Comparing Risk of Lifetime and Current (at
Follow-up) Diagnoses of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders for FAP Group (n = 332) criteria for an FGID at follow-up (FGID-
Versus Control Group (n = 147) POS; n = 133, 40.1%) and those who
b SE Wald OR 95% CI did not meet criteria at follow-up (FGID-
Anxiety disorders NEG; n = 199; 59.9%). Figure 1 shows the
Any anxiety disorder—lifetime risk of lifetime and current anxiety
FAP vs control subjects 1.52*** 0.25 23.91 4.59 2.83–7.43
and depressive disorders in the FGID-
Any anxiety disorder—current at follow-up
FAP vs control subjects 1.27*** 0.30 18.59 3.57 2.00–6.36 POS, FGID-NEG, and control groups.
Depressive disorders Nearly two-thirds of the FGID-POS
Any depressive disorder—lifetime group (63.9%) met criteria for one or
FAP vs control subjects 0.96*** 0.26 13.33 2.62 1.56–4.40
Any depressive disorder—Current at follow-up more lifetime anxiety disorders. The
FAP vs control subjects 0.68 0.58 1.41 1.98 0.64–6.12 FGID-NEG group also had high rates of
*** P , .001. lifetime anxiety disorders (42.7%)
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ARTICLE
compared with the control group for FGID-NEG compared with controls (12%) met criteria for current anxiety
(20.4%). ORs with 95% CIs are presented (P , .05; Table 4). The risk for any current disorder at follow-up. Within the FAP
in Table 4. Controlling for age and gender, depressive disorder at follow-up was low group, risk for anxiety disorder was
the OR for any lifetime anxiety disorder and did not differ significantly across higher in those who met Rome III cri-
was 7.31 times greater for FGID-POS FGID-POS, FGID-NEG, and controls. teria at follow-up for FGID compared
compared with controls and 3.36 times with those without FGID at follow-up.
greater for FGID-NEG compared with DISCUSSION Nonetheless, even those without FGID
controls (P’s , .001). Current anxiety We found a high risk for anxiety dis- at follow-up had significantly higher
disorders also were more common in orders at follow-up in pediatric patients risk for anxiety disorder compared
the FGID-POS group (39.9%) at follow-up with FAP followed prospectively from with controls. Thus, anxiety in patients
compared with the FGID-NEG (24.12%) childhood into adolescence and young with pediatric-onset FAP persisted over
and control (11.6%) groups. Specifically, adulthood. The data are particularly time even in the absence of abdominal
the OR for any current anxiety disorder compelling in that they reflect clinically pain associated with FGID.
was 5.09 times greater for FGID-POS significant disorders based on clini- For the majority of the FAP group, di-
compared with controls (P , .001) and cians’ judgment that severity or im- agnostic interviews placed the onset of
2.68 times greater for FGID-NEG com- pairment was moderate to high. By the anxiety disorders before the pediatric
pared with controls (P , .05). time of follow-up in adolescence and gastroenterology evaluation that co-
Regarding depressive disorders, ap- young adulthood, half (51%) of those incided with their enrollment in the
proximately half of FGID-POS (51.9%) and with a childhood history of FAP had met study. Because they already had ab-
a third ofFGID-NEG (32.2%) met criteria for criteria for an anxiety disorder during dominal pain before their pediatric
a lifetime depressive disorder compared their lifetime, and approximately one- evaluation, the temporal relation be-
with 16.3% of controls. Controlling for age third (30%) currently met criteria for tween the onset of FAP and the onset of
and gender, the OR for a lifetime an anxiety disorder. In contrast, only anxietycannotbe determined fromthese
depressive disorder was 4.14 times one-fifth (20%) of control participants data. Nonetheless, both FAP and anxiety
greater for FGID-POS compared with met criteria for an anxiety disorder appear to have begun early in childhood.
controls (P , .001) and 1.84 times greater during their lifetime, and even fewer Interestingly, a recent study of children
FIGURE 1
Risk of lifetime and current psychiatric disorders for pediatric patients with FAP who met criteria for FGID at follow-up (FGID-POS), pediatric patients with FAP
who did not meet criteria for FGID at follow-up (FGID-NEG), and control subjects. aP , .05; bP , .01; cP , .001.
480 SHELBY et al
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ARTICLE
pain outcomes. Notably, even individuals activities, thereby perpetuating pain- treat mental health problems in FAP
with a childhood history of FAP who did related disability.51 improve abdominal pain outcomes.
not meet FGID symptom criteria at follow- A decade after the seminal work
up still had significantly higher rates of by Campo et al,13 these data un-
anxiety disorders compared with con- derscore the importance of a biopsy- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
trols. Social anxiety disorder was par- chosocial approach to FAP that We thank those who served as psychiatric
ticularly common in the pediatric FAP includes screening for anxiety and diagnostic interviewers for this study, in-
patients and may contribute to school depression. Future research should cluding Hollister Trott, Mary Payne, and
absence and withdrawal from social evaluate whether interventions that Shelly Ball.
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Functional Abdominal Pain in Childhood and Long-term Vulnerability to
Anxiety Disorders
Grace D. Shelby, Kezia C. Shirkey, Amanda L. Sherman, Joy E. Beck, Kirsten
Haman, Angela R. Shears, Sara N. Horst, Craig A. Smith, Judy Garber and Lynn S.
Walker
Pediatrics 2013;132;475; originally published online August 12, 2013;
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2191
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