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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

2 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................2

2.1 Objectives .....................................................................................................................................................2

3 Literature Review...................................................................................................................................................2

3.1 Variable ........................................................................................................................................................2

4 Research Questions and Hypotheses ....................................................................................................................3

5 Methodology .........................................................................................................................................................3

5.1.1 Qualitative Research: ...............................................................................................................................3

5.1.2 Quantitative Research: ............................................................................................................................4

5.2 Source of Data ..............................................................................................................................................4

5.2.1 Primary Data: ...........................................................................................................................................4

5.2.2 Secondary Data: .......................................................................................................................................4

5.3 Measurement of Variables ...........................................................................................................................4

5.3.1 Variable In Questionnaire ........................................................................................................................4

5.3.1.1 Nominal Scale:.................................................................................................................................4

5.3.1.2 Ordinal Scale: ..................................................................................................................................4

5.3.1.3 Interval Scale: ..................................................................................................................................4

5.3.1.4 Ratio Scale: ......................................................................................................................................5

5.3.2 Dimensions: .............................................................................................................................................5

5.3.3 Scaling: .....................................................................................................................................................5

5.4 Sampling Design / Data collection................................................................................................................5

5.4.1 Sampling Methods ...................................................................................................................................5

5.4.1.1 Random Sampling ...........................................................................................................................5

5.4.1.2 Non-Random Sampling ...................................................................................................................5

5.4.2 Sample Size ..............................................................................................................................................5

5.4.3 Observation Unit ......................................................................................................................................5

5.4.4 Target Population ....................................................................................................................................5

5.4.4.1 Population: ......................................................................................................................................5

5.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................................6

6 Findings ..................................................................................................................................................................6

6.1 Frequency and Percentage method for the Analysis of Demographics .......................................................6

6.2 Responses on each question by using percentage method .......................................................................10

6.3 Average response of each demographic ....................................................................................................11

7 Hypothesis ...........................................................................................................................................................12

8 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................................12
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9 Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................................13

2 INTRODUCTION
As part of my statistics course, with the help of my honorable teacher Mr. Abdul
Mannan who is teaching me statistics, I am going to conduct survey on altruism.
The purpose of this survey is to understand the behavior of university students
about positivity, personal responsibility and to know how much they are willing to
help others.
Altruism:
Altruism is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others. It is a
traditional virtue in many cultures and a core aspect of various religious traditions
and secular worldviews, though the concept of "others" toward whom concern
should be directed can vary among cultures and religions. Altruism or selflessness
is the opposite of selfishness. The word was coined by the French
philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as altruisme, for an antonym of egoism. He
derived it from the Italian altrui, which in turn was derived from Latin alteri,
meaning "other people" or "somebody else".

2.1 OBJECTIVES

 To measure altruistic behavior among university students.

 To compare altruistic behavior between various groups of university.

3 LITERATURE REVIEW
In literature altruism is identified as donating behavior, helping behavior, rescue
behavior related welfare act, sacrificing behavior and behavior related with social
service. The man who exerts influence in others through altruistic act is attributed
with benefactor and his action of altruism indicates his positive mental health.
Therefore altruism may be an indicative factor of an individual’s mental health

3.1 VARIABLE
It is a resource characteristics such as cost and reward of helping behavior
(Piliavin and Rodin, 1975; Freeman, 1977; Kerber, 1984 ;)
It is a personality variable such as social responsibility of self-esteem (Aronoff and
Witson, 1984)
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4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

Questions

1. What is average level of altruism among students of IUB included in my

sample?
2. What is difference between average level of altruism between male and
female included in my sample?
3. What is difference between average level of altruism between education
groups included in my sample?
4. What is difference between average level of altruism between age groups
included in my sample?
5. What is difference between average level of altruism between language
groups included in my sample?

Hypothesis

1. Is the average level of altruism among students of IUB is 41.58?

2. There is a difference between average level of altruism between male
and female included in my population.
3. There is a difference between average level of altruism between
educational groups included in my population.
4. There is a difference between average level of altruism between age
groups included in my population.
5. There is a difference between average level of altruism between
language groups included in my population.

5 METHODOLOGY
It is a science of studying how research is to be carried out. Essentially, the
procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining
and predicting phenomena are called research methodology. It is also defined as
the study of methods by which knowledge is gained.

5.1.1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:

In qualitative research an object or individual is observed and recorded as a
nonnumeric characteristic and it cannot be measure in terms of numbers.
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5.1.2 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Quantitative research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating
numerical data or data that can be transformed into the usable statistics and it
can also measure in terms of numbers.

I have used Quantitative Research because I am trying to measure altruism

among university students and it is almost impossible with qualitative research
method. In quantitative research even purely verbal responses can be counted
that is why it is more reliable way to measure altruism.

5.2 SOURCE OF DATA

5.2.1 PRIMARY DATA:

Primary data is a type of data in which we collect information directly from
individuals.

5.2.2 SECONDARY DATA:

Secondary data is a type of data which was collected on purpose other than your
research.
I have used Primary data in my research because I want to collect data directly
from university students and for this, primary data is most suitable.

5.3 MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

I have used Ordinal Scale in my research because in my questionnaire the
response scale of questions is of ordinal type (e.g. Never, Once, More than once,
Often, Very Often).

5.3.1 VARIABLE IN QUESTIONNAIRE

5.3.1.1 NOMINAL SCALE:

Data recorded at the nominal level of measurement is represented as labels or
names. They have no order. They can only be classified and counted.

5.3.1.2 ORDINAL SCALE:

Data recorded at the ordinal level of measurement is based on a relative ranking
or rating of items based on a defined attribute or qualitative variable. Variable
based on this level of measurement are only ranked or counted.

5.3.1.3 INTERVAL SCALE:

For data recorded at the interval level of measurement, the interval or the
distance between values is meaningful. The interval level of measurement is
based on a scale with a known unit of measurement.
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5.3.1.4 RATIO SCALE:

Data recorded at the ratio level of measurement are based on a scale with a
known unit of measurement and a meaningful interpretation of zero on the scale.

5.3.2 DIMENSIONS:
There is no dimension in my research.

5.3.3 SCALING:
I have given directions to a stranger. Never………..Very Often

5.4 SAMPLING DESIGN / DATA COLLECTION

Statistical method of obtaining representative data or observations from a group
(lot, batch, population or universe).

5.4.1 SAMPLING METHODS

There are two types of sampling methods which are following

5.4.1.1 RANDOM SAMPLING

A random sample is one in which each element of the population has the same
probability of being chosen.

5.4.1.2 NON-RANDOM SAMPLING

It is a sampling method in which the observation units are selected on basis of
criteria other than probability.
I have used non-random sampling because sampling frame is not available.

5.4.2 SAMPLE SIZE

5.4.3 OBSERVATION UNIT

Observational units are entities whose characteristics we measure.
My Observation unit is “Students of Islamia University of Bahawalpur”

5.4.4 TARGET POPULATION

5.4.4.1 POPULATION:
The entire set of individuals or objects of interest or the measurement obtained
from all individual or objects of interest.
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I targeted “Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bughdad Campus”

5.5 DATA ANALYSIS

After the collection of data we stated to analyze the data. For calculation of the
data we have used the following methods:
 Percentage Method
 Frequency Distribution Method
 Averages
 T test
 F test

6 FINDINGS

6.1 FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHICS

Gender of Students

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 39 65.0 65.0 65.0
Female 21 35.0 35.0 100.0

Total 60 100.0 100.0

Graph:
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Interpretation:
We collected data from 60 students. In our sample the males are in large number.
Males are 39 and females are 21. We have 65% males and 35% females. Because
sometimes females feels some sort of hesitation filling the questionnaire because
of their insecurities so I preferred to collect my data more from males.

Education of Students
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Intermediate 24 40.0 40.0 40.0
Bachelor 36 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 60 100.0 100.0

Graph:
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Interpretation:
We collected data from 60 students. On the basis of education level many belongs
to Bachelor. The number of students belongs to Bachelor level of education are
36 and remaining 24 belongs to Intermediate level of education. We have 40% of
students whose education level is Intermediate and 60% of students are Bachelor.

Age of Students

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 15-25
60 100.0 100.0 100.0

Graph:
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Interpretation:
We collected data from 60 students. In our sample everyone belongs to the
interval of 15-25. It is because we collected data from university students and in
university most of students are under 25.

Language of Students

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Urdu 10 16.7 16.7 16.7
Punjabi 24 40.0 40.0 56.7
Saraiki 26 43.3 43.3 100.0
Total 60 100.0 100.0

Graph:
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Interpretation:
We collected data from 60 students. In our sample we have 16.7% of students
whose language is Urdu, 40% of students are Punjabi and 43.3% of students are
Saraiki. Saraiki’s are more in number because most of the people lives in
Bahawalpur are Sariki.

6.2 RESPONSES ON EACH QUESTION BY USING PERCENTAGE METHOD

Questions Never Once More Often Very

than Often
once
I have helped push a stranger's car that was broken 55% 16.7% 26.7% 1.7% _
down or out of gas.
I have given directions to a stranger. 11.7% 13.3% 45% 30% _
I have made change for a stranger. 71.7% 11.7% 11.7% 3.3% 1.7%
I have given money to a charity. 8.3% 5.0% 31.7% 46.7% 8.3%
I have given money to a stranger who needed it. 31.7% 31.7% 23.3% 10% 3.3%
I have donated goods or clothes to a charity. 10% 5% 36.7% 43.3% 5%
I have done volunteer work for a charity. 86.7% 8.3% 3.3% 1.7% _
I have donated blood. 41.7% 25% 21.7% 8.3% 3.3%
I have helped carry a stranger's belongings. 78.3% 13.3% 6.7% 1.7% _
I have delayed an elevator and held door open for 98.3% 1.7% _ _ _
stranger.
I have allowed someone to go ahead of me in a lineup. 21.7% 40% 36.7% _ 1.7%
I have given a stranger a lift in my car. 83.3% 5% 6.7% 3.3% 1.7%
I have pointed out a clerk's error (in a bank, at the 23.3% 3.3% 55% 15% 3.3%
supermarket) in undercharging me for an item.
I have let a neighbor to borrow an item from me. 15% 10% 33.3% 35% 6.7%
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I have bought 'charity' holiday cards deliberately 96.7% _ 1.7% _ 1.7%

because I knew it was a good cause.
I have helped a classmate with an assignment. _ 6.7% 21.7% 55% 16.7%
I have looked after a neighbor's pets or children 95% _ 1.7% 1.7% 1.7%
without being paid for it.
I have offered to help a handicapped or elderly 36.7% 33.3% 23.3% 6.7% _
stranger across a street.
I have offered my seat on a bus or train to a stranger 26.7% 31.7% 35% 5% 1.7%
who was standing.
I have helped an acquaintance to move households. 46.7% 21.7% 25% 5% 1.7%

Interpretation:
The maximum number of people responded “Never” on one question with high
percentage of 98.3%. The question is “I have delayed an elevator and held door
open for stranger.” Because most of the students belongs to Bahawalpur which is
not well developed and have no such buildings having elevators.
The maximum number of people responded “Very Often” with the percentage of
16.7% on the question “I have helped a classmate with an assignment.” Because
in university every student try to be cooperative with class mates.
The maximum number of people responded “Often” with the percentage of 55%
on the question “I have helped a classmate with an assignment.”
The maximum number of people responded “Once” with the percentage of 40%
on the question “I have allowed someone to go ahead of me in a lineup.” Because
many people done this practice once of more than once in life time.
The maximum number of people responded “More than once” with the
percentage of 55% on the question “I have pointed out a clerk's error (in a bank,
at the supermarket) in undercharging me for an item.” Because human error in so
common and it’s because of lack of concentration.

6.3 AVERAGE RESPONSE OF EACH DEMOGRAPHIC

Altruism Mean Std. Deviation CV

41.5833 5.92121 14.23939

Q1. What is average level of altruism among university students included in my

sample?
We collected data from 60 students of university. Measuring scale of altruism is
20-100 and our mean is 41.58. With the help of data we came to know that the
average level of altruism is not very high among university students.
Variable Responses Mean Std. Deviation CV
Gender Male 43.4359 5.10312 11.74862
Female 38.1429 5.90157 15.47226
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Education Intermediate 40.2500 6.21534 15.44184

Bachelor 42.4722 5.62894 13.25323
Age 15-25 41.5833 5.92121 14.23939
Urdu 40.0000 5.59762 13.99405
Language Punjabi 42.2083 6.16427 14.6044
Saraiki 41.6154 5.92673 14.24167

Interpretation:
Q2. What is difference between average level of altruism between male and
female included in my sample?
On the scale of gender, CV of males is 11.74 and females CV is 15.47. The average
of male category is less than average of female in gender variable. It shows that
males are more Altruistic than females. So we concluded that the data of male is
more consistence.
Q3. What is difference between average level of altruism between education
groups included in my sample?
On the scale of education Intermediate level of student’s mean is 40.25 and
Bachelor level of student’s mean is 42.47. The average of Intermediate students is
higher than the other. It shows the students of intermediate students are more
altruistic than Bachelor. The data of Bachelor is more reliable. It is because at
Bachelor level the students are more mature and they have sense of responsibility
because helping others is also our social responsibility.

Q4. What is difference between average level of altruism between age groups
included in my sample?
In my sample all the students belongs to same age group. It shows that the
students belongs to 15-25 age group are very much altruistic. The other reason is
that in this age students are more energetic and they like to help other people.
Q5. What is difference between average level of altruism between language
groups included in my sample?
The average of the Punjabi speaking people are higher than Urdu and Saraiki.
Thus, the data of Punjabi and Saraiki people are more reliable and consistence. It
shows that the Punjabi and Saraiki people are more altruistic and they have a
nature of helping other people.

7 HYPOTHESIS

8 CONCLUSION
I concluded that it was a great experience to know the perception of students
about helping others. Though it took time but gave me valuable results. Students
gave me honest responses and I got authentic result.
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The purpose of this survey is to understand the behavior of university students

about positivity, personal responsibility and to know how much they are willing to
help others. For this purpose primary data has been collected from students in
Islamia University Bahawalpur.
Through this research we came to know that the overall average level of altruism
among university students is not very high. We also came to know that the males
are more altruistic than females and the students of Intermediate level are more
altruistic than Bachelor. We also came to know that the Punjabi and Sariki people
are more altruistic and having nature of helping others.
During collection of my data I noticed one thing that the male respondents ask
more questions but they do not fill the questionnaire carefully. In case of females,
they do not ask much questions but fill the questionnaire very carefully.
By summing up, I would like to thank all for being part of my report. I am very
happy from these results.
Hope for best in future!

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R.D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the
self-report altruism sale. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 292-302.

Douglas A. Lind, William G. Marchal, Samuel A. Wathen (1967). Statistical

Techniques in business and economics. 7-10.
Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M.,& McGue, M. (2001). Altruism and antisocial behavior:
Independent tendencies, unique personality correlates, distinct etiologies.
Psychological Science, 12, 397-402.
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Cumberland, A., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A, Zhou, Q., &
Carlo, G.(2002). Prosocial development in early adulthood: A longitudinal study.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 993–1006.
Fulker, D. W., Nealle, M. C., Nias, D. K. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1986). Altruism and
aggression: The heritability of individual differences. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 50, 1192-1198.