Sistemas de Energía eléctrica

Regulación de tensión y eficiencia

en Transformadores

David Romero Quete, Ph.D.(c)

Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
Universidad Nacional de Colombia

I semestre, año 2019

Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
The output voltage in a transformer will not be
maintained constant from no load to the full load
condition, for a fixed input voltage in the primary.
This is because there will be internal voltage drop
in the series leakage impedance of the
transformer the magnitude of which will depend
upon the degree of loading as well as on the
power factor of the load. The knowledge of
regulation gives us idea about change in the
magnitude of the secondary voltage from no load
to full load condition at a given power factor.
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
⚫ Output Voltage of Transformer Varies with Load
⚫ Due to Voltage Drop on Series Impedance of Transformer
Equivalent Model
⚫ Full Load Regulation Parameter, compares output no-load
Voltage with its Full Load Voltage:
𝑉𝑆,𝑁.𝐿. − 𝑉𝑆,𝐹.𝐿.
V.R. = × 100%
𝑉𝑆,𝐹.𝐿.
⚫ At no load VS= VP / a thus :
(𝑉𝑃 /𝑎) − 𝑉𝑆,𝐹.𝐿.
V.R.= × 100%
𝑉𝑆,𝐹.𝐿.
𝑉𝑃,𝑝𝑢 − 𝑉𝑆,𝐹𝐿,𝑝𝑢
⚫ in per unit: V.R. = × 100%
𝑉𝑆,𝐹𝐿,𝑝𝑢

⚫ For Ideal Transformer V.R.=0

Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ The transformer phasor diagram
⚫ To determine the voltage regulation of a transformer the
voltage drops should be computed.
⚫ The transformer equivalent circuit referred to the secondary
is as follows:
 Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ Since the current flowing in the magnetizing branch is
small, it can be ignored.
⚫ Assuming secondary phasor voltage as reference , thus,
VS with an angle of 0◦
⚫ Writing the KVL equation:
𝑉𝑃
= 𝑉𝑆 + 𝐼𝑆 ∗ (𝑅𝑒𝑞 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑞 𝐼𝑆 )
𝑎
⚫ From this equation, the phasor diagram is:
⚫ At lagging power factor:
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
⚫ If power factor is unity, VS is lower than VP so V.R.
>0
⚫ V.R. is smaller for lagging P.F.
⚫ P.F. =1
➔

⚫ With a leading P.F., VS is larger than VP ➔V.R.<0

⚫ P.F. leading
➔
 Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
Table Summarize possible Value for V.R. vs Load P.F.:
Lagging P.F. VP/ a > VS V.R. > 0
Unity P.F. VP / a > VS V.R. >0 (smaller)
Leading P.F. VS > VP/ a V.R. < 0

(𝑉𝑃 /𝑎) − 𝑉𝑆,𝐹.𝐿.

V.R.= × 100%
𝑉𝑆,𝐹.𝐿.
Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency

𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞2 𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝑒𝑞2
V.R.= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃=
(𝑉𝑃 /𝑎) (𝑉𝑃 /𝑎)
𝐼𝑝 𝑅𝑒𝑞1 𝐼𝑝 𝑋𝑒𝑞1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑃
Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
 Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ Transformer Efficiency (as applied to motors, generators and motors)
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= ⋅ 100% 𝜂= ⋅ 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

⚫ Losses in Transformer:
1- Copper I²R losses
2- Core Hysteresis losses
3- Core Eddy current losses
⚫ Transformer efficiency may be determined as follows:
𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 cos 𝜃
𝜂= ⋅ 100%
𝑃𝐶𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 cos 𝜃
 Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ All day efficiency
Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
 Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ Example:
⚫ A 15kVA, 2300/230 V transformer tested to determine 1- its
excitation branch components, 2- its series impedances, and
3- its voltage regulation
⚫ Following data taken from the primary side of the transformer:

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

VOC=2300 V VSC=47 V
IOC=0.21A ISC=6 A
POC= 50 W PSC= 160 W
Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
(a) Find the equivalent circuit referred to H.V. side
(b) Find the equivalent circuit referred to L. V. side
(c) Calculate the full-load voltage regulation at 0.8 lagging PF,
1.0 PF, and at 0.8 leading PF
(d) Find the efficiency at full load with PF 0.8 lagging
SOLUTION:
Open circuit impedance angle is:
−1
𝑃𝑂𝐶 −1
50
𝜃𝑂𝐶 = cos = cos = 84∘
𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝐼𝑂𝐶 2300 × 0.21

Excitation admittance is:

𝐼𝑂𝐶 0.21
𝑌𝐸 = ∠ − 84∘ = ∠ − 84∘ = 9.13 × 10−5 ∠ − 84∘
𝑉𝑂𝐶 2300
= 0.0000095 − 𝑗0.0000908Ω
 Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ Impedance of excitation branch referred to primary:
1
𝑅𝐶 = = 105𝑘Ω
0.0000095
1
𝑋𝑀 = = 11𝑘Ω
0.0000908
⚫ Short Circuit Impedance angle:
−1
𝑃𝑆𝐶 −1
160
𝜃𝑆𝐶 = cos = cos = 55. 4∘
𝑉𝑆𝐶 𝐼𝑆𝐶 47 × 6

⚫ Equivalent series Impedance:

𝑉𝑆𝐶 47
𝑍𝑆𝐸 = ∠𝜃𝑆𝐶 = ∠55. 4∘ Ω = 7.833∠55. 4∘ =
𝐼𝑆𝐶 6
4.45 + 𝑗6.45Ω Req=4.45 Ω, Xeq=6.45 Ω
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
⚫ The equivalent circuits shown below:
⚫
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
⚫ (b) To find eq. cct. Referred to L.V. side,
impedances divided by a²=NP/NS=10
RC=1050 Ω , XM=110 Ω
Req=0.0445 Ω , Xeq=0.0645 Ω
⚫ (c) full load current on secondary side:
IS,rated=Srated/ VS,rated=15000/230 =65.2 A
To determine V.R., VP/ a is needed
VP/a = VS + Req IS + j Xeq IS , and:
IS=65.2/_-36.9◦ A , at PF=0.8 lagging
 Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ Therefore:
VP / a = 230∠0∘ + (0.0445)(65.2∠ − 36. 9∘ ) + 𝑗0.0645 × 65.2∠
− 36. 9∘
= 230∠0∘ + 2.9∠ − 36. 9∘ + 4.21∠53.1
= 230 + 2.32 − 𝑗1.74 + 2.52 + 𝑗3.36
= 234.84 + 𝑗1.62 = 234.85∠0. 4∘ 𝑉

V.R.=(234.85-230)/230 x 100 %=2.1 % for 0.8 lagging

⚫ At PF=0.8 leading ➔ IS=65.2/_36.9◦ A
∘ ∘ ∘
230∠0 + (0.0445)(65.2∠36. 9 ) +
VP / a = = 230∠0∘ + 2.9∠36. 9∘ + 4.21∠126.9𝑗0.0645 × 65.2∠36. 9

= 230 + 2.32 + 𝑗1.74 − 2.52 + 𝑗3.36

= 229.8 + 𝑗5.10 = 229.85∠1.27∘ 𝑉
 Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ V.R. = (229.85-230)/230 x 100%= -0.062%
⚫ At PF=1.0 , IS= 65.2 /_0◦ A
⚫ VP/a= 230∠0∘ + (0.0445)(65.2∠0∘ ) + 𝑗(0.0645)(65.2∠0∘ )
= 230∠0∘ + 2.9∠0∘ + 4.21∠90∘ = 230 + 2.9 + 𝑗4.21
= 232.9 + 𝑗4.21 = 232.94∠1.04∘ 𝑉

⚫ V.R. = (232.94-230)/230 x 100% = 1.28 % for PF=1

Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ Example: Phasor Diagrams …
Transformer Voltage
Regulation and Efficiency
⚫ (d) to plot V.R. as a function of load is by repeating
the calculations of part “c” for many different loads
using MATLAB 2.5
Voltage Regulation Versus Load

0.8 PF lagging
1.0 PF
Voltage Regulation (%) 2 0.8 PF leading

1.5

0.5

-0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Load (A)
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
⚫ (e) Efficiency of Transformer:
- Copper losses:
PCu=(IS)²Req =(65.2)² (0.0445)=189 W
- Core losses:
PCore= (VP/a)² / RC= (234.85)² / 1050=52.5 W
output power:
Pout=VSIS cosθ=230x65.2xcos36.9◦=12000 W
η= VSIS cosθ / [PCu+PCore+VSIS cosθ] x 100%=
12000/ [189+52.5+12000] = 98.03 %
Energy Losses in Electrical
Energy Systems
⚫ The total electrical energy use per annum of the world
is estimated as 13,934 TeraWatthours [TWh] (1 TWh
= 10^9 kWh)
⚫ it is further estimated that the losses in all of the
world’s electrical distribution systems total about
1215 TWh or
⚫ about 8.8% of the total electrical energy consumed.
About 30-35% of these losses are generated in the
Transformers in the Distribution systems.
⚫ Studies estimate that some 40-80% of these
transformer losses are potentially savable by
increasing transformer efficiencies, i.e. 145-290 TWh.
Electrical Energy Losses in
Distribution Networks