Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Adverse effects of statins

Niacin
Cholestyramine, (mechanism,
colestipol, use, toxicity)
colesevelam (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Ezetimibe
Fibrates (gemfibrozil + -fibrates) (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Class 1A antiarrhythmics
Class 1B antiarrhythmics
Class 1C antiarrhythmics
Class 1 antiarrhythmics (general mechanism and toxicity)
Class 2 antiarrhythmics
Class 3 antiarrhythmics
Toxicity of amiodarone
Class 4 antiarrhythmics
Adeosine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Magnseium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Treatment for prolactinoma
Treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism
Treatment of carcinoid syndrome
Rapid-acting insulins (3)
Short-acting insulin (1)
Intermediate-acting insulin (1)
Long-acting insulins (2)
Metformin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tolbutamide, chlorpropamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Acarbose, miglitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Pramlintide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Exenatide,saxagliptin,
Linagliptin, liraglutide sitagliptin
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Propylthiouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Methimazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Oxytocin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Demeclocycline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Glucocorticoids (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cimetidine and ranitidine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
-prazoles (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bismuth, sucralfate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
 Misoprostol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Octreotide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Toxicity of long-term antacid use
Infliximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Sulfasalazine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ondansetron (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Metoclopramide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Can be used to prevent mast cell degranulation
Treatment of lead poisoning
Heparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Enoxaparin, dalteparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Alteplase,Warfarin (mechanism,
reteplase, tenecteplaseuse,(mechanism,
toxicity) use,
toxicity)
Clopidogrel,Aspirin (mechanism,
ticlodipine, prasugrel,use, toxicity)(mechanism,
ticagrelor
use, toxicity)
Cilostazol, dipyridamole
Abciximab, (mechanism,
eptifibatide, tirofiban use, toxicity)
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Methotrexate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
5-fluorouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cytarabine
Azathioprine, (mechanism, use,6-thioguanine
6-mercaptopurine, toxicity)
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Dactinomycin
Doxorubicin (actinomycin
(Adriamycin), D) (mechanism,
daunorubicin use, toxicity)
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Bleomycin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide
Carmustine, lomustine, (mechanism,
semustine, use, toxicity)
streptozocin
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Busulfan (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Vincristine, vinblastine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Paclitaxel (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cisplatin, carboplatin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Etoposide, teniposide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Hydroxyurea (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Prednisone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tamoxifen, raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Trastuzumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Imatinib (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Rituximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Vemurafenib (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ibuprofen,Bevacizumab (mechanism, use,
naproxen, indomethacin, toxicity)
ketorolac, diclofenac
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Celecoxib (mechanism, use, toxicity)
 Acetominophen (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Alendronate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Allopurinol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Febuxostat (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Probenecid (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Colchine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Etanercept (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Infliximab, adalimumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Latanoprost
meperidine, (mechanism, use,
dextromethorphan, toxicity)
diphenoxylate
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Butorphanol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tramadol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
First-line therapy for simple partial seizures
First-line therapy for complex partial seizures
First-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures (3)
First-line therapy for absence seizures
Phenytoin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Carbamazepine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Lamotrigine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Gabapentin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Topiramate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Phenobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Valproate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ethosuximide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Benzodiazepines (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tiagabine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Vigabatrin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Levetriacetam
Phenobarbital, (mechanism,
pentobarbial, use, toxicity)
thiopental, secobarbital
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Barbituates vs. benzodiazepines (mechanism)
Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ketamine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Order of sensory loss when using local anesthetics
Succinylcholine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tubocurarine, -curium drugs (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Dantrolene (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Levodopa/carbidopa (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Donepezil,Selegiline (mechanism,
galantamine, use, (mechanism,
rivastigmine toxicity) use,
toxicity)
Sumatriptan (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Trifluoperzine, fluphenazine, haloperidol (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Chlorpromazine, thioridazine
Olanzapine, clozapine, (mechanism,
quetiapine, use, toxicity)
risperidone,
aripripazole, ziprasidone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Lithium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Fluoxetine,Buspirone
paroxetine,(mechanism, use, toxicity)
sertraline, citalopram (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Venlafaxine,
-iptyline, -ipramine,duloxetine
doxepin,(mechanism, use, toxicity) use,
amoxapine (mechanism,
toxicity)isocarboxazid, selegiline
Tranylcypromine, phenelzine,
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bupropion (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Maprotiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Trazodone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Furosemide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ethacrynic acid (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Hydrochlorothiazide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Spironolactone, eplerenone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Triamterene, amiloride (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Losartan, valsartan (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Finasteride (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Flutamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ketoconazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Clomiphene (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tamoxifen (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Anastrozole, exemestane (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Mifepristone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Terbutaline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tamsulosin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Sildenafil, vardenafil (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Danazol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Treat methemoglobinemia
Diphenhydramine, with
dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine
Loratadine, (mechanism,
fexofenadine,use, toxicity) cetrizine
desloratadine,
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Albuterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Salmeterol, formoterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Theophylline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
 Ipratropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Beclomethasone, fluticasone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Montelukast, zafirlukast (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Zileuton (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Omalizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Guaifenesin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
N-acetylcysteine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bosentan (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Dextromethorphan
Pseudoephedrine, (mechanism,
phenylephrine use, toxicity)
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Difference in competitive vs noncompetitve inhibitors?
What is Km?
What is Vmax?
What is bioavailability?
Time to steady state depends on?
What is rate of elimination in zero order kinetics?
Give three drugs that are zero order eliminated.
What is the rate of elimination for first order kinetics?
How doHowyoudoes
treationization
overdoserelate to urine
of weak acid? pH?
Give drug
examples.
How do you treat overdose of weak base? Give drug
examples. What pt. population
What is phase I drug metabolism?
loses this?
What is phase II metaboloism? What population depend
on this?
What is efficacy?
What iswhen
What happends to efficacy potency?
a partial agonist and full
agonist are mixed?
What is therapetuic index?
What are the What is a therapeutic
two types of Nicotonicwindow?
receptors? What kind
of messenger do they
Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein use? class, major
function)
Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
Beta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class, major function)
M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major function)
M-3 parasymp(G-protein class, major function)
What receptor is responsible for miosis and accomadation?
What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis?
Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)
Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)
Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)
 histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)
vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)
vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein
Which receptors class, majorCfunction)
work via Gq -> Phospholipase ->Pip2-
>DAG + IP3?
DAG causes activation of what?
IP3 causes
Which receptors work viaincrease in what?
Gi->Adenyly cyclase ->cAMP
->Protein Kinase A?
Which receptors work via Gs->adenylyate cyclase ->cAMP-
>Protein Kinase A?
What does protein kinase A do?
What are the two classes of cholinomimetics?
Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Carbachol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Pilocarpine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
methacholine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Neostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
pyridostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
edrophonium(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Physostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Donepezil(mechanism,use,toxicity)
signs of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. treatment.
Parathion(mechanism,
Atropine, homatropine, tropicamide treatment)
(mechanism, use,
toxicity).
Benztropine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Scopolamine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Ipratropium,tiotropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Oxybutynin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Glycopyrrolate(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Jimson Weed(mechanism, toxicity)
Epinephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)
Norepinephine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)
Isoproterenol(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)
dopamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)
dobutamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)
Phenylephrine(Mechanism, receptors
Albuterol, salmetrol, terbutaline bound, use,
(Mechanism, toxicity)
receptors
bound, use, toxicity)
Ritodrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)
Amphetamine (mechanism, use)
Epinephrine(Mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cocaine be
Why must B-Blockers (mechanims,
avoided in use).
suspected cocaine
intoxication?
How does norepinephrine cause reflex bradycardia?
 How doesalpha-methyldopa(Mechanism,
Clonidine, isoproterenol cause reflex tachycardia?
receptors
bound, use)
Phenoxybenzamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
phentolamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)
Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin,Tamsulosin(Mechanism,
receptors bound, use, toxicity)
DescribeMirtazapine
what occurs(mechanism, use, toxicity) epi vs.
when you alpha-blockade
phenylephrine.
Give 6 applications of Beta-blockers in general.
What are give
the B1 general toxicites
selective of b-blockers
b-blockers? When are they
useful?
What are the nonselective ( b1 = b2) b-blockers?
what are the nonselective a and b-antagonists?
What are the partial B-agonists?
Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose.
Give treatment for salicylates overdose.
Give give treatment
treatment for amphetamines
for antimuscarinic overdose
and anticholinergic
overdose.
Give treatment for b-blocker overdose
Give treatment for digitalis overdose
give treatment for iron overdose.
give treatment for lead overdose
give treatment for mercury, arsenix, gold overdose
give treatment for copper, arsenic, gold overdose
give treatment for cyanide
give methemoglobin treatment
Give Carbon monocide treatment
give treatment for methanol, ethylene glycol overdose
give treatment for opiods overdose
give treatment for benzodiazepine overdose
give treatment for TCA overdose
give treatment for heparin overdose
give treatment for warfarin overdose
give treatment for tPA, Streptokinase, urokinase overdose
give treatment for theophylline overdose
give treatment for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
causes coronary vasospam
causes cutaneous flushing
causes dilated cardiomyopathy
causes torsades de pointes
causes agranulocytoisis
causes aplastic anemia
causes direct coombs positive hemolytic anemia
causes gray baby syndomr
causes hemolysis in G6PD-defiect patients
causes megaloblastic anemia
Causes thrombotic complications
Causes cough
causes pulmonary fibrosis
causes acute cholestatic hepatits, jaundice
causes focal to massice hepatic necrosis
causes hepatits
can lead to pseudomembranous colitis
can lead to adrenocortical insufficiency
can causes gynecomastia
causes hot flashes
causes hypergylcemia
causes hypothyroidism
causes fat redistribution
causes gingival hyperplasia
causes gout
causes myopathies
causes osteoporosis
causes photosensitivty
causes rash/SJS
cause drug induced lupus
causes teeth problems
causes tendonitis, tendon rupture, tooth damage
causes diabetes insipidus
causes fanconi's syndome
causes hemorrhagic cystits
causes interstital nephritis
causes SIADH
causes cinchonism
causes parkinson-like syndome
causes seizures
causes tardive dyskinesia
acts like an anti-muscarinic
can cause a disulfiram like reaction
can cause nephro/ototoxicity
list p450 inducers
list p450 inhibitors
lists the sulfa drugs
 Difference between peniciliin G and V.
Penicillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Oxacillin,Naficillin,Dicloxacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Ampicillin, amoxicillin(mecanism,use,toxicity)
Which has better bioavailibility; amoxicllin or ampicillin?
What does clavulanic acid do?
Ticarcillin,piperacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
List the B-lactamse inhibitors
Cephalosporin(mechanism,use,toxiciity)
give use of cefazolin, cephalexin.
give use of cefoxitin, cefaclor,cefuroxime`
give use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime,ceftazidime
give use of cefepime.
Aztreonam(mechanism,use,toxicty)
what transpeptidase inhibitor can be used in penicillin
allergy?
imipenem/cilastatin,meropenem,etrapenem,doripenem(m
echanism,use,toxicity)
Vancomycin(mechanism,use,toxicty)
How is redman syndrome prevented in vancomycin use?
How does vancomycin resistant occur?
List antibiotic protein synthesis
Gentamicin, neomycin,inhibitors
amikacin,tobramycin,streptomycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
how does resistenace to doxycycline,
tetracycline, aminoglycosides occur?
demecycline,minocycline(mechanism, use, toxicity)
how does resistance to
Azithromycin, tetracyclines occur?
clarithromycin,
erythromycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
how does resitance to macrolides occur?
Chloramphenicol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
what causes grey baby syndrome?
How does resistance to chloramphenicol occur?
clindamycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Sulfamethoxazole(SMX), sulfisoxazole,
sulfadiazine(mechanism, use, toxicity)
how does resistance to sulfonamides occur?
Trimethoprim(mechanism,use,toxicity)
ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, etc...(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Whathow doesare
groups resistance to fluroquinolones
susceptible occur?
to fluorquinolone tendon
rupture?
Metronidazole(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Isoniazid(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Rifampin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Pyrazinamide(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ethambutol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
 Amphotericin B(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Fluconazole,nystatin(mechanism,use,toxicty)
ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole,
voriconazole(mechanism, use,toxicity)
Flucytosine(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Caspofungin, micafungin(mechanism, use, toxicity)
terbinafine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Griseofulvin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Pyrimethamine use
suramin and melarsoprol use
nifurtimox use
sodium stibogluconate use
Chloroquine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
quinidine use
artemether/lumifantrine use
Zanamivir,oseltamivir(mechanism,use)
Ribavarin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Acyclovir,valacyclovir(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Famciclovir use
mechanism for resistance to acyclovir
Ganciclovir,valgangciclovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)
mechanism for resistance to acyclovir
Foscarnet(mechanism,use,toxicity)
mechanism for resistance to foscarnet
cidofovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)
HAART consist of what?
give mechanism and toxicity of protease inhibitors
Tenofovir, Ritonavir does abacavir,
emtricitabine, what to be a "booster"
lamivudine, zidovudine,
didansoine, stavudine(mechanism,use,toxicity
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Raltegravir(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Interferons(mechanism,use,toxicity)
What antibiotics must be avoided in pregnancy?
cause direct
By what mechanism does toxicity
isoniazidtocause
nerves
B6(pyridoxine)
loss?
What medications can be given before Amphotercin B
Does digoxininfusion to lessen
cause hyper side effects? which states
or hypokalemia?
increases patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity?
list signs of ammonia overdose
cause restrictive lung disease
Contrast urine Ca with loop diuretics and thiazides
What is a sensitive indicator of alcohol abuse?
What is the treatment for delirium tremens?
 Why is the naloxone-buprenorphine combo used for
heroinmalignant
What is neuroleptic addiction syndrome?
treatment? What is the
treatment?
What is tardive dyskinesa? Is it reversible?
What is serotonin syndrome? what is the treatment?
What can long term Phenactin use cause?
What are the teratogenic effects of ACE inhibitors?
What are the teratogenic effects of alkylating agents?
What are the teratogenic effects of aminoglycosides?
What are the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine?
What are the teratogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol?
What are the teratogenic effects of folate antagonists?
What are the teratogenic effects of lithium?
What are the teratogenic effects of phenytoin?
What are the teratogenic effects of tetracyclines
What are the teratogenic effects of thalidomide
What are the teratogenic effects of valproate?
What
At whataretime
the period
teratogenic effects
is a fetus of warfarin?
most susceptable to
teratogens?
What are the teratogenic effects of vitamin a?
What are the teratogenic effects of cocaine?
What
What are
drugthe teratogenic
is the effectsofofbirth
leading cause smoking?
defects and
mental retardation?
What are the toxicities of Loop diuretics?
What
By whataremechanisms
the toxicitesdoof thiazides
HCTZ? and loop diutetics
cause metabolic alkalosis?
What
What drugs can stimulate
is a difference in theprolactin
mechanism secretion?
of PTU and
methimazole?
Can sulfonylureas be used in type 1 DM?
What
What drugs
drug iscan beto
used used to treat
prevent typelysis
tumor 1 AND 2 DM?
urate
neuropathy?
List acute and chronic gout drugs.
probenacid(mechanism, use, tox)
febuxostat(use, mechanism)
Polymixin B(mechanism,
Methylphenidate, use, toxicity)
destroamphetamine,
methamphetamine(mechanism, use)
Phytonadione(use)
Leucovorin(use,mechanism)
Protamine sulfate (use, mechanism)
What
Why isisphenoxybenzamine
tyramine crisis caused by? over phentolamine
prefered
for
Why presurgery
is Lactulose pheochromocytoma
fed to people with surgery?
hepatic
encephalopathy?
Eculizumab(mechanism, use)
Cladribine(mechanism, use)
Trans-retinoic
Is an increase inacid(use)
serum creatinine normal after starting
ACE inhibitors?
Daptomycin(mechanism,
Ondansetron acts on 5HT3 use, toxicity)in what location, in
receptors
order to decrease
Why must nausea?
mu agonists be avoided in suspected
pancreatic or biliary pain?
What drugs inhibit dihydrofolate reductase?
Varenicline(mechanism, use)
What class of drug can precipitate mania in those with
bipolar disorder?
What is thewhat
In general, treatment
is the for
bestsleep
drugenuresis?
to use for edema of any
kind?
Which drug used for hyperthyroidism decreases
peripheral
Can atropine T3->T3 conversion?
be used to block gastric secretions? why or
why not?
Fomepizole(mechanism, use)
Disulfiram(mechanism,
What can be given to those use)suffering from
hyperammonia caused by a metabolic derangement?
What is first dose effect, typically seen in A1 blockers?
Which
Colchinenitrate
stopscan
whatbespecific
given PO?cell to decrease gout
symptoms?
What is the first line drug used to treat hypertension in
pregnancy?
Why is MRSA resistant to Naficillin but normal S. Aureus
is not?
Palizumab(mechanism, use)
Rhogam(mechanism, use)
Entacapone, Tolcapone (mechanism, use, tox)
What opioid effect is most resistant to tolerance?
Aldesleukin (mechanism, use)
Epoetin Alfa(mechanism, use)
Filgrastim, Sargramostim (mechanism, use)
alpha-inerferon(use)
B-Interferon(use)
gamma-interferon(use)
Oprelvekin(mechanism, use)
thromopoietin(use)
Muromonab-CD3 (mechanism, use)
Digoxin Immune Fab(mechanism, use)
Rasburicase (mechanism, use)
denosumab(mechanism,
What keeps heparin fromuse) crossing the placental
barrier?
cyclosporine(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Isotretinoin, tretinoin, Acitretin(mechanism,use,toxicity
Calcipotrol(mechanism, use)
Orlistat(mechanism, use)
giving what drug 30 minutes before Niacin can help
reduce flushing?
Paclitaxil or sirolimus are commonly used in cardiac
stents. why?
What is the drug used for Pre-eclampsi and ecplamsia?
Bortezomib(mechanism,use, toxicity)
What causes nitroprusside toxicity? What is the
antidote?
Memantine(mechanism, use, toxicity)
What
In gasvitamin is used
anesthesias, in alzheimer's
what treatment?
is the lipid solubility and the
blood solubility?
Calcitrol, calcipotriene, tacalcitol (mechanism, use)
Usetekinumab(mechanism,
Why is it required to wait 14use)
days after stoping a MAO-i
before starting an SSRI?
Lepirudin, Bivalirudin (mechanism, use)
Ropinirole, Pramipexole (mechanism, use)
what
What are the usescan
compound of amantidine for of
cause sickling parkinsons?
sickle cell trait
RBC's?
How do atypical antipsychotics avoid causing
parkinson's symptoms and tardive
Which anti-inflammatories will notdyskinesia?
impair platlet
aggregation? why?
Natalizumab(mechanism,
What drugs are preferred in use, toxicity) induced
medication
parkinson's treatment? why?
What defines induction and potency in gas anesthetics?
 Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in angina; fast tolerance, hypotension,
flushing, headache
Inhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL Hepatoxicity
secretion,and muscle
lowering breakdown
LDL and raising HDL; hyperlipidemia; flushing
and hyperuricemia
Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL; unpigmented gallbladder
stones and malabsorption
Prevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDL
Upregulates
Inhibits Na/KLPLATPase
-> lower triglycerides,
-> indirectly slightly
inhibits Na/Ca inc.exchanger
HDL and slightly dec. LDL;levels
-> inc. calcium myositis and
-> inc. hepatoxicity
contractility;
stimulates and
Quinidine, procainamide, the vagus; causes cholinergic
disopyramide; symptoms
inc. AP duration and QT and hyperkalemia
interval; can cause torsades de
pointes, cinchonism (qunidine), procainamide (drug-induced lupus)
Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in depolarized/ischemia tissue; best
Flecainide, propafenone; no effect on AP, used following MI
in ventricular tachycardias; do not use post-MI due to
risk for arrhythmias
Blocks Na channels, decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization; toxicity exacerbated by
Beta-blockers; reduces cAMP, slowing SA and hyperkalemia
AV node activity, increases PR interval; adverse effects
include impotence, asthma exacerbation, sedation
Amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP duration and QT interval
Pulmonaryand
Ca channel blockers; verapamil fibrosis, hepatotoxicity,
diltiazem; thyroidvelocity
dec. conduction dysfunction
and inc. PR interval; cause
Inc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the constipation,
cell; used influshing, and edema
supraventricular tachycardias; can cause flushing,
hypotension, and chest pain
Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity
Bromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists)
Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist)
Octreotide (somatostatin analogues)
Lispro, aspart, and glulisine
Regular
NPH
Biguanide; unknown mechanism; increases Glargine and detemir
insulin sensitivity and glycolysis and decreases
gluconeogenesis; can cause lactic acidosis
First-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing (don't use in renal failure patients)
depolarization and increased insulin
release; causes disulfuram-like effects
Second-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased
insulin release;
Thiazolidinediones; activates PPAR-gamma, causesinsulin
increasing hypoglycemia
sensitivity and adiponectin levels; causes
weight gain, hepatotoxicity, and heart failure
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; prevent sugar hydrolysis and absorption, reducing blood sugar levels
Amylin analog; reduces glucagon secretion; causes hypoglycemia
DPP-4GLP-1 analogues;
inhibitors; increaseincrease
insulin,insulin,
decrease decrease
glucagonglucagon secretion;
secretion; causescauses pancreatitis
mild urinary/respiratory
Blocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; infections used to treat hyperthyroidism; causes agranulocytosis,
aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity
Blocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenic
Thyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosis
Used to control uterine hemhorrage
ADHphospholipase
Inhibits antagonist usedA2toactivity
treat SIADH; can causeofphotosensitivty
and expression COX-2; used forand bone/teeth
immune abnormalities
suppression; can cause
Cushing's syndrome, adrenal insufficiency (if withdrawn quickly)
H2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia; cimeditine is a P-450 inhibitor and has antiandrogenic
Irreversibly inhibit the H/K pump; effects,
used both reduce
to treat creatinine secretion
hyperchloridia; increased risk of C. difficile infection
and hypomagnesemia
Coats ulcer base and protects underlying tissue
 PGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb production; used to prevent NSAID
ulcers; abortifacient
Somatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndrome
Hypokalemia
Combination Anti-TNF; used to (antibacterial)
of sulfapyridine treat IBD and RA; andcan cause activation
5-aminosalicylic acidof(anti-inflammatory);
latent microbes used to
treat IBD; causes oligospermia
5-HT3 antagonist; used as an antiemetic
D2 antagonist; used to increase gut muscle activity and as an antiemetic; causes parkinson signs
Cromolyn sodium
Activates antithrombin, whichDimercaprol and EDTA,and
inactivates thrombin succimer
Xa; used in kids
for immediate coagulation and in
pregnant women; some patients develop antibodies
Same actions as heparin, but has a longer half-life, does not have to be to platelet factor as
monitored 4 (HIT)
closely, and has a
reduced risk of HIT
Inactivated gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, C, and S; used for long-term and non-
immediate anticoagulation; can cause tissue necrosis, teratogenic
Converts
Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 andplasminogen to plasmin;
COX-2; anti-platelet andused as a thrombolytic
anti-inflammatory; gastric ulcers, tinnitus,
Reye's syndrome in childhood viral infections
Irreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets, preventing degranulation; used for acure coronary
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, syndrome; ticlodipine
increases cAMP causes neutropenia
and decreases ADP, preventing platelet degranulation;
nausea, headache, facial flushing, hypotension
GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors,
Inhibits dihydrofolate preventing
reductase, platelet
inhibiting aggregation;
DNA synthesis; bleeding, thrombocytopenia
myelosuppression, macrovesicular fatty
change in liver
Pyrimidine analog that is activated and inhibits thymidylate synthase, inhibiting DNA synthesis;
myelosuppression, photosensitivity
Pyrimidine analog that
Purine analogs that are
inhibits DNA polymerase;
activated by HGPRT and leukopenia,
inhibit purinethrombocytopenia,
synthesis; toxicitymegaloblastic
is increased anemia
with
allopurinol, causes bone marrow, GI, and liver toxicity
DNA intercalator;
Generates free radicals that cause DNA usedstrand
for childhood tumors;
breaks; dilated myelosuppression
cardiomyopathy(Dexrazoxone, an iron
chelator, prevents this), myelosuppression, alopecia
Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; pulmonary fibrosis with minimal
Crosslinks DNA (must be activated by liver); myelosuppression
myelosuppression, hemhorragic cystitis (can be minimized
with mesna)
Used to treat CNS tumors
Alkylates DNA;
Block microtubule polymerization; vincristinepulmonary fibrosis,
causes hyperpigmentation
neurotoxicity, vinblastine causes bone marro
suppression
Blocks microtubule breakdown; myelosuppression
Crosslinks DNA; nephrotoxicity (minimize with chloride diuresis, amifostine), acoustic n. damage
Inhibits ribonucleotideInhibits topoisomerase
reductase II; myelosuppression,
and increases HbF; used in cancers GI upset, alopecia
and HbSS disease; bone marrow
suppression
Unknown
increases the risk but may trigger
of endometrial cancer apoptosis
due to agonist in dividing cells;
effects. Cushingoid
Raloxifene = nosymptoms
increase in endometrial
cancer.
Antibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicity
Antibody against bcr-abl tyrosine kinase
Antibody against CD20; used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis
B-raf kinase inhibitor (V600 mutation); used in metastatic melanoma
Antibody against VEGF
Reversible
ReversibleCOX
COX-2inhibitor; gastric
inhibitor; ulcers, renal ischemia
anti-inflammatory without (due damageto constriction of afferent
to gastric mucosa; sulfaarteriole)
allergy,
thrombosis
PyrophosphateCOX inhibitor
analog in the CNS
that inhibits (not anti-inflammatory);
osteoclasts; causes hepatic
used to treat osteoporosis, necrosis and Paget's
hypercalcemia,
disease; corrosive esophagitis
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of uric acid
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT
Inhibits microtubule polymerization, preventing neutrophil extravasation
TNF-alpha receptor that binds free TNF-alpha
Anti-TNF-alpha antibody
MuPGF2
opioidanalog thatthat
agonists increases
open Kthe outflowand
channels of aqueous humor; can
close Ca channels, cause darkening
inhibting of the iris
synaptic transmission;
addiction,
Mu opioid partial agonist; used respiratory
to treat severedepression, constipation,
pain; causes withdrawal miosis
if being treated with full
agonist
Weak opioid agonist that inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake; increases risk for seizures
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate
Ethosuximide
clonic seizures and status epilecticus prophylaxis; nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism,
megaloblastic anemia, teratogenic, drug-induced
Increases Na channel inactivation; first-line for simple, complex, lupus,
andP450 inducerseizures and
tonic-clonic
trigeminal neuralgia; agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, P450 inducer, SIADH, liver toxicity
Blocks Na Ca
Inhibits channels;
channels;used for for
used simple, complex,
simple, complex,andand tonic-clonic
tonic-clonicseizures; Steven-Johnson
seizures, syndrome
migraine prophylaxis,
Blocks Na channels and increases peripheralGABA neuropathy, bipolar
secretion; used fordisorder; ataxia and tonic-clonic seizures
simple, complex,
Increases GABAand migraine
channel prevention;
action; mental
first-line for dulling,
simple, kidney
complex, andstones, weightseizures
tonic-clonic loss in children;
P450 inducer
for simplex, complex, tonic-clonic, and myoclonic seizures; hepatotoxicity, neural tube defects, weight
gain, tremor
Blocks
used forthalamic
eclampsiaCaseizures
channels; first-line for
(diazepam, absence seizures;
lorazepam), GI distress,
anxiety, alcohol Steven-Johnson
withdrawl, syndrome
sleep walking, night
terrors; sedation
Inhibits
Irreversibly inhibits GABA GABA reuptake;
transaminase, used forGABA
increasing simple and complexused
concentration; seizures
for simple and complex
seizures
Unknown
Increase duration of GABAmechanism; used forinduction
channel opening; simple, complex, and tonic-clonic
of anesthesia, seizures
sedative; CNS depression, P450
inducer, contraindicated in patients with porphyrias
Short-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potential
Increase duration vs. increase frequency
BZ1 subtype GABA channel agonists; used to treat insomnia
Blocks NMDA receptor; used as an anesthetic; increases cardiac activity, hallucinations, bad dreams
ACh receptor agonist, produces Painsustained
-> temperature -> touch and
depolarization -> pressure
desensitization; used as a paralytic;
hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia
ACh antagonists;
Inhibits release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulumused andas skeletal
paralyticsmuscle; used to treat malignant
hyperthermia and neuroleptic-malignant
Converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS/inhibits peripheral syndrome dopa decarboxylase activity;
used to treat parkinson symptoms; can cause arrhythmias
MAO-B (prefers dopamine for breakdown) inhibitor, inhibits dopamine breakdown; and "on/off" phenomenon
used to treat
parkinson symptoms; enhances adverse effects of levodopa
Agonist at ACh
1B/1Desterase inhibitors;
serotonin receptors;usedused
to treat Alzheimer's
to treat disease;and
acute migraines cholinergic symptoms coronary
cluster headaches;
vasospasm
 mania, and Tourette's; hyperprolactinemia, anti-cholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, constipation),
extrapyramidal effects (dyskinesia),
Low potency antipsychotics neurolepticD2
that antagonize malignany
receptors;syndrome,
used to treattardive dyskinesia (haloperidol)
schizophrenia, psychosis,
mania, and Tourette's; corneal deposits (chlorpromazine), retinal desporits
others; weight gain (olanzapine, clozapine), agranulocytosis (clozapine), seizures (clozapine), prolonged(thioridazine)
Unknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder QT (ziprasidone)
and SIADH; tremor, sedation, edema, hypothyroidism,
polyuria
Agonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety disorder; no side effects, but takes 1-2
Block reuptake of serotonin from the weeks for improvement
synaptic cleft; depression and others; sexual dysfunction,
sertonin syndrome (hyperthermia, myoclonus,
Block reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression, flushing,diabetic
diarrhea, seizures) (duloxetine);
neuropathy
TCAs, block reuptake of NE and serotonin; depression, hypertension bewetting (imipramine), OCD (clomipramine);
convulsions, coma, arrhythmias, sedation, hypotension,
hypochondriasis; hypertensive crisis (tyramine in wine/cheese), don't anti-cholinergic effects
use with other serotonin
agonists
Increases NE
Alpha-2 antagonist, and dopamine;
increases used for smoking
NE and serotonin release, andsensation,
serotonindepression;
receptorseizures
agonist; used for
depression; sedation, increased appetite with weight gain;
Blocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation, hypotension
Inhibits serotonin uptake; used for insomnia; pripism
Osmotic
Carbonic diuretic;inhibitor;
anhydrase used to treat
used drug overdose metabolic
for glaucoma, and increased ICP; pulmonary
alklalosis; edema,
hyperchloremic CHF
metabolic
Inhibits NKCC channel, preventing acidosis,
urineammonia toxicity,used
concentration; sulfainallergy
hypertension, CHF, hypercalcemia;
ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, nephritis, gout, sulfa allergy
InhibitsInhibits NKCC channel;
NaCl reabsorption usedand
in DCT in patients
increaseswith furosemide (sulfa)
Ca reabsorption; allergy; hyperuricemia
hypertension and hypercalcinuria;
hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia,
Aldosterone receptor antagonists; hyperaldosteronism, CHF, hypokalemia; hyperkalemia sulfa allergy(arrhythmias),
antiandrogen effects with spironolactone
ACE inhibitor, Block
leadssodium channels
to reduced in cortical
angiotensin collecting
II levels duct; hyperaldosteronism,
and decreases GFR; prevents heartCHFremodeling,
hypertension,
Angiotensin II receptorCHF; cough, angioedema,
antagonists; similar to ACE transient creatinine
inhibitors, but do notincrease,
causehyperkalemia
cough due to normal
metabolism of bradykinin
an agonist for infertility and an antagonist for prostate cancer, fibroids, and precocious puberty;
antiandrogenic
5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldness
Testosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancer
Inhibits
Partial 17,20-desmolase,
estrogen stopping
agonist in the sex steroidincreases
hypothalamus, synthesis; used to
release of treat
LH and polycystic ovarian syndrome
FSH, stimulating ovulation;
used for infertility and PCOS
Estrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer; partial agonist at the uterus, can
Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibitscause endometrial hyperplasia
osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity; used
to treat osteoporosis
Aromatase
Progesterone receptor antagonist, inhibitors;
given used in breast
with misoprostol cancer abortifacient; bleeding,
for abortion;
abdominal pain
Beta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractions
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, Alpha-1
causingantagonist;
inc. cGMPused to and
levels treatsmooth
BPH muscle relaxation; used in
erectilereceptor
Partial androgen dysfunction; impaired
agonist; used to blue-green vision, contradindicated
treat endometriosis and hereditary with nitrates weight
angioedema;
gain, acne, hirsutism, low HDL, hepatoxicity
(First generation) H1 antagonists; used Methylene
in allergies,bluemotion sickness, insomnia; sedation,
antiadrenergic,
H1 antagonists, 2nd gen;antiserotonergic,
used in allergies;and lessantimuscarinic
fatigue than 1st effects due to CNS penetration
gen antihistamines due to decreased
CNS penetration
Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma
Long-acting
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, beta-2cAMP
increases agonist; and asthma;
causes tremor, arrhythmias
bronchodilation; asthma; cardiotoxicity,
neurotoxicity
 Muscarinic antagonist, prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and COPD
Inhibit cytokine synthesis, reducing inflammation due to asthma; 1st line for chronic asthma
Leukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced asthma
Inhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase, inhibiting leukotriene production; reduces inflammation
Anti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthma
Thins respiratory secretions
Loosensendothelin-1
Antagonizes mucus plugs;receptors,
used in CFreducing
patients vascular
and as anresistance
antidote into the
acetominaphen posioning
pulmonary vessels; used in
pulmonary hypertension
Antagonizes NMDA receptors, inhibiting coughing; produces opioid effects in large doses and carries
Alpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and mild abuse
nasal potential rhinitis; hypertension, quick tolerance
congestion;
(recurrence of symptoms despite continued treatment)
competitive = decrease potency, noncompetitive = decrease efficacy.
Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate.
Direct proportion to enzyme concentration
Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged.
depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose.
constant amount eliminated per time.
PEA - phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin.
A constant FRACTION is eliminted, variable by concentration!
Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be resorbed.
Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin.
Treat with ammonium chloride. exp: amphetamines.
Reduction,
ConjugationOxidation, hydrolysisAcetylation,
(Glucuronidation, with CYP450. andOften gives neutral
Sulfation.) products.
Gives charged Geriatrics
products. lose thisdepend
Geriatrics phase.
on this, old people have GAS.
maximal effect a drug can produce.
amount of drug needed for the same effect.
DECREASED efficacy. fight for same binding site, full agonist cant exert full effect.
LD50/ED50. Median lethal dose divded by median effective dose. Safer drugs have a higher TI.
1. Nicotinic - Minimum effective
Ligang gated dose to minimum
Na/K channels. toxic types:
Two nicotinic dose. Think
Nm(NMJ)of it and
as range of use. ganglia. 2.
Nn(autonomic
q, increase: vasc. smooth muscle Muscarinic - G-proteins.
contraction, 5 types,
pupillary M1-M5.
dilator muscle contraction, intestinal and
bladder sphincter contaction.
i, decrease: sympathetic outflow, insulin release, lipolysis. increase: platlet aggregation.
s, increase:increase:
s, vasodilation, brochodilation, heart rate, contractilty,
heart renin release,
rate, contractility, lipolysis
lipolysis, insulin release, aqueous
humor production. decrease: uterine tone, ciliary muscle tone.
q, CNS, enteric nervouse system.
increase: exocrine glandi,secretion
decease: (tears,
heart rate, contractility
gastric, of atria bladder contraction,
etc), gut peristalsis,
bronchoconstriction, pupillary spinchter contraction, cilliary muscle contraction.
Parasympathetic M-3.
Sympathetic Alpha-1.
s, relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle
i, modulates transmitter release especially in brain.
q, increase: mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus, pain.
 a, increase gastric acid secretion
q, increase: vascular smooth muscle contraction
s, increase water permeability and reabsorption in kidneys. (V2 found in 2 kidneys).
H1,Alpha1,V1,M1,M3. (remember HAVe 1 M&M)
Protein Kinase C.
Calcium -> smouth muscle contraction
M2, Alpha2, D2. (remember MAD 2's.)
Beta1, Beta2, D1, H2,V2.
increase calcium release in heart and blocks myosin light chain kinase.
Direct cholinomimetic. 1. direct
Postop agonsts 2. indirect
or neurogenic agonists
ileus, urinary(anticholinesterases).
retention. COPD+asthma exacerbation,
peptic ulcers.
Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical to Ach. Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief of IOP. COPD+asthma
Direct Cholinomimetic. Stimulates tears, exacerbation,
salvia, sweat. peptic
Open ulcers.
and closed-angle glaucoma.COPD+asthma
exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
Direct
Indirect Cholinomimetic.
cholinomimeticchallenge
agonist. NO testcns
of asthma diagnosis.
penetration. Postop COPD+asthma
and neurogenic exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
ileus, myasthenia gravis,
indirect cholinomimetic reversal of NMJ
agonist. block.
Long COPD+asthma
acting myastheniaexacerbation, peptic
gravis treatment. ulcers.
COPD+asthma exacerbation,
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Short acting, peptic for
ulcers.
myasthenia gravis diagnosis. COPD+asthma
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. for anti-cholinergic ulcers.
exacerbation, peptic overdose, crosses BBB. COPD+asthma
exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
indirect cholinomimetic
DUMBBELSS agonist. miosis,
(diarrhea, urination, Alzheimers disease. COPD+asthma
bronchospasm, bradycardia,exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
excitation of skeletal muscle
+CNS, lacrimation, sweating, salvia.) tx: atropine + pralidoxime.
Muscarinic Irreversible cholinesterase
antagonist. inhibitor,
produces mydriasis ACH
and overdose.(Atropine
cycloplegia. Tx: atropine
also+ used
pralidoxime.
for bradycardia).
Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as beet, blind as bat, mad
Muscarinic antagoist. Parkinsons disease (park my benz). Can be used in haloperiodal O.D, whihc as a hatter.
causes
Muscarinictorticolliosis. Causes
antagonist. Motionhotsickness.
as a hare,causes
dry ashot
bone,as ared as adry
hare, beet,
as ablind
cone,asred
a bat,
as amad
beet,asblind
a hatter.
as a
bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic antagonist. COPD, Asthma. Causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a
Muscarinic anatagonist. reduces urgencybat, madcystitis
in mild as a hatter.
and reduce bladder spasms. causes hot as a
hare, dry as a bone, red as a
Muscarinic anatagonist. IP: given in preop to reduce airway beet, blind as secretions.
a bat, mad as a hatter. drooling, peptic
oral:reduce
ulcer. Can cause hot as a hare, dry as a bone red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
muscarinic antagonist, causes gardner's pupil (mydriasis).
Direct Sympathomemetic. A1,A2,B1,B2. Anaphylaxis, open angle glaucoma, asthma, hypotension.
Directdirect sympathomemetic.
sympathomemetic. B1, A1,A2,
B2. Used some B1. used
in Torsade deinpointe
hypotension but it decrease
and bradyarryhmia. Canrenal perfusion.
cause tachycardia
and worsen cardiac ischemia.
Direct sympathomimetics. Receptors depend on dose. low = D1, med = D1,B2,B1, high =
A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used
Direct sympathomimetic. in shock
Mostly anda1,a2,b2.
B1, little heart failure
Used(ionotropic and chronotropic).
in heart failure and cardiac stresstest
(ionotrpic and chronotropic)
Direct
Direct sympathomimetic.
sympathomimetic. A1,Mostly
A2. Used
B2, insomehypotension, to cause
b1. Sal = long term mydriasis,
ashtma orandcopd.rhinitis (decongestant).
Albuterol for short
term asthma. Terbutaline for to reduce premture uterine contractions.
Direct sympathomimetic. B2 only. Used to reduce premature uterine contractions.
indirectsympathomimetic.
indirect sympathomimetic.Releases
Releasesstoredstoredcatecholamines.
catecholamines.Used Usedforfornasal
narcolepsy, obesity,urinary
decongestion, ADD.
incontience, hypotension.
direct sympathomimetic. Reuptake inhibitor. Causes vasoconstriction and local anesthesia.
stimulates A1>B2. mixingCauses
them increased
can lead tovasoconstrciton
unopposed A1 -> activation
increased and
BP.extreme hypertenion.
This causes reflex bradycardia and
slowing of HR.
Stimulates B2>A1.
Centrally This alpha-2
acting cause vasodilation
agonists, thisand dropping
causes LESSof BP. B1 is stimulated
peripheral sympathetic and causes tachycardia.
release.Used in
hypertension, especially renal disease due to no increase in renal blood
IRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker. Used in pheochromosytoma BEFORE surgery! toxic: flow!
REVERSBILE nonselective alpha orhtostatic
blocker.hypotension, reflecontachycardia.
give to patients MAOI who each tyramine contraining
foods.
Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension, urinary rentention in BPH. tox:orthostatic hypotension,
dizziness, headache.
Alpha-2
Before blocker.Both
blockade: Usedepiinand
depression.
phen RAISEStox: sedation, hypercholesterolemia,
BP. After alpha blockade: only epiincreased
raises, noapetite.
change in
phenyl. Why: Epi has B binding, phenyl does NOT.
AV duction. Hypertension - decrease CO and renin secretion. CHF - slows progression. Glaucoma -
decrease secretion of aqueous humor.
impotence, asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, seizures, sedation, hides hypoglycemia.
A BEAM. acebutolol, betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in comorbid pum. disease.
Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B = B-blocker.
Carvedilol, labetalol.
Pindolol, Acebutolol.
N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione).
NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine)
NH4Cl (acidify urine)
Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia.
Glucagon
(KLAM) normalize K, Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2
deFEroxamine, deFErasirox.
CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
Dimercaprol, succiner
penillamine
nitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin
Methylene blue, vitamin c
100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen
Fomepizole>Ethanol, dialysis
naloxone/naltrexone
flumazenil
NaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma)
protamine
Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma
aminocaproic acid
B-Blockers
atropine + pralidoxime
cocaine, sumatriptan, ergots
(VANC) Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blocker
doxorubicin, daunorubicin
class III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine)
Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsone
chloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole
 methyldopa, penicillin
chloramphenicol
(hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid, sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin
(females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa drugs
OCPs like estrogen
ACE inhibitors
Bleomycin, amiodarone, Busulfan
erthryomycin
Halothane, Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophen
isoniazid
clindamycin, ampicillin
glucocorticoid withdrawl via HPA
`(Some drugs create awkward knockers) spironolactone, suppression
digitalis, cimetidine, chronic alcohol use,
ketoconazole
estrogen, clomophene
niacin, tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriods
lithium, amiodarone, suldonamides
glucocoricoids, protease inhibitors
phenytoin, verpamil
furosemide, thiazides, niacin, cyclosporine
fibrates, niacin, colchine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoids
corticosteroids, heparin
(SAT for a carbamazepine,
penicillin, ethosuximide, PHOTO) Sulfonamides, amiodarone,
sulfa drugs, tetracycline
lamotrigine, allopurinol, phenytoin,
phenobarbital
Hydralazine, isonizid, procainamine, phenytoin
tetracyclines
fluoroquinolones
lithium, demeclocycline
expired tetracycline
Cyclophosamide, ifosfamide
methicllin, NSAID, furosemide
carbamazepine, cyclophosamide
Quinidine, qunine
(with seizures, I BITE Myantipsychotics,
tongue) isoniazid, resperine, metoclopramide
Buproprion, imipenem, Tramadol, Enflurane,
Metoclopramide
antipsychotics
Atropine, TCA, H1-blocker, neuoleptics
metronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen sulphonoureas
aminoglycosides,
(Momma Barb Steals Phen-phen vancomycin,
and Refuses Greasyloop
Carbsdieuetics, cisplatin
Chronically)Modafinil, Barbiturates, St.
John wart, phenytoin, rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine, chronic
(MAGIC ROCKS in GQ) Macrolides, amiodarone, grapefruit juice, isoniazid, cimetidine, ritonavir alcohol use. actue
alcohol use, ciprofloxacin, ketoconazole, sulfonamides, gemfibrozil, quinidine.
(Popular FACTSSS) probenacid, furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib, thiazide, sulfonamide antibiotics,
sulfaasalazine, sulfonylureas
 G = IV and IM.
Bind penicillin-binding proteins(transpeptidases), blockV =cross
oral.linking of peptidoglycans;most effective
on G+, also N. Meningitidis,
bind transpeptidases, Treponema;hypersensitivy
penicillanse resistant due to bukly r-group reaction,
blockinghemolytic anema.
B-Lactamse; S. Aureus,
except MRSA; hypersensitivity and interstitial nephritis.
E.coli,Listera,Proteus,Salmonella,Shigella,enterococci;hypersensitivity reaction,rash,pseudomemrane
colitis.
amOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability.
B-lactamse inhibitor and g- rods, use with claculanic acid
transpeptidase inhibitor but extended spectrum;pseduomonas
due to B-lactamse suspectibilty; hypersensitivity reaction.
(CAST) Clavulanic
generation, there are four;hypersensitivty Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactem.
reactions, vitamin K defiency, increased nephrotoxicity of
aminoglycosides.
1st generation cephalosporins. PEcK. Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella. Cefazolin used preop to prevent
2nd generation cephalosporins. HEN PEcKs. A.aureus
H.ib,infections.
Enterbacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella,
Serratia.
3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious gram - infections. Ceftriaxone = meningitis and gonorrhea.
Ceftazidime = pseudomonas.
increased
a monobactem resistant activity against
to B-lactamases, pseudomonas
prevents bindingand G+ bugs.
to PBP3 and is synergistic with
aminoglycosides;gram - rods only;very nontoxic, some GI upset.
dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems do not;G+ aztreonam.
cocci,G- rods, anerobes. used only in life threating
events;skin rash, CNS
especially for multidrug resistant onces;NOT - nephrotoxicity, toxicity, seizures.
ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, red man
syndrome.
slow infusion and rate and antihistamines.
AT 30, CCEL at 50. 30S =amino acid change of
Aminoglycosides, D-ala D-ala 50S
Tetracyclines. to D-ala D-lac.
= Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin,
Erythromycin, Linezolid.
anaerobes,use in gram - rod infections and before bowel surgery; nephrotoxicty, NMJ block,
ototoxicity, teratogen.
transferase
with enzymes
milk, antacids, ironthat inactivate
because the drug
ions bind it, GIby acetylation,
distress, phosphorylation,
discoloration or adenylation.
of teeth, inhibition of bone
growth, contraindication in pregnancy.
decrease uptake
bacteriostatic, blocks translocation; into pneumonias,
atypical cells or increased efflux by
chlamydia, pumps.
gram + cocci; MACRO: increased
Motility, arrhythmia, Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia.
methylation
Bacterialstatic, blocks peptidlytransferase; of 23s rRNA
Meningitis bindingused
in adults, site.in power countries due to being
cheap; dose dependent anemia, dose independent aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome.
use of chloramphenicol in premature infants, they lack UDO-glucuronyl-transferase.
plasmid-encoded
Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer; acetyltransferase.
anaerobic infections in lung infections and oral anerobes; C. Diff
Bacteriostatic, PABA metabolites inhibit infection, fever, diarrhea.
dihydropteroate synthase; Gram +, G-, Nocardia, Chlamydia,
UTI; hypersensitivty, hemolysis in G6PD, nephrotoxic, kernicterus, displaces other drugs from albumin.
(prophylacisaltered bacterial dihydropteroate
and treatment), shigella, salmonella;or increased PABA synthesis.
megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia,
granulocytopenia.
( lones hurt the bones) tenonitis and tendon rupture, superinfections, don't give to kids or pregnant
women due to cartilage damage.
mutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps.
Giardia, Entamoeba, trichomonas, older than 60 or Anaerobes,
Gardnerella, taking prednisone
Pylori; causes disulfiram like reaction,
headache, metallic taste.
only one used as prophylaxis and in latent TB; peripheral neuropathy, hepatoxic, lupis like drug
inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; interaction,TB,pyridoxine antagonist.in meningococcus and Hib type B;
Leprosy, prophylaxis
hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange body fluids.
unknown; TB; hyperuricemia,
decreased carbohydrate polymerization hepatotoxic.
of TB cell wall, blocks arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic
neuropathy(red-green color blindness_
 binds fungal ergosterol, causes holes in membranes; use in systemtic and CNS mycoses infections;
bindsfever/chills, hypotension, arrythmias,
fungal ergosterol;topical only due to nephrotoxic, IV phlebitis,
high toxicity, used for oralmust
thrushsupplement
and topicalK diaper
and MG. rash or
vaginal candidiasis.
inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis by binding p450;Fluconazole for suppression of cryptococcus in
inhibits fungal DNA andAIDs RNApatients,
synthesisitraconazle
by conversionfor blasto,
to 5FU;coccio,
used inhisto.
systemic fungal infections,
especially cryptococcus; bone marrow suppression.
inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis; invasive aspergillosis, candida;
inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase; flushing via histamine- releae.
treat dermatophytes toe nail infection especially;abnormal LFT,
visual disturbances.
interferes with microtubules, stops mitosis in fungi;deposits in keratin so used in superficial infections,
stops dermatophytes; teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, p450 inducer.
toxoplasmosis
trypanosoma brucei
trypanosoma cruzi
blocks formation of heme into hemozoin. Heme leshmaniasis
accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia;used on all
species but falciparum(too much resitance); retinopathy
lifethreatening malaria
p. falciparum killing
inhibits inihibits
sythesis influenza
of guanineneuraminidase,
nucleotides bystops progeny inhibiting
competitvely release; treamt of influenze a and
IMP dehydrogenase; RSV,b chronic
Guanosine analog, inhibitshep viralC;DNA
hemolytic anemia,
polymerase; severe teratogen by thymidine kinase in
monophosphorylated
HSV/VZV so active in lesions and encephalitis, good for prophylaxis,
used in herpes zoster active infections
guanosine analog, 5'-monophosphate mutated
formedviral thymidine
by CMV kinase inhibits viral DNA polymerase;CMV
viral kinase,
infections;leukopenia,neutopenia,thrombocytopenia,renal toxicity
viral DNA polymerase mutated CMV
inhibitor, DNAtopolymerase
binds pyrofosphate or lack of viral
binding site,kinase
doesn't need viral kinase
activation;CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails and acyclovir restitant HSV; nephrotoxic
inhibits DNA polymerase, doesn't require mutated DNA polymerase
activiation by viral kinase; CMV retenitis, acyclovir resistant
HSV; nephrotoxic(coadminister with probenacid and IV saline to reduce toxicity).
[2 NRTI]
all end in -NAVIR! +[1 NNRTI
stops HIV mRNA OR 1cleavage
proteaseintoinhibitor OR 1parts;
functional integrase inhibitor] GI upset,
hyperglycemia,
lipodystrophy.
to be activated;all NRTIs, zidovidine used inboosting
inhibits cytochrome p-450, pregnancy concentration of other
to reduce fetal drugs. bone marrow
transmision;
(NNRTI) bind at a site different suppression, lacticnoacidosis,
from NRTIs, peripheral
don't require neuropathy.
activation don't compete with nucleotides;
bonow marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis,
hepinhibits integrase,
b and c, which stops
Kaposi sarcoma, IFN-bHIV integration
-MS, INF-gamma into-NADPH
host cells;HIV;hypercholesterolemia
oxidase defiency; neutropenia,
myopathy.
fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage), Clarithromycin(embryotoxic), Tetracycline(teeth,bone
damage),Ribavarin(teratogenic),Griseofulvin(teratogenic),Chloramphenicol(grey baby)
isoniazid structurally similar to B6, which vincristine
causes and
renalpaclitaxil
excretion of B6 and competes for B6 binding
sites.
digoxin causes hyperkalemia. HOWEVER, antihistamines and antipyretics.
a HYPOkalemic state increses patient susceptibility to digoxin
toxicity.
ataxia, slurred speech, somnolence, vomiting
bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone, methotrexate
loop diuretics: increased urine Ca via decreased reabsorption. thiazides: decreased urine Ca.
Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase.
benzodiazepenes
 The naloxone
rigidity, myoglobinuria, is only active
autonomic if inected,
instability. seenmaking it hard to abuse
with antipsychotics the combo.
overdose. treatment:
dantrolene and bromocriptine (d2 agonist)
sterotypical
occurs with any oral-facial movements,
drug that increases from long term
serotonin (MAOantipsychotic use.TCA)
inhibitor, SNRI, oftenhyperthermia,
NOT reversible.
confusion, myoclonus, cardio collapse, flushing. tx: cyproheptadine (5ht antagonist)
Translitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
renal damage
absence of digits, toes
CV VIII toxicity
neural tube defects, craniofacial defects
vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomalies
neural tube defects
ebstein's anomaly -> atrialized right ventricle
fetal hydantoin syndrome->microcephaly,dysmorphic face
discolored teeth
limb defects like flipper arms
inhibitor of maternal folate absorption ->neural tube defects
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion
3rd -8th week.
extremely high risk for spontaneous abortion
placental abruption, developmental abnormalities
preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD
alcohol
(OH DANG) Ototox, hypokalemia, dehydration, allergy(sulfa), Nephritis, Gout
(hyperGLUC)
leaving all cells hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia,
and thus H entering all cells. 3.hyperuricemia,
in a low K state,hypercalcemia.
H is exchanged instead of K for Na
in the CCT leading to paradoxical aciduria.
OCP and dopemaine antagonists (antipsychotics)
PTU disables peroxidase AND 5'-deiodinase. Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase.
NO, they require some islet function to release insulin. type 1 - those cells are dead.
Insulins, amylin analongs(pramlintide).
allopurinol stops urate crystal collection -> no gout.
acute:
used inNSAID,
chronic indomethicin.
gout; inhibitsChronic: allopurinol,
reabsorption of uricfebuxostat,
acid in the probenacid, colchicine
proximal tubule; inhibits secretion
of penicillin; do NOT use in renal dysfunction.
used
bindsin tochronic gout, inhibits
G- cell membrane xanthine oxidase.
phospoholipids, disrupting them; only works in g-; peripheral
neuropathy, dizziness, nsytagmus, nephrotoxicity.
increase catecholamines at synaptic cleft, especially NE + dopamine; ADHD, nacrolepsy, appetite
control
this is vitamin
folinic acid, it isK,aused in warfarin
metabolite overdose
of folic acid; given with methotrexate to replish the body's folate
stores.
antidote to heparin overdose. Protamine is a postive ion that binds to negative heparin,
inactivating it.
When someone taking MAO inhibitors eats hard cheeses and drinks wine, causing a crisis.
it
It has a MUCH
is broken downlonger halfgut
in the life, plus
into anitacid.
is irrversible
This acid while
acts asphentolamine
both as osmoticis reversible
(draws out some
ascites) and also it gets rid of excess ammonia, which is causing the encephalopathy.
Complement inhibitor, used in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.
adenosine analog, used in treatment of hairy cell leukemia
Used
30% andin treating
should the
peakM3,bypromyelocytic
1 weak. This can subtype
be BAD of in
AML.
renal artery stenosis, where ACE II is what is
keeping the kidney alive.
causes depolarization of cellular membrane; used in invasive MRSA; myopathy, raised CPK,
inactivated
chemoreceptor by pulmonary
trigger zone surfactant
(area postrema), the solitary nucleus, and in the presynpatic vagus
nerve.
They cause constriction of the spinchter of oddi -> increased billiary pressures -> billiary colic.
trimethoprim,
partial agonist methotrexate,
for nicotinic aCh pyrimethamine.
channels in CNS. fights with ciggeratte nicotine for channel.
reduces nicotine withdrawl cravings while attenuating the rewarding effects.
antidepressants
Desmopression
furosemide. TAL(sleep enuresis
of Henlee absorbs= bed
thewetting)
most NA here compared to where over diuretics work. will
reduce edema quickly.
PTU
NO. Gdoes.
cellsMethimazole
are under vagaldoes NOT. but they do not use ACh as a neurotransmitter. Instead, they
influence
use GRP.
Inhibits
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase;
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, used as an antidote
makes to methanol
acetaldehyde or ethylene
accumulate glycol
leading poisoning.
to hanger; used in
alcohol abuse.
Benzoate or Phenylbutyrate will bind amino acids and lead to excretion.
On first dose,
Isosorbide patient gets
mononitrate cansevere hypotension.
be swallowed. Correct
It has this by
an almost starting
100% with a small
biavailability thatdose.
way. Others
cannot due to first pass metabolism.
Stops chemotaxis of neutrophils
methlydopa
All S. Aureus has Beta-lactamases. Naficillin fights this. But MRSA has this AND altered penicillin
binding proteins, which prevents Naficillin from working in MRSA.
antibody
IgG anti-RH against F protein,
antibodies. givenprevents
to mompneumonia
at 28 weeks from
andRSV
alsoin
atinfants
birth, it sticks to the RH antigens in
the MOM's blood, keeping her from developing antibodies.
COMT blockers, which increase DOPA levels; Both stop peripheral methylation and only Tolcapone
stops central methylation; tolcapone causes hepatotoxicity
Constipation
IL 2; used in RCC, metastaic melanoma
erythropoietin; anemias, especially in renal failure
Fil = GC-SF, Sar = GM-CSF; both used in recovery of bone marrow, aplastic anemia
hepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, Leukemias, Malignany Melanoma
Multiple sclerosis
Chronic Granulamatous disease
IL-11; thrombocytopenia
thrombocytopenia
antibody to CD3; used in acute transplant rejection
antibody
Recombinat to digoxin;
version used as antidote
of Urate oxidase, to digoxin
breaks uricintoxication
acid down into allantoin; use in tumor lysis
syndrome and gout
monoclonal anitbody that binds to RANKL and prevents its interaction with RANK, inhibiting
osteoclasts;
the placentadecreases bone
while things withloss in bone
high watermets
solubility(conjugated bilirubin) tend to not. binds
albumin = probably lipid soluble
calineurin on T cells, stopping IL2 from being expressed, lowering T cell response; nephtrotox and
lymphomma
a retinoid thatrisk
has immunomodulatory effects, binds nuclear receptors; psorisias and acne; severe
teratogen
vitamin D analog; used in topical psoariasis treatment
Inhibits intestinal lipase, decreasing fat absorption; used to treat obesity
aspirin. Niacin increases prostaglandin D2. release. asprin blocks this release = lower flushing
Prevent growth of intima by inhibiting cellular growth = no restenosis
IV magnesium
Protease sulfate
inhibitor, for seizures
proteases are overactive in some cancers and can destroy pro-apototic
proteins; used in multiple myeloma; peripheral neuropathy
Nitroprusside degrades into cyanide. Give thiosulfide to inactivate.
blocks NMDA-type glutamate receptors; used in alzheimers; confusion
Vitamin E (generic name is alpha-tocopherol)
Lipid
topicalsolubility
vitamin D = potency
analogs, (MAC).
activateBlood
nuclearsolubility = speed
receptors of induction.
that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and
enhance keratinocyte differentiation; psoriasis
monoclocal antibody that binds IL-12 and IL-12 thus inhibiting activation of Th1 cd4+ t cells; used
in psoriasis
MAO-inhbitors (phenelzine) inactive the MAO-I enzymes. It takes 2 weeks for them to get re-
synthesized. If both SSRI and MAO-I are active at the same time, serotonin syndrome could occur
from
are D2leeches,
agonists inhibit thrombin;
that DON'T needused
to beasactivated
an alternative to heparin
like l-dopa does; in HIT.in parkinsons and restless
used
leg syndrome
indirect and direct D agonist, also some anticholingergic functions which reduces tremors
sodium
They actmetabisulite,
on D4 instead found
of D2asreceptors
a food additive andof
-> no risk sanitizer
tardive dyskinesia or parkinson's like
symptoms
Celecoxib.
binds alpha-4It only impairs
integrin, COX2.
which COX1movement
blocks is predominate
of WBC in into
platlets.
orgrans;used in crohns and MS; can
cause PML and hepatotoxicity.
Anti-muscarinics
induction = lower(Benzotropine). Giving
solubility in blood, dopamine
quicker agonists
induction. would
potency exacerbate
= higher with psychosis.
higher lipid
solubility =1/MAC.
Pharmacology Cardio
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pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology endocrine
pharmacology endocrine
pharmacology endocrine
pharmacology endocrine
pharmacology MSK
pharmacology MSK
pharmacology MSK
pharmacology MSK
pharmacology micro
pharmacology psych
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology autonomics
pharmacology GI
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology renal
pharmacology micro
pharmacology GI
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology general
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology psych
pharmacology renal
pharmacology renal
pharmacology endocrine
pharmacology GI
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology general
pharmacology cardio
pharmacology cardio
pharmacology GI
pharmacology repro
pharmacology micro
pharmacology micro
pharmacology repro
pharmacology neuro
Pharmacology Neuro
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology endocrine
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology general
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology GI
pharmacology GI
pharmacology cardio
pharmacology repro
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology msK
pharmacology msK
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology reactions
pharmacology neuro
pharmacology heme/onc
pharmacology msk
pharmacology psych
pharmacology neuro