CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research is a systematic method of finding solutions to problems. It is essentially an

investigation, a recording and an analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge.

The procedure using, which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining
and predicting phenomena, is called Methodology. Methods compromise the procedures used
for generating, collecting, and evaluating data.

The research methodology is a written game plan for conducting research. It may be
understood as science of studying. In it the various steps are described that are adopted by a
researcher in studying his research problems.

4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:

A research design is the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the
information needed. It is the over-all operational patterns or framework of the project that
stipulates what information is to be collected from which source by what procedures. The type
of research carried out for this project is Descriptive in nature.

 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Descriptive Research Studies are those studies, which are concerned with specific
predictions, with narration of facts and characteristics concerning individual, group or situation
or used to describe the phenomena already exists. The main characteristic of this method is that
the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what
is happening.

4.2 SAMPLING DESIGN:

A sample design is the framework, or road map, that serves as the basis for the selection
of a survey sample and affects many other important aspects of a survey as well.

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  PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Probability sampling is also known as ‘random sampling’ or ‘chance sampling’. Under

this sampling design, every item of the universe has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample.

4.2.1 SAMPLING METHOD:

 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Simple random sampling is the purest and the most straightforward probability
sampling strategy. It is also the most popular method for choosing a sample among population
for a wide range of purposes. In simple random sampling each member of population is equally
likely to be chosen as part of the sample.

4.2.2 SAMPLE SIZE:

Number of the sampling units selected from the population is called the size of the
sample. The item selected from population constitutes the sample size. The sample size of a
statistical sample is the number of observations that constitutes it. It is typically denoted in a
positive integer (natural number). In this study, the sample size taken is 108.

4.3 DATA COLLECTION:

The data’s was collected through Primary and secondary sources.

a. Primary Sources:

Primary data are measurement that are observed and recorded on a part of an original
study. The primary sources are data’s collected through questionnaire.

b. Secondary Sources:

The secondary data consist of data and information collected from company websites
and also discussion with the management of the organization, internet and from books.

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4.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:

 QUESTIONNAIRE:

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the

purpose of gathering information from respondents. The questionnaire was invented by the
Statistical Society of London in 1838.

4.5 TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS:

 PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS:

Percentage refers to a special kind of ratio; percentage is used in making comparisons

between two or more series of data. Percentage method is used to describe the relationship.
Percentage is used in processing the data.

𝑵𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒔
Percentage of Respondents= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔

 CORRELATION ANALYSIS:

The Correlation Analysis is the statistical tool used to study the closeness of the
relationship between two or more variables. The variables are said to be correlated when the
movement of one variable is accompanied by the movement of another variable. Correlation is
classified in two types as Positive and Negative correlation.

The Pearson correlation coefficient is a very helpful statistical formula that measures
how strong a relationship is between two variables.

𝑵(∑ 𝑿𝒀) − (∑ 𝑿)(∑ 𝒀)

𝒓=
√[𝑵 ∑ 𝑿𝟐 − (∑ 𝑿)𝟐 ][𝑵 ∑ 𝒀𝟐 − (∑ 𝒀)𝟐 ]

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  CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS:

Chi-square test is one of the important nonparametric tests that is used to compare more
than two variables for a randomly selected data. The expected frequencies are calculated based
on the conditions of null hypothesis. The rejection of null hypothesis is based on the differences
of actual value and expected value.

𝟐
(𝑶 − 𝑬)𝟐
𝒙 =
𝑬

 ANOVA TEST:

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated

estimation procedures (such as the "variation" among and between groups) used to analyze the
differences among group means in a sample. ANOVA was developed
by statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher. In the ANOVA setting, the
observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to
different sources of variation. In its simplest form, ANOVA provides a statistical test of
whether the population means of several groups are equal, and therefore generalizes the t-test to
more than two groups. ANOVA is useful for comparing (testing) three or more group means
for statistical significance. It is conceptually similar to multiple two-sample t-tests, but is more
conservative (results in less type I error) and is therefore suited to a wide range of practical
problems.

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