Lineas de Transmision Weibo

RF and Microwave Systems
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
EEE4086F
RF and Microwave systems
Transmission Lines and Microwave Networks
Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

1
Course news
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Website created in http://rrsg.ee.uct.ac.za/EEE4086F First
practical Wednesday 27/02 at 11h00. Subject can
be downloaded from the website
Essay’s on regulation must be completed for Thursday
13/03.
Read chapter 1 and 2 of the Pozar book for Thursday’s
Lecture (28/02)

2
Introduction
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Circuit analysis is a simplification of Maxwell's equations using
the assumption that the physical dimensions of the network are muc
h smaller than the electrical wavelength (d<<λ).
But as frequency increases, wavelength decreases (since all EM wav

es propagate at the speed of light), and this assumption becomes f
alse.
The transmission line is a distributed-parameter network, where

voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over the len
gth of the line.

3
Lumped Element Model
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
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The transmission line is often represented as a two-wire line
The transmission line is divided into segments of length ∆z, which are
modeled by the same lumped element model.
The units of the circuit parameters are measured per unit length and the
voltage and current can therefore vary along the length of the line.
R: series resistance (Ω/m) L: series inductance

(H/m) G: shunt conductance (S/m) C: shunt capacitance
(F/m)

4
Transmission Line Equations
Transmission
Lines
Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current law can be applied to the lumped circuit
model, giving 2 equations involving current and voltage at either end of
the differential line segment.
Smith Chart
In the limit as z →
0, one obtains a set of partial differential
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
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equations in the time domain
These equations can be transformed to the frequency domain to give the

ordinary differential equations:

5
Wave Propagation 1
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
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Note that the differential equations on the previous slide are coupled.
We can therefore eliminate either V(z) or I(z).
Doing so yields either of t

he differential equations:
where
γ = α +
jβ =
(R +
jϖ L)(G +
jϖ c)
is known as the propagation constant.
α is the attenuation constant and represents the rate of decay of the

wave amplitude with distance.
β is the phase constant and represents the relative phase shift with r
espect to position along the line.

6
Wave Propagation 2
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
The second order differential equations on the previous
slide should be familiar as the wave equation, which has the well known
solutions:
where e −γz represents wave propagation in the +z direction and

e +γz represents wave propagation in the −z direction.
Voltages and currents therefore propagate along the line as traveling

waves.

7
Wave Propagation 3
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Given a transmission line with a propagating wave, we can define:
9 The characteristic Impedance:
9 The wavelength on the line:
9 The phase velocity: The speed at which a constant phase point

travels down the line, given by:

8
Lossless Lines
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
The preceding general case can be simplified considerably for lossless l
ines, which can be used to approximate practical cases where the loss is
often very small and can be neglected. In that case, R=G=0, and lossles
s line properties are:
9 Propagation Constant:
9 Characteristic Impedance:
9 Wavelength :
9 Phase Velocity:

9
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Terminated Lines: General Case 1

10
Terminated Lines: General Case 2
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
11
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Terminated Lines: Short Circuit Case

12
Terminated Lines: Open Circuit Case
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
13
Terminated Lines: Special Line Lengths
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
14
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Example: Transmission Line Calculations

15
The Smith Chart
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching

16
Reading the Smith Chart
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
17
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Example: Using the Smith Chart with Impedance
Values 1

18
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Example: Using the Smith Chart with Impedance
Values 2

19
Using the Smith Chart with Admittance Values
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
20
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Example: Using the Smith Chart with Admittance
Values

21
Microwave Networks
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching

22
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Impedance and Admittance Matrix 1

23
Impedance and Admittance Matrix 2
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
24
Scattering Matrix 1
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching

25
Scattering Matrix 2
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
26
Measurement of S parameters
Network Analyzer
9 2 port Network (S11,S12,S21,S22)
9 Measurements require a calibration process

27
Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching

28
Impedance Matching
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Matching
Z0
Network
Load
ZL

29
Quarter Wave Transformer
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
30
L-Section
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
31
Transmis
sion
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Single Stub Tuning
32
Single Stub Tuning
Shunt stub (Y = 1/Z)
Y
0 Y
0
Y
L
Y
0

33
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching
Example: Single Stub Shunt Tuning 1

34
Example: Single Stub Shunt Tuning 2
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching

35
Drill problems

36

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RF and Microwave Systems

Transmission Lines and Microwave Networks

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Essay’s on regulation must be completed for Thursday

Read chapter 1 and 2 of the Pozar book for Thursday’s

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

But as frequency increases, wavelength decreases (since all EM wav

The transmission line is a distributed-parameter network, where

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

R: series resistance (Ω/m) L: series inductance

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

These equations can be transformed to the frequency domain to give the

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Doing so yields either of t

α is the attenuation constant and represents the rate of decay of the

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

where e −γz represents wave propagation in the +z direction and

Voltages and currents therefore propagate along the line as traveling

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

9 The wavelength on the line:

9 The phase velocity: The speed at which a constant phase point

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

9 2 port Network (S11,S12,S21,S22)

9 Measurements require a calibration process

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Shunt stub (Y = 1/Z)

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems

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