GOVT. SKSJT INSTITUTE.

K.R Circle Bangalore.

Department Of Civil Engineering

Report On:
“SHM”

By:
Naveen Kumari R
(5WK18CSE12)
II Sem M.Tech Structural Engineering
Infrared Thermography
What is IRT

 Infrared thermography is the science of acquisition and analysis of thermal

information by using non contact thermal imaging devices.

 Infrared thermography uses special cameras that can detect radiation in the infrared
range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce an image of that radiation. }

 Infrared thermography is the only diagnostic technology that can instantly visualize
and verify thermal performance.

Why IRT is needed?

 Infrared thermography has become a standard predictive maintenance practice to
check electrical circuitry for loose connections.

 The technology is now being used to scan pumps, steam traps, steam lines,
refrigeration systems, manufacturing processes, manufacturing facilities, and HVAC
systems.
  The technology can provide instant feedback on unsafe or wasteful conditions.

 This technology is used for night vision purposes.

What makes thermography useful?

 It is non-contact –uses remote sensing -Keeps the user out of danger -Does not
intrude upon or affect the target at all

 It is two dimensional -Comparison between areas of the target is possible -The image
allows for excellent overview of the target -Thermal patterns can be visualized for
analysis

 It is real time -Enables very fast scanning of stationary targets -Enables capture of
fast moving targets -Enables capture of fast changing thermal patterns

History and development

 1960’s-development of cooled forward looking infrared(flir)

 1970’s-US army develops uncooled IRT technology module.

 1980’s-Industries first commercial IR camera introduced.

 1990’s-Succesful demonstration of 256,512 pixel cameras and introduction of night

sight and surveillance cameras.

 2000’s-Inroduction of 1st automotive thermal imaging driving aid by cadillac and 1st
development of IR camera with zoom.

 FUTURE PLANS-

• Infrared vision for everyday life.

• Making the technology cheaper.

• Resolution of display to be increased.

• Increasing accuracy and longevity.

Characteristics of IRT
 It is invisible since its wavelength is longer than visible light.It has nothing to do with
brightness or darkness of visible light

 It is emitted naturally from any object of which temperature is absolute zero(0K) or

higher.Therefore, it can be applied to any field

 It is a kind of light (electromagnetic wave).It can be transmitted through vacuum.

  There is a correlation between infrared energy and temperature of an object.
Therefore, it can be used to measure the temperature of an object.

Working process
 A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view.

 The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrareddetector elements. The

detector elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram

 The thermogram created by the detector elements is translated into electric impulses.

 The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit that translates the information from
the elements into data for the display.

 Appears as various colors depending on the intensity of the infrared emission. The
combination of all the impulses from all of the elements creates the image.

Working process flow in IRT

Advantages of IRT
 It is a non-contact type technique.

 Fast, reliable & accurate output.

  A large surface area can be scanned in no time.

 It is capable of catching moving targets in real time

 Presented in visual & digital form.

 Software back-up for image processing and analysis.

 Requires very little skill for monitoring.

 It can be used to detect objects in dark areas.

 It is able to find deteriorating, i.e., higher temperature components prior to their

failure.

 It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or hazardous for other

methods

Limitations of IRT
 Cost of instrument is relatively high.

 Unable to detect the inside temperature if the medium is separated by

glass/polythenematerial etc.

 Accurate temperature measurements are hindered by differing emissivity's and

reflections from other surfaces

 Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of temperature and are
not as accurate as contact methods

 Condition of work, depending of the case, can be drastic: 10°C of difference between
internal/external, 10km/h of wind maximum, no direct sun, no recent rain.

Applications of IRT
 Condition monitoring

 Medical imaging

 Veterinary Thermal Imaging

 Night vision

 Surveillance

 Research

 Process control

 Non-destructive testing
  Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence

 Chemical imaging

 Volcanology

 Buildings

Ultrasonic Pulse velocity

 Ultrasonic waves are very similar to light waves in that they can be reflected,
refracted, and focused.

 Reflection and refraction occurs when sound waves interact with interfaces of
differing acoustic properties.

 Ultrasonic reflections from the presence of discontinuities or geometric features

enables detection and location.

Ultrasonic pulse velocity in concrete

 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) testing of concrete is based on the pulse velocity
method to provide information on the uniformity of concrete, cavities, cracks and
defects.

 Presence of voids, honeycombing or other discontinuities. The pulse velocity in a

material depends on its density and its elastic properties which in turn are related to
the quality and the compressive strength of the concrete.

 This test method is applicable to assess the uniformity and relative quality of concrete,
to indicate the presence of voids and cracks, and to evaluate the effectiveness of crack
repairs.

 It is also applicable to indicate changes in the properties of concrete, and in the

survey of structures, to estimate the severity of deterioration or cracking.

Test equipment's
 The UPV equipment includes a transducer, a receiver and an indicator for showing the
time of travel from the transducer to the receiver.

 Ultrasonic pulse uses fast potential changes to create vibration that leads to its basic
frequency.

 The transducer is firmly attached to concrete surface to vibrate the concrete. The
pulses go through the concrete and reach the receiver. The pulse velocity can be
determined from the following equation.
  Based on this technique, the velocity of sound in a concrete is related to the concrete
modulus of elasticity.

 V=√E/ρ where,

 E = modulus of elasticity,

 Ρ =density of the concrete

Working process
 The equipment consists of two transducers, usually in the form of metal cylindrical
heads, one of which is used to transmit an ultrasonic pulse and the other is a receiver.

 They are brought into contact with the concrete surface (‘coupled’) using a gel or
grease.

 They are connected by cable to a control box which contains a pulse generator, timing
circuit and digital display.

 The digital display indicates the time for the ultrasonic pulse to travel between the
transmitting and receiving transducers.

 It is possible to develop an empirical relationship between pulse velocity and strength

but this relationship is influenced by type of cement, type and size of aggregate,
presence of reinforcement, moisture condition, compaction and age of concrete.

Arrangement of equipment's
 There are three basic ways in which the transducers may be arranged

 Opposite faces (direct transmission)

 Adjacent faces (semi-direct transmission)

 Same face (indirect transmission).

Test methods of UPV
 There are two methods used for this test

1. Direct method

2. Indirect method

 Direct transmission is the most sensitive, and indirect transmission the least sensitive.

 Indirect transmission should be used when only one face of the concrete is accessible,
when the depth of a surface defect or crack is to be determined or when the quality of
the surface concrete relative to the overall quality is of interest.

 Pulses are not transmitted through large air voids in a material. Therefore, if such a
void lies directly in the pulse path the instrument will indicate the time taken by the
pulse that circumvents the void by the quickest route. It is thus possible to detect large
voids in concrete when a grid of pulse velocity measurements is made over a region in
which these voids are located.

Pulse velocity and quality of concrete

Ground Penetrating Radar
Introduction to GPR

 RADAR : Radio Detection and Ranging.

1. Detect target in free space

2. Determine the range

 Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to
image the subsurface.

 GPR is used for finding and detecting buried object.

 GPR have a co-located transmitter and receiver.

 Ground penetrating radar(GPR) is a short range pulse system for remote sensing
applications.
  Monostatic GPR operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy down into the
ground through an antenna .

Components of GPR
1. Transmitting and receiving unit

2. Control unit

3. Display unit

4. Power supplies

GPR Working Principle

GPR Depth Determination

 The reflected signal has information on:

 How quickly the signal traveled

 How much was attenuated

 These quantities depend on spatial configuration and materials.

Data Acquisition

 GPR uses high frequency radio waves and transmits into the ground.

 When the waves hits the buried object or a boundary with different dielectric
constants, the receiving antenna records variations in the reflected return signal.

 The depth range of GPR is limited by electrical conductivity of the ground,the

transmitted frequency and the radiated power.

 As conductivity increases the penetration depth decreases.

Application
 In the Earth sciences it is used to study bedrock, soils, groundwater and ice.

 Military uses including detection of mines, unexploded ordnance detection, and

tunnels.

 Locating clandestine graves and buried evidence.

  The other main applications is to locate underground utilities.

Advantages
 Low cost

 Extremely accurate

 Fast

 Not needed to drilling and digging selected area

 Real time targeting

 Digital media storage

 Easy to operate

 Safe

Limitations
 Site specifics.

 Limitations if dielectric properties are similar.

 Difficult in thin layer.

 Compromise between penetration depths and target resolutions.

 Requires fairly uniform soil for moisture estimation.

Other Methods of NDT

1. Nuclear method

2. Magnetic method

3. Electrical method

Nuclear Method
 Use of nuclear methods for nondestructive measurement of same properties of
concrete is of recent origin.

 Two principal techniques have been reported, namely neutron scattering methods for
determining the moisture content of concrete and neutron activation analysis for the
determination of cement concrete.

 These methods are not suitable for finding out the strength of concrete.

Magnetic methods.
  Battery operated magnetic devices that can measure the depth of reinforcement cover
in concrete and detect the position of reinforcement bars are now available the
apparatus is known as cover meter. This can be used for measuring the cover given in
the lightly reinforced sections.

Electrical methods
 Recently some electrical methods have been employed for determining the moisture
content of hardened concrete, tracing of moisture permeation through concrete and
determining the thickness of concrete pavements.

 The accurate determination of the moisture content of hardened concrete is required in

connection with creep, shrinkage and thermal conductivity studies.

 Electrical resistivity methods have been used to find out the thickness of concrete
pavements.

 The method is based on the principal that the material offers resistance to the passage
of an electric current.

 The concrete pavement has resistivity characteristics that are different from that of the
underlying sub grade layers.