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NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Arts and Sciences

Computer Science & Information Technology Department
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPES
Introduction
The technology is generation-driven which is moving towards increased reliance
on the internet each day. This spurt in internet based transactions has led to almost every
walk of life getting automated. With the power of technology nowadays, people get
interested with computers. People tried to indulge on it to have a productive result in a
more efficient and time saving process. One such activity following the trend of electronic
medium is an Electronic Water Billing System.
Most of the people are making all transactions in the electronic form. Due to the
multiple benefits offered by the Electronic Water Billing System many people prefer to
take this mode nowadays. In some countries, Electronic Water Billing System is widely
accepted for the benefit of people at large. In principle, the benefits to a firm are obvious
and sound.
The current Electronic Water Billing System in small cities like Dumaguete is an
automated-type, but its functionalities are limited and lack of total reliability. Water
meters are read on a monthly basis by authorized water reader hired by the water
companies, and the water consumer’s bill is computed based on the approved water rates
according to the amount of water consumed. Getting priority number and waiting for time
to pay takes a lot of time. This method is very costly with regard to time and money and
is also error prone. This traditional way of collecting information has shown noticeable
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

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disadvantages to the water companies and to their clients due to discrepancies in the
information collected manually. Without accurate meters the degree of these problems
cannot truly be known. The accuracy of water meters and advance payment transaction
should be a high priority.
The present undertaking analyzes how electronic water meter with remote
monitoring and billing system is used in the community; design and develop a functional
electronic water billing application; test and implement an Electronic Water Meter with
Remote Monitoring and Billing System for the Water District in Dumaguete City.
In order to overcome these problems, the researchers developed a possible
strategy that could improve the water reading and billing system that could be the
application of electronic and wireless technology in the data acquisition of water
consumption. The researchers developed a system named an Electronic Water Meter with
Remote Monitoring and Billing System.
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The present undertaking analyzed how electronic water meter with remote
monitoring and billing system is used in the community; design and develop a functional
electronic water billing application; test and implement an Electronic Water Meter with
Remote Monitoring and Billing System for Water District in Dumaguete City.

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Specifically aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the current process of Dumaguete City Water District?
2. What are the current problem encountered by Dumaguete City Water District?
3. What are the necessary functional and non-functional requirements needed in
the design, development and implementation of Electronic Water Meter with
Remote Monitoring and Billing System?
4. How effective does the Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and
Billing System function as an android mobile phone technology as rated by both
IT experts and users?
Significance of the Study
This study is important because the implementation of this project can be used for
water billing process and to help DCWD so they can provide excellent service to the water
consumers.
Specifically, the results of the study will benefit the following:
To the Dumaguete City Water District. The result of the study will benefit the
employees of the Dumaguete City Water District by making their workload faster and
convenient compared to their traditional way of collecting information.

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Consumers. The result of the study provides and implements excellent service that
would satisfy water consumers and is a new way of saying that water consumers can
directly check their water bills using their android application anytime.
To the Community. This study can benefit the community in an efficient and productive
way through the innovation of technology that eases human workloads.
To the Future Researchers. This study will help them to have an initial idea on what
topic to choose and to guide them if they have the same topic as this research and to
contribute knowledge on how to make an Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring
and Billing System.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focused on how electronic water billing be used for billing process,
design and develop a functional electronic water billing and meter reader application, and
test and implement a reliable real-time electronic water billing for both water consumers
and DCWD.
The system has three main functions: the mobile android application for customer,
the meter reader and the admin server. An electronic water meter with remote
monitoring and billing system covers registration of new clients, and daily updates for
client: notifications and announcements. The system caters customers with the following
services: bill monitoring, viewing of current and previous water bills, receiving of
announcement, sending complaints and receiving monthly water bills.

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The administrator can view registered water consumer, through the use of web
the admin can track each water consumer using the Web, sending of monthly bill,
newsfeeds, and notifying each water consumers if they paid or not using web directly to
each android phone of the water consumers. Using an android phone the meter reader
reads each meters of water consumer for billing purposes and send it directly to the
admin.
The Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System notifies
the administrator that a client should pay their monthly water bills on due time given.
Moreover, administrators have total access to the system, which include viewing of
customer’s information adding, deleting and editing daily notification and
announcements, sending each client monthly water bills receipt and notifies for monthly
payment, tracking water consumer line meter, deleting clients and adding, editing and
deleting water meter reader personnel.
The web is only limited to water district personnel especially to assigned personnel
in establishment and admin involved, the water consumers do not have an authority to
use the system especially the admin side. The water consumers is on an android phone
which is personally designed only for billing, notification and metering purposes. Only the
meter reader can read the line meters of the water consumer. The system cannot do
some billing or accounting transactions like electric, loan and etc. since it is only intended
for the water district and the water consumers cannot pay their monthly bills using their
android phones. Both administrator and meter reader can monitor all the water consumer

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and track using GPS. The designed system covers only for Dumaguete City. It is accessible
for the administrator, client and meter reader.
Definition of Terms
This part of the chapter provides the operational definition of the technical terms
used in the study:
Billing system. It is a combination of software and hardware that receives notification
detail and service usage information, groups this information for specific accounts or
customers, produces invoices, creates reports for management, and records payments
made to customer accounts.
Electronic Water Meter. It means an implementation or the utilization devices
constructed by the methods or principles of electronics involving a computer.
Functional Requirement. It is a function described as a set of inputs, the behavior,
and outputs.
Meter Reader. It is a utility meter for collecting the data that are needed for billing
purposes.
Non-functional Requirement. Is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used
to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors.

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Operationally. It is a result of the process of operationalization and is used to define
something in terms of a process needed to determine its existence.
Remote Monitoring. It is a standard monitoring specification that enables various
network monitors and console systems to exchange network-monitoring data.
Water Bill. The amount one must pay to use water and sewage services each month.
Water consumption. It is the portion of water use that is not returned to the original
water source after being withdrawn.
Water Meter. Water meters read in cubic meter.
Water use. It describes the total amount of water withdrawn from its source to be used.
Theoretical Framework of the Study
This section gives an overview of the theories as a part of the strategies and how
will the study utilize electronic services for implementing electronic water meter with
remote monitoring and billing system. The study is anchored on the (Diffusion on
Innovation) DOI Theory and Adaptive Structuration Theory and (AST).
Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST)
Adaptive Structuration Theory (Poole & DeSanctis, 1990) provides an explanation
for what influences Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System.

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In this theory the system, social and normative pressures, organizational environments
and tasks are reflected through the use of a technology in application of system (Dowling,
2009). AST is derived from Giddens’ (1979) structuration theory which holds that human
action influences and alters institutional arrangements, or structures (Chin, 1997).
Structuration theory was adapted, sometime after the system’s development, to include
the use of technology. AST serves as the theoretical midpoint between what can be
called an object-centered approach and a social centered approach of information
systems use theories. Electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system
is seen as a means to bring about change. Technology alone is not able to yield a certain
outcome, people must have an involvement.
Through Adaptive Structuration Theory, people tend to innovate new technology
and help in creating the electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system.
This theory also help adopt new technology and influence their behavior and living. AST
is seen as the theory that can intertwine both the technology and society, as well as the
changes that can come about through the interaction of the two. In AST the individual
as well as the technology are important factors. Appropriations can be faithful as long as
the technology is used in a way that represents the spirit of the technology.
(Diffusion on Innovation)DOI Theory
DOI is a theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread
through cultures, operating at the individual and firm level. DOI theory sees innovations

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such as the electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system as being
communicated through certain channels over time and within a particular social system
(Rogers , 1995).
Individuals are seen as possessing different degrees of willingness to adopt
innovations, and thus it is generally observed that the portion of the population adopting
an innovation is approximately normally distributed over time (Rogers, 1995). Breaking
this normal distribution into segments leads to the segregation of individuals into the
following five categories of individual innovativeness (from earliest to latest adopters):
innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards (Rogers, 1995). The
innovation process in organizations is much more complex. It generally involves a number
of individuals, perhaps including both supporters and opponents of the new idea, each of
whom plays a role in the innovation-decision.
Diffusion on Innovation theory provides a significant determinant of Dumaguete
City Water District and provides an intention to have an Electronic Water Meter with
Remote Monitoring and Billing System. The administration using the system helps them
to improve their job performance, their perception of how easy and understandable the
system and the degree to which they perceived that people who were important to them
and influenced them that they should use the system. This directly and positively affected
their readiness and intention to have an Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring

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and Billing System. The water district staff help them to enhance their documentation
speed and thereby would not result in any waste of time.
The Diffusion on Innovation (DOI) Theory helps in conceptualizing and developing
the system. Since DOI involves the adaptation of technology for innovation. Thus, the
researchers realize that developing an electronic water meter with remote monitoring and
billing system in Dumaguete City Water District (DCWD) will have an ease process of
work especially to have a faster transaction and proper reading of water consumption.
These theories mentioned above will help guide the researchers in analyzing the problem,
evaluating the cause, and designing for the solution.

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Adaptive Structuration (Diffusion on

Theory
Innovation)DOI Theory
Billing System
ELECTRONIC WATER METER WITH REMOTE

MONITORING AND BILLING SYSTEM
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study

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Conceptual Framework of the Study
This study was based on the concept of effective planning, prototyping which
includes analysis, design, build, and testing that would lead to a successful
implementation of the electronic water billing system. Figure 2 illustrates the system
process diagram of electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system.
The diagram has three processes: input, process, and output.
First, the input section identifies the status of the existing system. Then, the
researchers arrived to analyze the problems encountered, then identify and analyze the
technical requirements needed to fulfill the system named Electronic Water Meter with
Remote Monitoring and Billing System. Next, the researchers gathered necessary details
and features of the proposed system. Lastly, they analyzed the benefits and outcomes of
the proposed system for Dumaguete City Water District.
Second, is the process section: the researchers used an agile development model
as a methodology to process and produce the Electronic Water Meter with Remote
Monitoring and Billing System. The methodology has six phases: requirements, analysis,
design and architecture, development and coding, testing, and implementation. The first
phase is requirement: requirements are framed. The researchers tested and understood
the requirements and came up with a test strategy or plan to proceed with testing of the
piece being developed. The second phase is analysis wherein the researchers defined
the requirements of the system independently, on how these requirements will be

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accomplished. The deliverable results at the end of this phase is a requirement document.
Ideally, this document states in a clear and precise fashion what is to be built. This
analysis represents the “what'' phase. The required document tries to capture the
requirements from the customer's perspective by defining goals and interactions at a level
removed from the implementation details. The third phase is the design and architecture:
the design of the product or solution to be done. The researchers systematically arranged
elements or important parts, and configured or outlined the design of the product. The
fourth phase is the development and coding phase: design/coding, test driver
development, programming, and integration testing. The infrastructure is also developed
during this phase and all roles are active in building and testing deliverables. The
researchers continued to identify all risks throughout the phase and addressed new risks
as they emerged. The fifth is the testing: the system is tested if it is working accordingly.
The researchers identified the defects, ensured quality, and verified requirements. Lastly,
is the implementation phase: the researchers transformed model into executable code
with running unit-tests. The third and last section is the output. In this section, the
researchers produced the system. After an excessive research and study, the researchers
arrived to the output, Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System.

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INPUT
1. Problems encountered by DCWD

2. Basic concepts needed to develop the system PROCESS
3. Technical requirements needed to develop the system
4. Development of the system according to the users, meter reader and
administrators
PROCESS
1. Requirements 2. Analysis
3. Design &
6. Implementation Architecture
4. Development
5. Testing & Coding
OUTPUT
Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring

and Billing System
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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Review of Related Literature and Studies
This part of the chapter contains the related literature, studies and systems of
Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System. It contains the
importance of electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system in terms
of the design, interface and requirements needed in building a system.
Related Literature
Billing system is very complex starting from network elements that generate usage
to the billing system to usage collection, mediation, rating, and invoicing (Murthy, 2009).
Prepaid billing, postpaid billing credit and debit memos, order-based billing, delivery-
based billing, water billing and electric billing are just few examples of billing.
Water bill as defined by (Murthy, 2009) the amount one must pay to use water
and sewage services each month. Normally, water and sewage is provided by a
municipality, but this is not always the case.
Water bills usually are based upon one's usage, such that those who use more
water are charged higher through the adoption of new technology, people are making all
transactions in the electronic form. The electronic water billing system is also widely
accepted by various organizations for the benefit of people at a large scale.
The electronic water billing system can be used to transact with a particular service
provider or in general with all the service providers utilized by the user. While it is true
that online billing has many advantages it also has some disadvantages. Electronic water

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billing system is less expensive compared to the traditional billing but electronic water
billing system there is always fear of safety and security to the personal information due
to the increased spywares and malwares being rampant on the internet.
In like manner, it provides a great advantage of saving time and effort that are
normally lost in a traditional billing system. Besides there is no loss of bill when making
use of the electronic mode of billing hence, when the electronic payment system is opted
the customer account gets instantly debited for the funds that need to be paid while in a
traditional billing system the customer gets sometime between the billing receipt and
actual payment.
While there are always both advantages and disadvantages tagged to any system,
the success of the same depends on the prudent usage of the parties involved. The main
criteria of the parties involved in a billing outsourcing should be to bring down the
disadvantages and make the best use of the system for mutual benefit (Shiqun Li, 2008).
As cited in the article entitled “Computerized Water Billing for Time Improves Client
Communication and Firm Profitability” by Murphy (1996), accounting firms can improve
the profitability and relation with clients by automating client billing with computers.
Accounting firms can use personal computer as an economical means of computerizing
the billing process.
A Computerized Water Billing System allows accounting firms to more effectively
manage their employee’s productivity and give them the means to analyze the hours

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available and hours billed of each employee. A Computerized Billing System provides
more control over accounts receivable and client work processes.
According to the article entitled, Computer in Today’s World Philippines, the
function performed by the computer division of various organizations has become
identified as data processing program expedite many business functions such as the
accounts payable system. They keep records of vendor’s number, special accounts and
dates of payments. There are many advantages in using an accounts payable package:
all information remains in one done automatically; calculations are easily made; the time
involved to do work is greatly reduced (Bitter, 1995).
Further, Sheikh (2011) describe the implementation of electronic water meter
reading system absorbed many advanced study results in computer technology and
communication technology. The meter-reading task can be finished at the management
department of residence area by using this system. For the meantime, the energy
resources management departments can monitor the consumption of power in order to
improve the utility of power. It is basic to realize automatic deliver of energy resources.
The system has many significant excellences, such as low-workload, great quantity of
data transmission high-veracity and low expenses.
The growth of residential areas in great extent requires the increase in water
supply facility with performance monitoring system. Also the water thefts through any
water channel are increased now days. To supply the water equally to each house and

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to stop the water theft practice by people various technologies have been invented using
embedded system (Bitter, 1995).
Further, Murphy (1996) explained that water supply to residence and commercial
establishment are provided at a fixed flow rate. The water Theft is a main problem which
is done by the connecting a motor pump sets to the waterlines by a certain user.
Water Monitoring Distribution Systems (WMDS) carry potable water from water
sources (reservoirs, water tanks) to industrial, commercial and residential consumers
through complex pipe networks. An adequate water supply (in terms of availability and
quality) is vital to performing many daily tasks, and disruptions to a water supply through
planned maintenance or leakage repairs can cause significant problems. Urban population
growth adds to the demands on the water supply infrastructure. Utilities are faced with
increasing costs of installing new pipelines to serve the growing population as well as
maintaining and replacing the aging system. Increases in pumping, treatment and
operational costs are pushing water utilities to combat water loss by developing methods
to detect, locate and fix leaks.
Related Studies and System
A study, an intelligent remote water metering system, a remote metering system
prototype is developed and several experiments have been conducted. They developed
two remote meters and one central server. The total time taken to get a data SMS from
the remote meter to the central server is approximately 30 seconds. Different hardware

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and firmware unit of the prepaid meter are described. The central server's different
modules and the communication protocol with the prepaid meters are also shown. Several
experiments with two remote meters and one central server have been conducted. The
future work includes interfacing a general packet radio service modem with the prepaid
meter so that faster and continuous data can be received in the central server (Sun et al,
2011).
In the previous study of Kotsimpos (1996) entitled“ Multiservice Water Billing
System” (MSWBS), strategic business issues which have shaped the design of (MSBS). It
describes the scale and complexity of the problem which makes the construction of a
multiservice platform such a difficult feat of software engineering. The concept of a
common product model, which underpins the system's design, is introduced.
Moreover, author of Twin Cities Information Network Service present a test-bed
application being developed as part of this project. A brief description of the technologies
for e-commerce, operational at twin cities of Hyderabad Secunderabad, facilitates
payment of various utility bill payment (like water, electricity, etc.) through a single
window system. Payment of water bills through Internet using E-Cheque (Electronic
Cheque) will be operational soon. This enables customers to pay their bills from
anywhere, anytime. Thus, realizing the benefits of e-commerce to the citizens (Murthy
2000).
As cited in the document entitled “Extra Work Water Billing System”, the document
is organized with step-by-step instructions for each task to be accomplished using the

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EWB system. The EWB System may be accessed through the Internet using either
Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer and help view and remit their bills directly
online(Li, et. Al, 2000).
Using the results of packet losses in an experimental platform simulating a Next
Generation Network environment, authors evaluate on each scenario the impact in the
water billing process with different traffic flows comparing the total revenue calculus for
two water billing schemes: (1) charging per packet and (2) reducing the value
corresponding to undelivered packets. In addition, Kumar and Tapanray (2005) discuss
the performance of four network scenarios for water billing purposes. Our results show
that the environments that use Differentiated Services are both convenient for costumers
and service providers.
According to the findings of Zhang and Liu, (2010) many companies have done
researches on the wireless meter reading system, but actually there are not many
products. There are two important reasons: one is power consumption, and the other is
the cost. And, the power consumption is an important problem to restrict the mass using
the wireless meter reading system. In this paper, based on the study of the water meter
and Zigbee technology, the design schema of wireless smart meter was put forward which
is useful for the further study on the wireless smart meters.
In like manner, some vulnerability identified in the mobile billing system. The fair
and secure billing system based on a proper combination of digital signature and hash
chain mechanism. The proposed system can achieve authentication, nonrepudiation, and

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fairness, which are desirable security requirements for an undeniable mobile billing
system (Li, 2008).
Additionally Hatem (2009) proposed an online payment scheme which uses the
traditional e-payment infrastructure but which reveals no payment information to the
seller. This is done with only an incremental increase in computational power.
The term adopted for the system is multiservice billing system. The strategic
business issues which have shaped the design of International Journal of Advanced
Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 9, 2012 MSBS. It describes the scale
and complexity of the problem which makes the construction of a multiservice platform
such a difficult feat of software engineering. The concept of a common product model,
which underpins the system's design, is introduced (Crookes, 1996).
Payment of water bills through Internet using E-Cheque (Electronic Cheque) will
be operational soon. This enables customers to pay their bills from anywhere, anytime.
Thus, realizing the benefits of e-commerce to the citizens. According to Murthy (2000)
he states that a brief description of the technologies for e-commerce the authors also
present Cities Information Network Service test-bed application being developed as part
of this project. twin, operational at twin cities of Hyderabad Secunderabad, facilitates
payment of various utility bill payment (like water, electricity, etc.) through a single
window system. While some researchers had conducted the Electronic Water Billing
System may be accessed through the Internet using either Netscape Navigator or Internet
Explore.

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EWB Team (2000), on the other hand provided information regarding the use of
the Electronic Water Billing System. The document is organized with step-by-step
instructions for each task to be accomplished using the EWB system.
According Shiqun Li (2008) although buying products over the Internet with a
credit card has become a common occurrence, viewing the credit card bill itself - and
making payments to settle the bill electronically - has not. This is expected to dramatically
change as new EBPP products are introduced that include features such as secure e-mail
delivery, and also as EBPP technology becomes more common in business-to-business e-
commerce.
In the study of Purification (1995) entitled “Billing System”, due to probably of
manual computation error, computerizing the system will be able to step up this
probability even it is very rarely experienced in the manual billing system.
In the study conducted by Benipayo (1994) entitled “Study on the RM/GS Billing
System of the Manila Water Maynilad Company”, billing system is an essential component
of the revenue generating function of the company. Thus, failure to generate bill on the
proper time would affect the retaliation in the collection of revenues. The billing update
is actually the revision of the entry of the new accounts in the customer file. Failure to
update customer state in the billing records shall in a “no billing” of the consumption and
will ultimately cause a non-generation bill.

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In the study of Bartolome (2000), entitled “A Computer Water Billing System for
Teresa Water Supply”, making a water billing computerized, numerous benefits can be
acquired. One of the benefits is that it speeds up the current computation of the bills
wherein the operators will not waste their time in computing the bills of every
concessionaire because the system computers it automatically.
Generally, these related literature, studies and systems appeal for Dumaguete City
Water District’s Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System. The
related case studies are proofs that support the needs for Electronic Water Meter with
Remote Monitoring and Billing System in this institution.
The literature verifies the importance and benefits of an Electronic Water Meter
with Remote Monitoring and Billing System. Basically, Electronic Water Meter with Remote
Monitoring and Billing System enables fast and easy management transaction. In
institutions that have adopted this system, they can save more funds, time and efforts.

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Research Methodology
This part of the study composed of research respondents, research environment,
research instrument, research design, research procedures, and statistical treatment of
data and data gathering procedures.
Research Environment
The study was conducted in Dumaguete City area and Dumaguete City Water
District office where the respondents are situated.
Research Respondents
The respondents of the study were the employees of Dumaguete City Water
District and the customer of Dumaguete City Water District. It also includes IT experts
who are knowledgeable about the use of new high technology to promote an efficient
and effective way on handling a water billing business.
Research Design
The researchers emphasized the utilization of Agile Development Methodology.
Agile development, which is an iterative and collaborative approach characterized by short
cycles to design a product, has proven to be quite an effective technique for product
development. A rapid prototyping approach lends itself well to changing requirements
and facilitates learning from short trial-and-error prototyping cycles, which helps to
accelerate delivery while ultimately maximizing the value of the system.

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At each prototyping, new functional capabilities were added in the design
modification. The design modification process consists of the initialization step and the
prototyping step. In the initialization step, it generates the basis of the system. Its
purpose is to create an initial solution to the problem that was simple enough for
customers to understand and respond. For the prototyping process, it needs a lot of time
and effort to process and build the prototype that is performed. The results of the
prototype performed or tested will be added as new features considerable to the existing
solution.
Research Instrument
A survey questionnaire was used as the main data gathering instrument for this
study to assess the problems or issues encountered by employees.
Likewise, it adopted the Software Criteria Evaluation Tool developed by Mike
Jackson, Steve Crouch and Rob Baxter of Software Sustainability Institute to assess the
quality of the software in the following areas derived from ISO/IEC 9126-1 Software
engineering – Product quality and include usability, sustainability and maintainability. It
involves checking whether the software and the project that develops it, conforms to
various characteristics or exhibits various qualities that are expected of sustainable menu
ordering software. The ISO 9125-1 software quality model identifies six (6) quality
characteristics, namely: Functionality; Reliability; Usability; Efficiency; and Portability.

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Finally, four choices were provided for every question or statement. The choices
represent the degree of agreement each respondent has on the given question. The scale
below was used to interpret the total responses of all the respondents for every survey
question by computing the weighted mean:
Table 1. Rating Scale for Usability and Maintainability, Sustainability

Software Model Criteria
Rating
Usability Maintainability/Sustainability
1.00-1.75 Not Usable Not Maintainable
1.76-2.50 Slightly Usable Moderately Maintainable
2.51-3.25 Usable Maintainable

3.26-4.00 Very Usable Highly Maintainable
On the other hand, the study also adopted Davis’ (1989) questionnaire on
Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease-of-Use and User Acceptance of Information
Technology published in the MIS Quarterly Volume 13, No. 3 p.319-340 to evaluate user
experience on the usefulness and ease-of-use of the Electronic water meter with remote
monitoring and billing system for real-time water consumer. Below is the rating scale.
Table 2. Rating Scale for Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease-of-Use

Criteria
Rating
Perceived Usefulness Perceived Ease-of-Use
1.00-1.75 Not Useful Not Easy To Use
1.76-2.50 Partially Useful Not So Easy To Use
2.51-3.25 Useful Easy To Use
3.26-4.00 Very Useful Very Easy To Use

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Research Procedures
The researchers conducted a survey to IT experts, to Dumaguete City Water
District employees. The survey includes demonstration on how the system will be used
by both the water consumers and personnel.
During the demonstration, some respondents gave their suggestions and
comments regarding the system’s usability and functionality. They were also given
evaluation form to evaluate how efficient and effective the system is.
After the evaluation of the respondents, the data were properly arranged, tallied,
tabulated, and subjected to statistical treatment for presentation, analysis and
interpretation.
Statistical Treatment of Data
Statistical tools were used to solve for the grand and weighted mean in order to
give an in-depth analysis on the Software Criteria Evaluation result, the tabulated data or
the frequencies in the table were derived by adding all rates in a particular criteria and
divided it by the number of respondents. A weighted mean was used to evaluate how the
system is helpful and useful to users.

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Chapter II
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This study was conducted in order to identify the effects of using electronic water
meter with remote monitoring and billing system and explore its functionalities. To be
able to gather the necessary data, the researcher utilized the descriptive method. The
survey questionnaire as research instrument was used for the data-gathering.
The Respondent’s Involvement
The aim of the survey is to obtain pertinent data to achieve the system
objective. The site of the study was the DCWD employees and IT experts. Applications
were shown as samples for the research. The responses, observation and approval of the
respondents towards their perception with the system was gathered.
Table 3. Usability of Electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system as rated
by IT experts
Usability Weighted Mean Verbal Description
Understandability 3.7 Very Useful
Documentation 3.6 Very Useful
Buildability 3.8 Very Useful
Installability 3.9 Very Useful
Learnability 3.7 Very Useful
Grand Mean 3.74 Very Useful
Legend:
1.0-1.75 Not Sustainable (NS)

1.76-2.50 Slightly Useful (SU)
2.51-3.25 Useful (U)
3.26-4.0 Very Useful (VU)
Table 3 shows the Usability of Electronic water meter with remote monitoring
and billing system as rated by IT experts. The results displayed under Usability that the
system is very usable with a grand mean of 3.74, indicating that it slightly follows the

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guidelines based on the usability elements: understandability (3.7), which means that the
system is very clear; documentation (3.6), meaning the documents are available during
surveys; buildability (3.8), on-point build on other systems; installability (3.9) it can be
installed naturally; and lastly, learnabilty (3.7), which mean it can be simply learned.
Table 4. Sustainability and Maintainability of Electronic water meter with remote monitoring and
billing system as rated by IT experts
Sustainability and Maintainability Weighted Mean Verbal Description
Identity 3.8 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Copyright 3.5 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Governance 3.4 Maintainable/Sustainable
Accessibility 3.7 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Testability 3.7 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Portability 3.7 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Supportability 3.7 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Analyzability 3.7 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Evolvability 3.3 Maintainable/Sustainable
Changeability 3.5 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Interoperability 3.7 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Grand Mean 3.64 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable
Legend:
1.0-1.75 Not Maintainable and Sustainable (NM/NS)

1.76-2.50 Partially Maintainable/Sustainable (PM/PS)
2.51-3.25 Maintainable/Sustainable (M/S)
3.26-4.0 Highly Maintainable/Sustainable (HM/HS)
Table 4 shows the Sustainability and Maintenance of Electronic water meter with
remote monitoring and billing system is highly maintainable having a grand mean of 3.64,
indicating that it slightly follows the guidelines based on the Sustainability and
Maintenance elements: identity (3.8), which means that the system can easily identify;
copyright (3.5), meaning the system is copyright protected by the owner; governance
(3.4), on-point in which the system can be managed; accessibility (3.7) it can be easily
accessed; testability (3.7), which mean it can be simply corrected; portability (3.7),

29
meaning system can run on any platform; supportability (3.7), on-point build on other
systems; analyzability (3.7) which the system is understandable and concise; evolvability
(3.3), it can be developed; changeability (3.5) it can be change by the developer; and
lastly, interoperability (3.7), which mean it can be simply relate to other software.
Table 5. Perceived Usefulness of electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing
system as rated by users
Perceived Usefulness Weighted Mean Verbal Description
Using the system in my job would enable me to accomplish task more quickly 3.7 Very Useful
Using the system in my job would increase my productivity 3.65 Very Useful
Using the system would improve my job performance 3.55 Very Useful
Using the system would enhance my effectiveness on the job 3.5 Very Useful
Using the system would make it easier to do my job 3.7 Very Useful
I would find the system useful in my job 3.6 Very Useful
Grand Mean 3.62 Very Useful
Legend:
1.00-1.75 Not Useful (NU)

1.76-2.50 Partially Useful (PU)
2.51-3.25 Useful (U)
3.26-4.00 Very Useful (VU)
Measurement for the user’s satisfaction of the system is based on the quantitative
data that respondents give during the demonstration and survey of the researchers.
Shown in Table 5 is the perceived usefulness of electronic water meter with remote
monitoring and billing system. As rated by the users, the results revealed that the system
is “Very Useful” with a grand mean of 3.62. The result indicates that using the Electronic
Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System enables to accomplish a task
more quickly and increases job productivity.

30
Table 6. Perceived Ease-of-Use of electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system as
rated by users
Perceived Eased-of-Used Weighted Mean Verbal Description
Learning to operate the system would be easy for me 3.65 Very Easy
I would find it easy to get the system to do what I want it to do 3.6 Very Easy
My interaction with the system would be clear and understandable 3.4 Very Easy
I would find the system be flexible to interact with 3.45 Very Easy
It would be easy for me to become skillful using the system 3.5 Very Easy
I would find the system easy to use 3.5 Very Easy
Grand Mean 3.51 Very Easy
Legend:
Ease-of-Use
1.00-1.75 Not Easy (NE)
1.76-2.50 Not So Easy (NSE)
2.51-3.25 Easy (E)
3.26-4.00 Very Easy (VE)
Shown in Table 6 is the perceived ease-of-use of electronic water meter with
remote monitoring and billing system. As rated by the users, the result revealed that the
system is “Very Useful” with a grand mean of 3.51. The result indicates that using the
Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System enables to accomplish
a task more quickly and increases job productivity.

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CHAPTER III
TECHNICAL ASPECT OF ELECTRONIC WATER METER WITH REMOTE
MONITORING AND BILLING SYSTEM
This chapter presents the system analysis and design that deals with planning the
development of an Electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system
through understanding and specifying in detail what the system should do and how the
components of the system should be implemented and how it would work together.
System Analysis and Design
In the real world, systems designers is rarely called upon to analyze and design a
system from the scratch. Usually, such a system does exist, but the client is not quite
satisfied with it. The systems designer starts with the documentation of the existing
system, if it does not exist. However, since such documentation is not prepared with a
view to design a system, it is used only as a starting point in building the documentation
to aid systems design. It has many phases which started from coding to testing. The
design of interface, design of control and process, input/output design is the main part
of system designing. Its interface, input/ output, control and process should be very
sophisticated and easy, far from complexities. In like manner, the conceptual framework
agile development model was used to guide project management in information system
development.

32
This chapter designated the problem of Electronic Water Meter with Remote
Monitoring and Billing System to be addressed in creating its solution.
Planning. During his phase, the objective of the system is determined and the
requirements to produce the electronic water billing system are considered. An estimate
of resources, such as personnel and costs, is prepared, along with a concept for the water
billing system. During this initial phase, reliability is most focused especially on tracking
locations of clients.
Analysis. This phase defines the problem of water billing system and determines
solution. This also includes looking at any existing water billing system to see what it is
doing for the organization and how well that system is doing its job. The feasibility of the
water billing system is also considered, and questions being addressed are as follows:
Can the system be created with the resources available? Will the system significantly
improve the organization? And does the old system even need to be replaced?
Functional Requirements
Functional requirements define the capabilities and functions that a system must
be able to perform successfully. The functional requirements of this electronic water
meter with remote monitoring and billing system include: The application of the system
shall enable the customer to view the monthly water bills, check unpaid balances, notifies
customer regarding on upcoming water shortage. Using the meter reader application, the
android application can read each line meter monthly, it can track each water consumer
who uses the application if it is online.

33
In addition, the user application can send complaints at their convenience. Also,
every transaction users will be notified through sending messages. The system shall
enable the admin to add customer, track each water consumer, edit and delete
notification and announcements, delete clients and add, edit and delete water meter
reader personnel. The system shall allow the admin to update additional information
(notifying each water consumers if they have paid or not, etc.).

34
Read
Water
View Bills Send Meter

Readings
Send Track Line

Complaint Meters
Notificatio Messages
ns
User
Send Manage
Updates Users
Manage
Accounts
Admin
Figure 3. Use-Case Diagram for Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and
Billing System
Shown in Figure 3 is the Use-Case Diagram for Electronic Water Meter with Remote
Monitoring and Billing System. This show the interaction between user, admin and meter
reader. The figure above illustrates the main function of the user which includes viewing
of bills, sending complaints, receiving notifications and updates. The meter reader’s main
function which is reading of line meter and the admin which can access to all
functionalities of the system.

35
Interface Design
Figure 4. Access to login
Figure 4 shows an option for the user “I Already Have an Account” and “Create New
Account”.
Figure 5. Login Page
Figure 5 shows the login page for the users, required fields are: username and password.

36
Figure 6. The Main Page
Figure 6 illustrates the home page for the user in mobile application. It contains the bills
for water consumers, user’s feedback, notifications and more info.
Figure 7. View Bill Page
Figure 7 illustrates the water bills of the water consumer, due amount, and due date.

37
Figure 8. Feedback Page
Figure 8 shows the feedback sections. The water consumers can send complaints.
Figure 9. Notification Page
Figure 9 represents the page for notifications for users. The water consumers receive
notifications sent by the admin.

38
Figure 10. More Information Page
Figure 10 represents the page for more information’s for users. This sections display
about Dumaguete City Water District.
Figure 11. The Admin’s Login Page
Figure 11 shows the login page for the admin, required fields are: username and
password.

39
Figure 12. The Home Page
Figure 12 illustrates the home page for the admin. It contains the homepage, the billing
of the water consumers, map, total users and all the updates.
Figure 13. Map Page
Figure 13 indicates maps in the admin page. This shows the location of the water
consumer’s address.

40
Figure 14. Bill and Account Page
Figure 14 specifies the bills and accounts of the water consumers. This includes the
account id, meter #, User name, address, last readings, payable, monthly reading, status
and actions.
Figure 15. Add Account Page
Figure 15 states all the accounts. This includes the adding of water consumers, admin
and reader. This all shows all the users name and password.

41
Figure 16. Update Page
Figure 16 shows the update in the admin page. In this section, the admin can send
updates and announcements to all water consumers.
Non-Functional requirements
A non-functional requirement is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used
to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors. Some of the non-
functional requirements include: The system should be sufficient network bandwidth,
Backup- provision for data backup, Maintainability- easy to maintain, Performance/
response time- fast response, Usability by target user community- easy to use,
Expandability- needs to be future proof or upgradable and Safety- should be safe to use.

42
Design. In this phase the system and software design is prepared from the
requirement specifications which were studied in the first phase. The system architecture
of Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System is obtainable.
System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in
defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for
the next phase of the model.

43
Meter
Reader
Map
Read Line
Meter
Update
Maps
Electronic Water
Manage
Meter with Remote Logout
Administration
Monitoring and Paid
Billing System Action
Unpaid
Bills View
Add User
Accounts
Add Admin
Add Reader
Send
Complaints
More Info
Unpaid Bills
Bills
Previous Bills
Current Bills
User’s
Application
Figure 17. The System Architecture of Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring
and Billing System

44
Build
In this phase, the analyzed and designed prototype is constructed as a system
prototype to be reanalyzed and redesigned until a second prototype is developed. The
process continues in a cycle until the users and developers agree to a final system.
Testing
The researchers were simultaneously testing the program until there was a fully
functional software application ready to be deployed to users. And also, additional
features can be designed, developed and tested. This phase also involved final testing
which was done after fixing bugs and the documents finalization.
Implementation
It is in this phase when the system was installed and evaluated (verified) in the
operational environment.

45
Chapter IV
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This part of the chapter shows the Summary, Findings and Recommendations of
an Electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system.
Restatement of the Problem
The present undertaking tries to analyze the basic concepts of Electronic Water
Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System; design and develop a functional
efficient Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System; test and
implement an Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System for
Water District in Dumaguete City.
This study sought answer to the following questions.
1. What is the current process of Dumaguete City Water District?
2. What are the current problem encountered by Dumaguete City Water District?
3. What are the necessary functional and non-functional requirements needed in
the design, development and implementation of Electronic Water Meter with
Remote Monitoring and Billing System?
4. How effective does the Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and
Billing System function as an android mobile phone technology as rated by both
IT experts and users?

46
Findings
Based on the statement of the problems, the researchers come up with the
following findings:
The accuracy of water meters and advance payment transaction should be high
priority.
1. The current process of water billing system in DCWD is the traditional way of collecting
information to be collected manually.
2. The problem encountered in existing system is lack of modernity and that caters lack
of line meter reading accuracy, door to door of giving receipts and notifications.
3. The basic concept that are needed for the development of an Electronic Water Meter
with Remote Monitoring and Billing System are applicable system standards, required
operating systems, and hardware or platform requirements.
4. The Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System are accessible
to the water district personnel and the clients. It must be interactive for the both of them
to use the system.

47
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the researchers come up with the following conclusions:
1. The traditional way of collecting information of water billing system in DCWD is very
costly with regard to time and money and is also error prone.
2. It is essential that using the electronic water meter and meter reader application has
a big impact in solving modernization of the existing water billing application.
3. In creating a system, using applicable use case diagram and system architecture are
appropriate in functional and non-functional requirements.
4. Based on the survey, Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing
System is more effective compared to the existing water billing system.
5. Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System is beneficial
especially for the water consumers to easily monitor their monthly water bills.
6. The extensive growth of population development and technology has leads to the need
of proper utilization of the natural resources especially water.

48
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions the researchers have come up with strong
recommendations:
1. The implementation of Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing
System must be supported by all water district personnel and water consumers.
2. Electronic Water Meter with Remote Monitoring and Billing System must be deployed
in order to fix the necessary troubles during the deployment of the system.
3. The system must have a maintenance to have a better services.
4. The users of the system must be willing to adopt the changes of the environment
especially in the fast emerging technology so that they will learn the functionalities of the
system efficiently.
5. Dumaguete City Water District must provide a strong internet connection in order for
the system to run properly.
6. The electronic water meter with remote monitoring and billing system should have the
ability to provide more detailed information on the bills for the water consumers.
7. For the future researchers of the study, thorough and in-depth analysis on both
technical and non- technical functionalities of the system is needed to achieve better
enhancements and to answer the future needs of both water consumers and DCWD.

49
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NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Arts and Sciences

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPES

The technology is generation-driven which is moving towards increased reliance

interested with computers. People tried to indulge on it to have a productive result in a

medium is an Electronic Water Billing System.

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

should be a high priority.

In order to overcome these problems, the researchers developed a possible

application of electronic and wireless technology in the data acquisition of water

Remote Monitoring and Billing System.

Statement of the Problem

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Specifically aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the current process of Dumaguete City Water District?

3. What are the necessary functional and non-functional requirements needed in

the design, development and implementation of Electronic Water Meter with

Remote Monitoring and Billing System?

Billing System function as an android mobile phone technology as rated by both

IT experts and users?

Significance of the Study

Specifically, the results of the study will benefit the following:

convenient compared to their traditional way of collecting information.

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

way through the innovation of technology that eases human workloads.

and Billing System.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

announcement, sending complaints and receiving monthly water bills.

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

customer’s information adding, deleting and editing daily notification and

deleting water meter reader personnel.

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

for the administrator, client and meter reader.

used in the study:

Billing system. It is a combination of software and hardware that receives notification

made to customer accounts.

Electronic Water Meter. It means an implementation or the utilization devices

constructed by the methods or principles of electronics involving a computer.

Functional Requirement. It is a function described as a set of inputs, the behavior,

Non-functional Requirement. Is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used

to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors.

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Operationally. It is a result of the process of operationalization and is used to define

something in terms of a process needed to determine its existence.

Remote Monitoring. It is a standard monitoring specification that enables various

network monitors and console systems to exchange network-monitoring data.

water source after being withdrawn.

Water Meter. Water meters read in cubic meter.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

Innovation) DOI Theory and Adaptive Structuration Theory and (AST).

Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST)

Adaptive Structuration Theory (Poole & DeSanctis, 1990) provides an explanation

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

action influences and alters institutional arrangements, or structures (Chin, 1997).

called an object-centered approach and a social centered approach of information

outcome, people must have an involvement.

Through Adaptive Structuration Theory, people tend to innovate new technology

(Diffusion on Innovation)DOI Theory

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Individuals are seen as possessing different degrees of willingness to adopt

an innovation is approximately normally distributed over time (Rogers, 1995). Breaking

following five categories of individual innovativeness (from earliest to latest adopters):

innovation process in organizations is much more complex. It generally involves a number