Atomic structure

Topics we will learn today

Introduction

Timeline of atomic models

Dalton’s model of atom

CRT Experiment
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JEELIVE
 Butterflies get their colors from 2 different sources

Ordinary colors Structural colors

It is due to specific
Comes from structure of
normal chemicals butterflies wings.
that absorb certain The color can shift as
wavelengths and the observer moves.
reflect others. This effect is known
as iridescence
It is not possible to see atoms in the conventional way using
light, no matter how high the magnification is
 Structure of atom

Chemistry is the study of composition, structure, properties and change of

matter.

● What we see → eyes are photodetectors

● What we feel → chemicals in brain

● What we eat → chemicals

● What supports us → skeleton is ceramic

● When we work → muscles use the energy stored as glucose

 J.J Thomson R.K Millikan De Broglie Werner
Heisenberg
1897 1910 1924 1927
Discovery of Measurement of Uncertainty principle
Wave particle duality
electrons electronic charge

Bohr atomic model Schrodinger’s equation Discovery of

Discovery of nucleus neutrons
1909 1913 1926
1932

Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr Erwin James

Schrodinger Chadwick
 Timeline of Atomic Models

Democritus (400 BC)

He proposed that matter is composed of tiny, discrete

particles, which we now call atoms, derived from the
greek word “ATOMOS” - indivisible

Aristotle (350 BC)

Proposed that matter is composed of 4 essences.

Earth Water Air Fire

 Dalton’s model of atom ( 1803-1810)

Conservation of mass

Based on the laws of Definite proportions

Multiple proportions

● Elements are composed of minute indivisible particles called Atom

● Atoms of some element are alike in MT and size
● Atoms of different elements have different masses and sizes
● chemical compounds are formed by the union of 2 or more atoms
● of different elements
● Atoms always combine in simple whole no ratios.
● Chemical rxn only rearrange how atoms are combined in chemical
● compounds atoms themselves don t change
● HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
 Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

He made the discovery than certain substances when dissolved in water

conduct electricity.

Mass deposited ∝ charge passed through solution

m∝Q
 G.J. Stoney (1826-1911)

He realized there must be some fundamental unit of electricity associated

with atoms. He named this unit electron in 1891, but he had no means of
supporting his idea until 1897 when J.J. Thomson proved existence of
electron.
CRT experiment (Discovery of electron)
 Characteristics of Cathode rays

● Cathode rays starts from cathode and move towards anode.

● These rays are invisible, but cause fluorescent materials to glow when hit by
them.
● In the absence of electric and magnetic field, these rays travel in straight line.
● Cathode rays cast shadows of an object placed in its path and produces
mechanical effects on a small paddle wheel.
● These rays consists of -ve charged particles(fast moving) and are deflected by
electric and magnetic fields.
● Characteristics of cathode rays doesn’t depend on the nature of electrode or
nature of the gas present in it.
● Cathode rays penetrate through thin sheets of Al and metals.
● They affect photographic plates.
● Charge to mass ratio (e/m) is universal constant for cathode rays.
e/m= 1.76 x 1011 C Kg-1
Charge to Mass ratio of electrons - J.J. Thomson(1897)
R.K Millikan’s Oil drop experiment
Discovery of protons and neutrons