@NGUYỄN Thị Thu Trang, trangntt@soict.hust.edu.

vn 2

Outline

1. Redefine/Overiding
OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGE AND THEORY
2. Abstract class
7. ABSTRACT CLASS AND INTERFACE
3. Single inheritance and multi-inheritance
Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
trangntt@soict.hust.edu.vn
4. Interface

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Outline 1. Re-definition or Overriding

• A child
class can define a method with the same
1. Redefine/Overiding name of a method in its parent class:
2. Abstract class • If the new method has the same name but different
signature (number or data types of method’s
3. Single inheritance and multi-inheritance arguments)
à Method Overloading
4. Interface
• If the new method has the same name and signature
à Re-definition or Overriding
(Method Redefine/Override)

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 5 6
class Shape {
1. Re-definition or Overriding (2) protected String name;
Shape(String n) { name = n; }
public String getName() { return name; }
• Overriding method will replace or add more details to the
public float calculateArea() { return 0.0f; }
overriden method in the parent class }
• Objects of child class will use the re-defined method class Circle extends Shape {
private int radius;
Circle(String n, int r){
super(n);
radius = r;
}

public float calculateArea() {

float area = (float) (3.14 * radius * radius);
return area;
}
}

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class Square extends Shape {

private int side;
Class Triangle
Square(String n, int s) { class Triangle extends Shape {
super(n);
private int base, height;
side = s; Triangle(String n, int b, int h) {
} super(n);
public float calculateArea() {
base = b; height = h;
float area = (float) side * side; }
return area; public float calculateArea() {
}
float area = 0.5f * base * height;
} return area;
}
}

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 9 10

package abc;
this and super public class Person {
protected String name;
• this and super can use non-static protected int age;
methods/attributes and constructors public String getDetail() {
String s = name + "," + age;
• this: searching for methods/attributes in the
return s;
current class }
• super: searching for methods/attributes in the }
direct parent class
import abc.Person;
• Keyword super allows re-using the source-code public class Employee extends Person {
of a parent class in its child classes double salary;
public String getDetail() {
String s = super.getDetail() + "," + salary;
return s;
}
}

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Overriding Rules Overriding Rules (2)

• Overriding methods must have: • Accessibilitycan not be more restricted in a
• An argument list that is the same as the overriden child class (compared to in its parent class)
method in the parent class • For example, if overriding a protected method, the
• The same return data types as the overriden method new overriding method can only be protected or
in the parent class public, and can not be private.
• Can not override:
• Constant (final) methods in the parent class
• Static methods in the parent class
• Private methods in the parent class

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 13 14

Example Example: private

class Parent { class Parent {
public void doSomething() {} public void doSomething() {}
protected int doSomething2() { private int doSomething2() {
return 0; cannot override: attempting to use return 0;
} incompatible return type }
} }
class Child extends Parent { class Child extends Parent {
protected void doSomething() {} public void doSomething() {}
protected void doSomething2() {} private void doSomething2() {}
} }

cannot override: attempting to assign

weaker access privileges; was public

package university;
public class Faculty extends Person {
Person, Student và Faculty private int hireYear; Class Faculty
public Faculty( ) { super( ); hireYear = -1; }
public Faculty( String n, String id, int yr ) {
super(n, id);
hireYear = yr;
}
public Faculty( Faculty f ) {
this( f.getName( ), f.getIdNum( ), f.hireYear );
}
int getHireYear( ) { return hireYear; }
void setHireYear( int yr ) { hireYear = yr; }
public String toString( ) {
return super.toString( ) + " " + hireYear;
}
public boolean equals( Faculty f ) {
return super.equals( f ) && hireYear == f.hireYear;
}
}

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 Overriding Re-definition with final
• When a derived class wants to change a function inherited • Sometimes we want to restrict the re-definition because
from its parent class (super). of:
• Correctness: The re-definition of a method in a derived class
public class Person {
…
can lead the method to a wrong behavior
public String toString( ) { … } • Efficiency: The dynamic linking mechanism is not efficient in
} time as the static linking mechanism. If a method should not
public class Student extends Person {
Re-define the method of be re-defined in derrived classes, we shold use the keyword
…
the parent class final with the method
public String toString( ) { … }
}
Student bob = new Student("Bob Goodstudent","123-45-
6789",2004,4.0 ); public final String baseName () {
System.out.println( "Bob's info: " + bob.toString( ) ); return “Person”;}
}
Calling to the method of the child
class

Basic class ship

public class Ship { Basic class ship
public double x=0.0, y=0.0, speed=1.0, direction=0.0;
public String name; public void move() {
public Ship(double x, double y, double speed, double move(1);
direction, String name) {
}
this.x = x;
public void move(int steps) {
this.y = y;
this.speed = speed; double angle = degreesToRadians(direction);
x = x + (double)steps * speed * Math.cos(angle);
this.direction = direction;
y = y + (double)steps * speed * Math.sin(angle);
this.name = name;
} }
public Ship(String name) { public void printLocation() {
System.out.println(name + " is at ("+ x + "," + y +
this.name = name; ").");
} }
private double degreesToRadians(double degrees) {
}
return(degrees * Math.PI / 180.0); ...
}
...

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 Derived class Speedboat Class Book2
public class Speedboat extends Ship {
private String color = "red"; class Book2 {
public Speedboat(String name) { protected int pages;
super(name);
setSpeed(20); public Book2(int pages) {
} this.pages = pages;
public Speedboat(double x, double y, double speed, }
double direction, String name, String color) {
super(x, y, speed, direction, name); public void pageMessage() {
setColor(color); System.out.println("Number of pages: " +
} pages);
public void printLocation() { }
System.out.print(getColor().toUpperCase() + " "); }
super.printLocation();
}
...

Class Dictionary2 Class Words2

class Dictionary2 extends Book2 { class Words2 {
private int definitions; public static void main (String[] args) {
Dictionary2 webster = new Dictionary2(1500, 52500);
public Dictionary2(int pages, int definitions) { webster.pageMessage();
super (pages); webster.definitionMessage();
this.definitions = definitions; }
} }

public void definitionMessage () {

System.out.println("Number of definitions: " + Results:
definitions); C:\Examples>java Words2
System.out.println("Definitions per page: " + Number of pages: 1500
definitions/pages); Number of definitions: 52500
} Definitions per page: 35
}

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Class Book3 Class: Dictionary3a
class Book3 { class Dictionary3a extends Book3 {
protected String title; private int definitions;
protected int pages;
public Dictionary3a(String title, int pages,
public Book3(String title, int pages) { int definitions) {
this.title = title; super (title, pages);
this.pages = pages; this.definitions = definitions;
} }

public void info() { public void info() {

System.out.println("Title: " + title); System.out.println("Dictionary: " + title);
System.out.println("Number of pages: " + pages); System.out.println("Number of definitions: " +
} definitions);
} System.out.println("Definitions per page: " +
definitions/pages);
}
}

Class: Dictionary3b Class Books

class Dictionary3b extends Book3 { class Books {
private int definitions; public static void main (String[] args) {
Book3 java = new Book3("Introduction to Java", 350);
public Dictionary3b(String title, int pages, java.info();
int definitions) { System.out.println();
super (title, pages); Dictionary3a webster1 =
this.definitions = definitions; new Dictionary3a("Webster English Dictionary",
} 1500, 52500);
webster1.info();
public void info() { System.out.println();
super.info(); Dictionary3b webster2 =
System.out.println("Number of definitions: " + new Dictionary3b("Webster English Dictionary",
definitions); 1500, 52500);
System.out.println("Definitions per page: " + webster2.info();
definitions/pages); }
} }
}

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Class: Books Examples: Point, Circle, Cylinder

Kết quả:
C:\Examples>java Books
Title: Introduction to Java
Number of pages: 350

Dictionary: Webster English Dictionary

Number of definitions: 52500
Definitions per page: 35

Title: Webster English Dictionary

Number of pages: 1500
Number of definitions: 52500
Definitions per page: 35

Ví dụ: Point, Circle, Cylinder Re-definition: Cylinder

• Cylinder must re-define
getArea() inherited from Circle
• Use getArea() and
getCircumference() of the
parent class

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 Problems in Inheritance
• Casting an object of a parent class to an
object of its derived class is called Instrument
upcasting

• All messages sent to objects of a basic class

can be sent to objects of its derived classes. Wind

Upcasting – Java Upcast

import java.util.*; // Wind objects are instruments
// because they have the same class Car{};
class Instrument { // interface:
public void play() {} class ElectricCar extends Car{};
class Wind extends Instrument {
static void tune(Instrument i) { Car c = new ElectricCar ();
public static void main(String[] args) {
// ...
i.play();
Wind flute = new Wind();
} Instrument.tune(flute); // Upcasting
} } • Reference type and object type are two
} different concepts
Instrument • Objects referred by c are in type
ElectricCar

Wind

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Upcast Down Cast
• Car c = new Car(); • When assigning an object of a more basic type to a
• ElectricCar ec = new ElectricCar (); derived type.
• c = ec; • Be careful in usage
• Do it explicitly
• Automatic upcast (implicit)
Car c = new ElectricCar(); // Up-casting not
• Types of objects do not be changed
explicitly
c.recharge(); // Error
// Down-casting explicitly
ElectricCar ec = (ElectricCar)c;
ec.recharge(); // ok

Down Cast Avoiding Down Cast Error

• Using instanceof operation
Car c = new Car();
c.recharge(); // lỗi Runtime Error Car c = new Car();
// explicit downcast
ElectricCar ec;
ElectricCar ec = (ElectricCar)c;
ec.recharge(); // lỗi
if (c instanceof ElectricCar ){
ec = (ElectricCar) c;
ec.recharge();
}

((ElectricCar)c).recharge();

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 41

Outline Abstract Class

• An abstract class is a class that we can not create its
1. Redefine/Overiding objects. Abstract classes are often used to
define "Generic concepts", playing the role of a basic
2. Abstract class class for others "detailed" classes.
3. Single inheritance and multi-inheritance • Using keyword abstract
public abstract class Product
4. Interface {
// contents
}

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2. Abstract Class Abstract Class

• Can not create objects of an abstract class • Abstract class can contain un-defined abstract methods
• Is not complete, is often used as a parent class. Its
children will complement the un-completed parts. • Derived classes must re-define (overriding) these abstract
methods

• Using abstract class plays an important role in software

design. It defines common objects in inheritance tree, but
these objects are too abstract to create their instances.

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 45 46

abstract class Shape {

2. Abstract Class (2) protected String name;
Shape(String n) { name = n; }
• To be abstract, a class needs: public String getName() { return name; }
public abstract float calculateArea();
• To be declared with abstract keyword
}
• May contain abstract methods – that have only class Circle extends Shape {
signatures without implementation private int radius;
• public abstract float calculateArea(); Circle(String n, int r){
super(n);
• Child classes must implement the details of abstract
radius = r;
methods of their parent class à Abstract classes can
}
not be declared as final or static.
• Ifa class has one or more abstract methods, public float calculateArea() {
it must be an abstract class float area = (float) (3.14 * radius * radius);
return area;
} Child class must override all the abstract methods of its
} parent class

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Example of abstract class Example of abstract class (2)

class Circle extends Action {
import java.awt.Graphics;
abstract class Action { int radius;
public Circle(int x, int y, int r) {
protected int x, y;
super(x, y); radius = r;
public void moveTo(Graphics g,
}
int x1, int y1) {
public void draw(Graphics g) {
erase(g);
System out println("Draw circle at ("
x = x1; y = y1;
+ x + "," + y + ")");
draw(g);
g.drawOval(x-radius, y-radius,
}
2*radius, 2*radius);
}
public void erase(Graphics g) {
abstract public void erase(Graphics g);
System.out.println("Erase circle at ("
abstract public void draw(Graphics g);
} + x + "," + y + ")");
// paint the circle with background color...
}
}

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Abstract Class Abstract Class
abstract class Point { abstract class ColoredPoint extends Point {
int color;
private int x, y;
public ColoredPoint(int x, int y, int color) {
public Point(int x, int y) { super(x, y); this.color = color; }
this.x = x; }
this.y = y;
} class SimpleColoredPoint extends ColoredPoint {
public SimpleColoredPoint(int x, int y, int color){
public void move(int dx, int dy) { super(x,y,color);
x += dx; y += dy; }
plot(); public void plot() {
} ...
// code to plot a SimplePoint
public abstract void plot();
}
} }

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Abstract Class Outline

• Class ColoredPoint does not implement source code for
the method plot(), hence it must be declared as abstract 1. Redefine/Overiding
2. Abstract class
• Can only create objects of the class SimpleColoredPoint.
3. Single inheritance and multi-inheritance
• However, we can have:
4. Interface
Point p = new SimpleColoredPoint(a, b, red); p.plot();

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 53

Multiple and Single Inheritances Problems in Multiple Inheritance

Name clashes on
• Multiple Inheritance Repeated inheritance
attributes or operations
• A class can inherit several other classes
• C++ supports multiple inheritance
A B C
• Single Inheritance SomeClass
• A class can inherit only one other class Animal FlyingThing
• Java supports only single inheritance + color + color
• à Need to add the notion of Interface D + getColor () + getColor () Animal FlyingThing
+ color + color
+ getColor () + getColor ()
Bird

A E F Bird

D
Resolution of these problems is implementation-dependent.

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Outline Mix-in inheritance

1. Redefine/Overiding • In this inheritance, a "class" will provide some functions in

order to mix with other classes.
2. Abstract class • A mixed class often re-uses some functions defined in the
provider class but also inherits from another class.
3. Single inheritance and multi-inheritance
• Is a mean that allows objects without relation in the
4. Interface hierarchy tree can communicate to each other.
• In Java the mix-in inheritance is done via Interface

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Interface Interface
• Interface: Corresponds to different implementations.
2DShape 3DShape
• Defines the border:
Drawable • What How
• Declaration and Implementation.

Circle Rectangle Sphere Cube

Square

Interface
• Interface does not implement any methods but defines the
design structure in any class that uses it.
• An interface: 1 contract – in which software development
teams agree on how their products communicate to each
other, without knowing the details of product
implementation of other teams.
Example
• Class Bicycle – Class StoreKeeper:
• StoreKeepers does not care about the characteristics what
they keep, they care only the price and the id of products.
• Class AutonomousCar– GPS:
• Car manufacturers produce cars with features: Start, Speed-
up, Stop, Turn left, Turn right,..
• GPS: Location information, Traffic status – Making decisions
for controlling car
- How does GPS control both car and space craft?

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 Class OperateBMW760i
Interface OperateCar // Car Manufacturer
public interface OperateCar { public class OperateBMW760i implements OperateCar {

// Constant declaration– if any

// Method signature
int turn(Direction direction, // An enum with values RIGHT, LEFT
double radius, double startSpeed, double endSpeed);
int changeLanes(Direction direction, double startSpeed, double
endSpeed);
int signalTurn(Direction direction, boolean signalOn);
int getRadarFront(double distanceToCar, double speedOfCar);
int getRadarRear(double distanceToCar, double speedOfCar);
......
// Signatures of other methods
}
// cài đặt hợp đồng định nghĩa trong giao diện
int signalTurn(Direction direction, boolean signalOn) {
//code to turn BMW's LEFT turn indicator lights on
//code to turn BMW's LEFT turn indicator lights off
//code to turn BMW's RIGHT turn indicator lights on
//code to turn BMW's RIGHT turn indicator lights off
}
// Các phương thức khác, trong suốt với các clients của
interface
}

Shape Action 63 64
#x: int
#name: String
#y: int

4. Interface
+getName():String
+draw(Graphics)
+calculateArea():float
+moveTo(Graphics,int, int)
+erase(Graphics)

• Allows a class to inherit (implement) multiple interfaces at

Circle
the same time.
-radius: float

+calculateArea():float • Can not directly instantiate

+draw(Graphics)
+erase(Graphics)

<<interface>>
Shape Actable
#name: String #x:int #y:int
+draw(Graphics)
+getName():String
+moveTo(Graphics,int, int)
+calculateArea():float +erase(Graphics)

Circle
-radius:float

+calculateArea():float
+draw(Graphics)
+moveTo(Graphics,int,int)
+erase(Graphics)

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 66

Interface – Technique view (JAVA) 4. Interface (2)

• An interface can be considered as a class that • To become an interface, we need
• Its methods and attributes are not explicitly public • To use interface keyword to define
• Its attributes are static and final • To write only:
• Its methods are abstract • method signature
• static & final attributes

• Implementation class of interface

• Either abstract class
• Or must implement all the methods of the interface.

67 68

4. Interface (3) Example

• Java syntax: Shape
<<interface>>
Actable
• SubClas extends SuperClass implements #name: String #x:int #y:int
+draw(Graphics)
+getName():String
ListOfIntefaces +calculateArea():float
+moveTo(Graphics,int, int)
+erase(Graphics)
• SubInterface extends SuperInterface

• Example: Circle
public interface Symmetrical {…} -radius:float

public interface Movable {…} +calculateArea():float

+draw(Graphics)
public class Square extends Shape +moveTo(Graphics,int,int)
+erase(Graphics)
implements Symmetrical, Movable {
...
}

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 69 70
class Circle extends Shape implements Actable {
import java.awt.Graphics; private int radius;
abstract class Shape { public Circle(String n, int x, int y, int r){
protected String name; super(n, x, y); radius = r;
protected int x, y; }
public float calculateArea() {
Shape(String n, int x, int y) { float area = (float) (3.14 * radius * radius);
name = n; this.x = x; this.y = y; return area;
} }
public void draw(Graphics g) {
public String getName() {
System out println("Draw circle at ("
return name; + x + ," + y + ")");
} g.drawOval(x-radius,y-radius,2*radius,2*radius);
public abstract float calculateArea(); }
public void moveTo(Graphics g, int x1, int y1){
} erase(g); x = x1; y = y1; draw(g);
interface Actable { }
public void draw(Graphics g); public void erase(Graphics g) {
public void moveTo(Graphics g, int x1, int y1); System out println( Erase circle at ("
+ x + ," + y + ")");
public void erase(Graphics g);
// paint the region with background color...
} }
}

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Disadvantages of Interface in solving Multiple Example

Inheritance problems interface Shape2D {
double getArea();
• Does not provide a } Shape2D Shape Shape3D
nature way for situations
without inheritance interface Shape3D {
conflicts double getVolume();
} Circle Sphere
• Inheritance is to re-uses
class Point3D {
source code but Interface
double x, y, z;
can not do this
Point3D(double x, double y, double z) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.z = z;
}
}

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 74
3/11/2010

abstract class Shape { class Sphere extends Shape

}
abstract void display(); implements Shape3D {
Point3D center;
double radius;
interface Comparable /java.lang
class Circle extends Shape Sphere(Point3D center, double radius) { Result :
implements Shape2D { this.center = center;
this.radius = radius; Circle
Point3D center, p; // p is an point on
circle } 3.141592653589793
Sphere
Circle(Point3D center, Point3D p) { public void display() {
4.1887902047863905
System.out.println("Sphere");
this.center = center; }
this.p = p;
} public double getVolume() {
return 4 * Math.PI * radius * radius * radius / 3;
public void display() { }
}
System.out.println("Circle");
} class Shapes {

public double getArea() { public static void main(String args[]) {

double dx = center.x - p.x;
Circle c = new Circle(new Point3D(0, 0, 0), new
double dy = center.y - p.y; Point3D(1, 0, 0));
double d = dx * dx + dy * dy; c.display();
double radius = Math.sqrt(d); System.out.println(c.getArea());
return Math.PI * radius * radius; Sphere s = new Sphere(new Point3D(0, 0, 0), 1);
s.display();
} System.out.println(s.getVolume());
} }}

Application Application

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