International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems ICECS -2014
PAPR Reduction Techniques for Performance
Improvement in OFDM Systems
Anusha Chacko
Department of Electronics and Communication
Karunya University
Coimbatore, India
anushastella@gmail.com
Abstract- Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is
an attractive technology in Wireless Communication. High Peak­
to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is one of the challenging issues
in OFDM systems. High PAPR force the High Power Amplifier
(HPA) to operate in its linear region with wide dynamic range,
where the power efficiency is very poor. The poor
efficiency makes the reduction of PAPR more important in
OFDM systems. Selected Mapping (SLM) is a promising
technique to reduce the PAPR. The proposed technique is a
modification of the conventional SLM. Here new phase sequence
is used. With the proposed method better PAPR reduction is
achieved.
Keywords- OFDM, PAPR, SLM, PTS, HPA, ADC, DAC, CCDF
I. INTRODUCTION
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) is an attractive technology for wireless
communication [1, 2]. OFDM based systems are widely used
for wireless applications because it provides high spectral
efficiency, multipath delay spread tolerance, immunity to the
impulse noise and robustness against frequency selective
fading channels [3]. In OFDM the subcarriers are closely
spaced and are used to carry data. The data is divided into a
number of parallel streams. Each one is corresponds to a
single subcarrier. Conventional modulation schemes such as
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or Phase Shift Keying are
used for each subcarrier. The subcarriers are orthogonal to
each other. This eliminates the cross-talk between the sub
channels and requirement of inter carrier guard bands.
IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20 European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and
Broadcast Radio Access committees established international
standards making use of OFDM for high speed wireless
communications [4, 5]. The low rate modulation techniques
are less sensitive to multipath effects. In OFDM number of
low rate streams are send parallel instead of sending a high
rate data stream. This makes OFDM robust against multipath
effects, maintaining high data rate. High peak-to-average
power ratio is the major disadvantage in OFDM systems [6].
There are several methods adopted for the reduction of PAPR
such as Amplitude Clipping, Clipping and Filtering, Coding,
Tone Reservation, Tone Injection and Multiple Signal
Representation Techniques. The Multiple Signal
J. Jeevitha
Department of Electronics and Communication
Karunya University
Coimbatore, India
jeevithajoseph@karunya.edu
Representation Technique includes Selected Mapping, Partial
Transmit Sequence, and Interleaving.
II. PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO
One of the major challenging issues of OFDM is high
power
peak-to-average power ratio, which is defined as the ratio of
the maximum instantaneous power and its average power [7].
An OFDM signal consists of a large number of independently
modulated subcarriers, which on coherent addition may
produce a high instantaneous peak with respect to the average
signal level.
OFDM signal has very wide range of amplitudes with
high PAPR [8]. High power amplifiers (HPA's) are used to
amplify the time domain OFDM signal to the desired power
level. In order to deal with the large fluctuations in the
envelope of OFDM signal, HPA's are required to have a large
linear range. The HPA wiII introduce additional interference
and inter modulation between the different carriers. The
additional interference leads to an increase in BER. In order to
reduce the signal distortion and BER, HPA requires a linear
work in its linear amplifier region with large dynamic range.
But the linear amplifier has poor efficiency and is so
expensive. To accommodate large envelope fluctuations of the
OFDM signal, the digital to analog converter (DAC) and
analog to digital converter (ADC) are also required to have a
wide dynamic range. This further increases the cost and
complexity of the OFDM system.
III. PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION
TECHNIQUES
The PAPR reduction techniques can be classified into
two categories, signal scrambling technique and signal
distortion technique. Commonly known signal scrambling
techniques are SLM, PTS and Coding Schemes. Clipping
followed by Filtering is a signal distortion technique.
A. Partial Transmit Sequence
The Partial Transmit Sequence is a multiple signal
representation technique. In PTS approach the input data block
X is partitioned into M disjoint sub blocks. These sub blocks
are then transformed into M time domain Partial Transmit
Sequences. This transformation can be achieved with the help
 International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems ICECS -2014
of Inverse Fast Fourier Transform.
The generated partial sequences are then independently
rotated by phase factors. Then the M sub blocks are optimally
combined to obtain the time domain OFDM signals with the
lowest PAPR. The optimization techniques such as Particle
swarm Optimization can be used for reducing the complexity
of the technique.
B. Selected Mapping
The key idea in Selected Mapping is the formation of
several sequences which carry the same information [7, 8].
This is achieved by multiplying the data block with number
phase sequences generated. The PAPR value of each sequence
is calculated. And the sequence with minimum peak-to­
average power ratio is selected for transmission.
C. Coding Schemes
If N signals are added in same phase, they produce high
peak power which is N times the average power. The key idea
behind coding scheme is to reduce the occurrence probability
of same phase signals. The main disadvantage of coding
scheme is that the good performance of the PAPR reduction is
achieved at the cost of coding rate loses.
D. Nonlinear Companding Transforms
Nonlinear Companding Transforms enlarge the small
signals and compress the large signals to increase the
immunity of small signals from the noise [9]. The fIrst
nonlinear companding transform is the fJ-law companding.
This transform is based on the speech processing algorithm fJ­
law, and it gives better performance than the clipping method.
fJ -law mainly focuses on enlarging signals with small
amplitude and keeping peak signals unchanged. NCT may
lead to signifIcant distortion and performance loss due to
companding noise.
Dl
QAM Serial to
Parallel
Data
Conversion
DL
QL
Figure l.Selected Mapping OFDM System
E. Tone Rejection and Tone injection
The key idea behind Tone Rejection and Tone Injection is
that both the transmitter and the receiver reserve a subset of
tones for generating PAPR reduction signal. In Tone
Reservation the main concern is to fInd time domain signal C
to add with the original time domain signal x to reduce the
PAPR. The basic idea of Tone Injection is to extend the
constellation and thus to form the same data points
corresponding to multiple possible constellation points.
F. Clipping and Filtering
Clipping is the simplest and most widely used technique
for PAPR reduction [10]. Here the parts of the signals that are
above the allowed level are clipped [11, 12]. Clipping is
performed generally at the transmitter side. The receiver need
to estimate the clipping occurred and has to compensate the
received OFDM signal accordingly. For this receiver must
estimate the location and the size of the clip. But it is diffIcult
to get such information.
Thus clipping introduces both in band distortion and out of
band radiation into the OFDM signal which degrades the
system performance including BER and spectral effIciency.
Filtering followed by clipping can reduce out of band radiation
but this may cause some peak re growth [13]. To obtain a
desirable PAPR repeated clipping and fIltering operation can
be employed.
IV. SELECTED MAPPING
Selected Mapping (SLM) is an effIcient method for peak­
to-average power ratio reduction in OFDM systems [14]. In
SLM technique the data sequence is multiplied with each
phase sequences generated. And thus sequences which carry
same information are formed. From these signals the signal
with minimum PAPR is selected for transmission.
N point
IFFT
Selected
Select
N point Signal
OFDM
IFFT signal
with
minimum
PAPR
N point
IFFT
2
 International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems ICECS -2014

In SLM technique the original data block is multiplied with

L phase sequences. Thus L sequences which carry the same
information are generated. And from the generated L
sequences the sequence with minimum PAPR is selected for
transmission. Along with the data the side information is also
transmitted [15]. Side information indicates the phase --------�--------�--- ----�--------�--------� -------�-- - ----�--------
s -
-

--------�--------�--- ---�--------�--------�- ------�-- ----�--------

-
cr:::
sequence which minimized the PAPR. a.. ________ 1 ________ 1 ____ ___ I ________ J ________ J ___ ____ J ________ J _______ _

<t : : : : : : :
(L -2 ' , , , , , ,

V. SELECTED MAPPING WITH NEW PHASE SEQUENCE &: 10 ::::::::!::::::::!::::: ::!::::::::�::::::::�::::::: �::::::::�::::::::
a.. :::::::: �:::::::: ; ::::: : ; :::::::: � :::::::: � :::::::: :::::::: �::: :::::
-

� :::::::: ; :::::::: ; :::::--: ; :::::::: ; :::::::: ; :::::::: ; :::::: ; :::::::: -

In the proposed scheme the phase sequence of the --- - - -- - - - - -- - - -- - -- - - -- - -- -

-

a:
-- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- - -- -- - -- - -- --

conventional scheme is changed. In conventional selected - - - - - - - -:

+ - - - - - - - -: + - - - - - - - - ;� - - - - - - - - ;� - - - - - - - - ;� - -
+ - - - - - - -: - - - - ;� - - - --- --

I , , , I I ,

mapping technique we use the phase sequence p= [1,-1, j,-j].

-- - - . - -- -. - -- . -
-- -- -- -- -- --
-- --- -- - - - - - - - - �-- - - - - - - � - - - - - - - �-- - - - - - � - -- --

Instead of these values in proposed method we randomly

- - ,- --- -, -- -- ,-- -- -, - -- ,- -- -, - -- ,- -- -
- - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - �-- - - - - - - � - - - - - - - �-- - - - - - � - --- --
-- - -- - -- � - --- --- �-- -- - - � ------- �-------- �----- ---�- ------ �--------

-- I , I I -- -- - I I -- -- I -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

change the phase sequence and select the sequence which ________ I ________ I ________ I ________ J ________ J ________ J _______ ________

- -- -"> - -- ">- -- -"> - -- "> -- -

I , , I I • ,
I , , I I I I

minimizes the peak-to-average power ratio. This resulted in

--------T -------- T-------- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- - -- --
" I I I ,
" I I I I

further reduction in PAPR. Except the change in phase 1 04 L- __ �____�__�-----L----�--�----�--�

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
sequence the proposed scheme is same as that of the PAPRO(dB)
conventional Selected Mapping technique. We have simulated Figure 3.CCDF Curve of the original OFDM signal and Modified Selected
the results for two sets of phase sequences which made Mapping Technique with phase sequence pI
considerable reduction in PAPR. They are pI =[1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -
1 -1 3 -1 3 -1 -1 -1 -1 3] and p2=[1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 -1 -1 -
1 -1 3 -1 -1 -1 -1 4 -1 -1 -1 5 -1 -1 6 -1 -1 -1 -1 1]. The phase
sequence pI resulted in better PAPR reduction than
Conventional Selected Mapping technique. And the use of
phase sequence p2 further improved the PAPR reduction ....... - - -----. -------
----
- - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - • - - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � -

--------� --------� -- ----� --------� --------� - ------� --------� ----

�
a.. � ________ � ___ ____ � ________ .! ________ � ___ ____ � ________ � ________
efficiency of the Selected Mapping technique. ________

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

�
0..
10-2 : ::::::: ; ; ' ;
:::::::: :: : ::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::_ ! ! : ________ � ______ - -

<t
!!o. - I
---- --.
________ 1 ________ 1 ____
I ,
-------
___ I ________ J ________ J ________ J _
• • I
______ J ________
I

MATLAB is used for the simulation of the results. To a:

- - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - • - - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - � -

-------- -------- ----- -- ------- -------- -------- -- -- - --------

I
I
I
I
,
,
I
- I
I
I
I
I -
I
I

analyze the PAPR reduction efficiency of the proposed : : : : : : :

10"" ::::::::i::::::::i::::: ::;:::::::: j:::::::: j:::::::: j:::::: -: j::::::::
scheme complimentary cumulative distribution function graph -- ----
---- --.
- - - - - - - - +
--. -- - - - - - - • - -------
-------
- - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - � -
- - - - - - - - +

I I
- - - - - - - • -

,
-------
- - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - -

--------,--------,------ -,------- ,--------,--------,------ ,--------

-------- �-------- �-------- � ------- �-------- �-------- �-------
- I I I -
� -
�-
I

is plotted. This shows how many times a signal spends at a ________ 1 ________ 1 ______ _ 1 ________ J ________ J ________ J _______ ________

-------
I I , • • • I
I I , I I I I
-------- -------- ------ - T --------">--------">--------">--------">

particular power level or above that. The power level is

T T
I I , I I I I
I I , I I I I

10 4L_ _L �L_ _4 � --�-- -- � -- � ---- � --�

expressed in dB. The CCDF curve is basically a plot of
__ __

4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
relative power levels and probability. The x-axis shows the PAPRO(dB)
threshold values and in y-axis probability of PAPR value is Figure 4.CCDF Curve of the original OFDM signal and
greater than the threshold is plotted. Modified Selected Mapping Technique with phase sequence
p2
The new phase sequences resulted in better PAPR reduction
than the conventional Selected Mapping technique. The new
phase sequence p2 is larger in length than the phase sequence
pl . The CCDF curve of SLM with phase sequence p2 has
10-' :::::::: i:::::::: i::: :::: i:::::::: j::::: -:: j:::::::: j:::::::: j:::::::: better PAPR reduction than the SLM with phase sequence pl .
:::::::: �::::::::!:::: -::: �::::::::�::::::::� ::::::::�::::::::�::::::::
� � � �:::== � ======== � ==== - - == � ========F ======= � - - ====== � ======== � ======== The simulation results prove that with increase in the length of
0...
<!
________ 1 ________ 1 _____

: :
__ 1 ________ .1 ________ .1 ___

: : :
____ .1 ________ .1 ________

: :
the phase sequence the PAPR reduction efficiency of SLM

I
improves.

�:� : : : :1: : : 1: : :�: : : : r: : : I:: : :!i:: : 'I:: : :

VII. CONCLUSION

High peak-to-average power ratio is a challenging issue in

---- ---. ---- --. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. Selected
---- ---, ---- --,- ---- - .. - ---- ,---
- - -
.. ---- .. ---- ---,.. ----
- - - - - - - -
.. --------
---- -- ,- ------
- - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - � - - - - - - -

------
� -

, Mapping technique is an efficient method for PAPR reduction.

- - - - - - - - �- - - - - - - - �- - - - - - -_ - - - - - - -_ - - - - - - -_ - - - - - - -_ - - -
- 1 - - , - - , - - , - I - I- - I -
,
________ 1 ________ 1 ________ 1 _______ J ________ J ________ J _______ ________
I
I
I
I
-------- -------- --------
T
I
T
I
T
I
I

I
•
I

I
I
I
I
I

I
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-------">--------">--------">--------"> -------
I I
In this paper we have proposed a modified Selected Mapping
104 L_ __
I I I

�----L---�----L----L--�L- --���
I I I I

technique with new phase sequence. The Selected Mapping

4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 technique with new phase sequence resulted in further
PAPRO(dB)
Figure 2.CCDF Curve of the original OFDM signal and Selected Mapping reduction in PAPR.
technique

3
 International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems ICECS -2014
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