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Design and Assembly of an Antenna


Demonstration System
Alexander J. Hempy, Student Member, IEEE, Michael P. Civerolo, Student Member, IEEE,
Dean Y. Arakaki, Member, IEEE


Abstract—This paper describes the design, assembly, and
operation of a self-contained wireless demonstration system that
requires only DC power supplies. The system demonstrates
polarization effects, radiation patterns, gain, directivity, and
signal interference from environmental barriers for dipole,
corner reflector (simulated antenna array), Quagi, and Fig. 1. Wireless system block diagram
embedded patch antennas. The system includes an RF oscillator,
high-frequency amplifiers, RF bandpass filters, a signal strength
indicator, and multiple adjustable antenna mounting platforms.

Index Terms— Dipole antennas, microstrip antennas, antenna


arrays, embedded patch antennas, corner reflectors.

I. INTRODUCTION

T HE antenna demonstration system is designed for ease of


use, simple construction, and operation with multiple
antenna types. It consists of four antenna types, a bandpass
filter, amplifiers, an oscillator, and a signal strength detector
as depicted in Fig. 1. The system operates at 915MHz which
allows for relatively small antennas and eliminates
requirements for components that operate at frequencies
above UHF.
Fig. 2. The stationary dipole antenna is used for transmission throughout the
entire demonstration
II. SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A. Stationary Dipole Antenna (1)


A stationary dipole antenna is used for 915MHz signal B. Rotating Dipole Antenna
transmission for all demonstrations, see Fig. 2. The stationary A rotating dipole, identical to the stationary dipole, is used
dipole is vertically polarized and mounted to a wooden base. to demonstrate signal reception, see Fig. 3. Polarization effects
The antenna includes a 3/8” brass tube outer conductor with a and radiation pattern characteristics (including nulls) of dipole
5/32” brass tube center conductor. With the selected tube antennas are illustrated.
dimensions, (1) yields a 52.5Ω characteristic impedance The rotating dipole antenna is mounted on two Lazy Susan
where a is the inner conductor radius and b is the outer bearings to allow rotation in two orthogonal directions;
conductor radius. The dipole incorporates a split-type balun to azimuth and roll. These rotational axes are used to illustrate
minimize surface current radiation. The dipole arms are
radiation pattern (received signal strength vs. angle) and
10AWG solid copper wire soldered to the brass tubing. The
polarization (TX/RX antenna alignment) effects, respectively.
dipole is fed through an SMA RG174 cable soldered to the
opposite end of the brass tubing structure.
 

Manuscript received May 1, 2010. This work was supported in part by the
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society.
The authors are with the Electrical Engineering Department, California
Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA (e-mail:
ahempy@calpoly.edu, mciverol@calpoly.edu, darakaki@calpoly.edu).
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Fig. 5. The Quagi antenna uses parasitic elements to direct the signal from the
driven element toward the director elements

Fig. 3. A rotating dipole antenna is used to illustrate polarization and


radiation pattern effects

Fig. 6. The embedded patch antenna illustrates an actual application (cell


phones) and emphasizes the benefits of microstrip antennas

antenna has one active element and three parasitic elements:


Fig. 4. The corner reflector antenna simulates an antenna array one driven element, one reflector, and two directors. The
reflector and director elements focus radiation from the driven
C. Corner Reflector
element toward the directors. This results in a gain (in the
A corner reflector is used to demonstrate a simulated dipole maximum radiation direction) greater than that of a dipole
antenna array, see Fig. 4. The corner reflector includes slots antenna. The Quagi is supported by a wooden boom
positioned for 90°, 60°, and 30° corners that simulate antenna positioned above a Lazy Susan.
arrays with 4, 6, and 12 elements, respectively. A dipole
antenna, identical to the stationary and rotating dipoles, is
used to receive signals with the corner reflector. The support E. Embedded Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Patch Antenna
structure allows antenna positioning for optimum transmission The embedded PCB patch antenna is used to illustrate a
with different corner angles. The corner reflector is mounted scaled version of current cell phone antenna technology and
to a Lazy Susan which allows rotation to demonstrate the advantages of microstrip antennas: low profile, ease of
simulated array radiation patterns. fabrication, low cost, and PCB compatibility with other
circuitry. The patch antenna is milled alongside a 915MHz
D. Quagi Antenna
amplifier and is matched to a 50Ω transmission line via a
The Quagi antenna is used to demonstrate directionality and quarter-wave transformer, see Fig. 6.
gain, and is a variation of a Yagi-Uda antenna that substitutes
square loops for dipole elements, see Fig. 5. The Quagi
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Fig. 9. A bandpass filter suppresses out-of-band transmission.

Fig. 7. A negative resistance oscillator provides the 915MHz transmitted


signal.

Fig. 10. The signal strength indicator illuminates LEDs proportional to the
received RF signal strength

Fig. 8. A microstrip amplifier provides 15dB signal gain.

F. Oscillator
A negative resistance oscillator is used to generate the
915MHz RF signal. The oscillator provides 0dBm when
supplied with 9V DC input. The oscillator couples energy into
a λ/2 10AWG copper wire resonator to generate oscillations.
The oscillator is shown in Fig. 7.
G. Amplifiers
Two amplifiers provide approximately 15dB gain each: one
in the receiver and the other in the transmitter, see Fig. 8. The
amplifiers are milled on FR4 PCB. Matching networks
minimize reflections and improve amplifier efficiency. High
impedance quarter-wave lines are added to DC bias the high
frequency transistor. The bias lines are AC shorted to ground
Fig. 11. Environmental barriers simulate actual wireless system environments.
through coupling capacitors near the biasing circuitry to create From left to right: ESD, drywall, copper mesh, and poultry net barrier.
an open circuit at both RF transistor ports.
J. Environmental Barrier
H. Bandpass Filters
Environmental barriers simulate actual wireless system
A 2nd order coupled-line 915MHz microstrip bandpass filter environments and resultant signal attenuation effects. The
suppresses out-of-band reception, see Fig. 9. The filter has a environmental barriers are represented by four 2’ x 2’ frames
nominal 30MHz 3dB bandwidth and approximately 2.7dB composed of drywall, poultry net, ESD material, and copper
insertion loss at 915MHz. mesh, see Fig. 11. The drywall and poultry net represent
I. Signal Strength Indicator building walls, while the ESD and copper mesh frames
simulate electronics manufacturing environments. EM wave
The signal strength detector uses an RF peak detector, an
attenuation caused by these conductive and metallic surfaces
LED bar graph driver, and a gain-adjustable non-inverting
are illustrated by the system.
operational amplifier, see Fig. 10. The peak detector converts
the received RF signal to a DC voltage which is proportional
III. ASSEMBLY
to the received signal strength. This DC voltage is applied to a
non-inverting operational amplifier for range adjustment, and A. Dipole Elements
to a bar graph display circuit, which drives a 30 LED array.
The number of illuminated LEDs is proportional to the peak The dipole antennas used in the stationary, rotating, and
detector voltage and received RF signal strength. corner reflector antennas are all composed of 3/8” outer and
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Fig. 12. Corner reflector dipole input matching

Fig. 14. Stationary dipole antenna base dimensions

Fig. 13. The dipole elements are supported by the split balun

5/32” inner brass tubing, 10AWG copper wire, and RG174


SMA male coaxial cable. Two 8.2cm length slots (/4 at
915MHz) are cut into the 3/8” brass tubing using a Dremel
cutting wheel attachment to form a split balun. 1/8” diameter
holes are drilled at one end of both the 3/8” and 5/32” brass
tube to accommodate the dipole arms. The 10AWG copper
wire dipole arms are soldered into the 1/8” holes, see Fig. 13.
The 10AWG copper wire dipole arms are soldered into the
1/8” holes, see Fig. 12. The initial 4” length dipole arms are
Fig. 15. Rotating dipole antenna base dimensions
tuned by trimming 1/32” increments from each arm until |S11|
is minimized at 915MHz.The input matching for the corner C. Rotating Dipole Antenna
reflector dipole is shown in Fig. 12. Hot glue is applied inside The rotating dipole base is also composed of wooden
the dipole end to mechanically stabilize the tip of the split components assembled using wood glue, except the two Lazy
balun. Susans, which are secured by wood screws. All dimensions
The coax feed line is stripped and the center conductor is are defined in Fig. 15. A 17/32” hole accommodates the
soldered to the 5/32” inner brass tube, whereas the outer coax dipole.
conductor is soldered to the 3/8” outer brass tube. The coaxial
feed lines are approximately 2’ long for the stationary and D. Corner Reflector
rotating dipole antennas, and approximately 3’ for the corner The corner reflector table is composed of wood. All
reflector. The stationary and rotating dipole antenna tubing is dimensions are defined in Fig. 16. The corner reflector table
7” in length; the corner reflector tubing is 20” in length. includes slots that allow 90°, 60°, or 30° corner reflector
B. Stationary Dipole Antenna angles. The 22” x 22” platform is attached to a 10” x 22”
wooden base via a Lazy Susan. Cable tie mounts and cable
The stationary dipole base is composed of wooden ties secure the dipole and allow dipole repositioning with the
components secured with wood glue. All dimensions are different corner angles, see Fig. 17. For a 90° corner, the
defined in Fig. 14. The mounting post is composed of two 1” dipole is placed approximately 7.09” from the corner apex to
thick 2” wide posts glued together as shown in Fig. 14. A achieve peak received field strength. The dipole is placed
17/32” diameter hole accommodates the dipole. 8.39” and 15.16” from the corner apex for 60° and 30° corner
angles, respectively.
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Fig. 16. Corner reflector dimensions

Fig. 19. Quagi antenna dimensions

Fig. 17. Corner reflector dipole mount.

Fig. 20. The Quagi is fed on the vertical side by a coaxial cable. Gap length is
1/32”

Fig. 18. Quagi input matching

E. Quagi Antenna
The Quagi antenna is composed of wood, a 5/16” wooden
dowel, and wood glue. All dimensions are defined in Fig. 19.
The boom is secured to the stand using a 5/16” wooden
dowel.
The Quagi elements are squares formed from 10AWG solid
copper wire. The directors, driven elements, and reflector
have 3.08”, 3.23”, and 3.43” sides, respectively. The reflector Fig. 21. Embedded PCB patch antenna layout
and directors are soldered together to form closed squares. F. Embedded PCB Patch Antenna
The driven element is fed by RG174 coax on the vertical side
The embedded PCB patch antenna is milled on 31 mil thick,
to vertically polarize the antenna, see Fig. 20.
9” x 12” RT Duroid 5870 laminate. The amplifier is similar to
The Quagi may also require tuning. The driven element’s
the FR4 amplifiers and has the same biasing circui. The PCB
unconnected side is initially 0.2” longer than specified. File
patch antenna Gerber file is available upon request from the
down one end of the driven element until |S11| is minimized at
authors. The layout is shown in Fig. 21.
915MHz. The Quagi input matching is shown in Fig. 18.
Maintain a 1/32” gap between the copper ends. G. Oscillator
The oscillator is assembled on 62 mil FR4 laminate. The
schematic is given in Fig. 22. Resonance occurs in a λ/2
(6.38”) 10AWG solid copper wire. The copper wire resonator
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Fig. 24. 915MHz amplifier layout

Fig. 22. Oscillator schematic

Fig. 25. Amplifier bias circuit

Fig. 23. Coupling between transistor and copper wire resonator

is applied to the Avago AT-41486 transistor emitter lead. The


coupled wire is positioned between the resonator and ground
plane at one end of the resonator, see Fig. 23. The copper wire Fig. 26. Amplifier biasing schematic
rests approximately 2mm above the ground plane. The
oscillator requires 9V DC. I. Bandpass Filters
The oscillator operates on the principle of negative The bandpass filter is milled on 31 mil thick, 1” x 7.75” RT
resistance, an unstable condition to initiate oscillation. As the Duroid 5870 laminate. The coupled-line bandpass filter
signal amplitude increases, the negative resistance value Gerber file is available upon request from the authors. The
decreases to stabilize the RF signal. To create a negative input bandpass filter dimensions are given in Fig. 27.
resistance, inductance is required at the transistor base.
J. Signal Strength Indicator
Sufficient inductance at the transistor base is achieved using a
minimum 0.5” length long lead, see Fig. 22. The signal strength indicator schematic is shown in Fig. 28.
The oscillation frequency is dependent on the copper wire Schottky diodes, 1000pF capacitor C1, and 100kΩ resistor R1
resonator length and the copper wire height above the ground are soldered to a 1” x 1” FR4 panel. The remaining circuit
plane. The oscillation frequency is adjusted by altering the components are soldered onto vectorboard, which is mounted
resonator height. onto FR4. The signal strength detector requires 6V DC.
The signal detector includes a non-inverting op amp to
H. Amplifiers adjust the detected peak voltage range . The gain is adjusted
The amplifiers are milled on 62 mil thick, 2.5” x 5” FR4 by increasing the feedback potentiometer resistance R1.
laminate, see Fig. 24. The board includes traces for DC
biasing the AT-41435G RF transistor and solder pads for DC
biasing. The biasing circuit is shorted to ground with a via λ/4
away from the RF transmission line to create an AC open
circuit near the RF transmission line, see Fig. 24. The hand-
made 50nH inductors are composed of 24AWG wire formed
into 13 0.1” diameter loops and are 0.7” in length. A
magnified view of the biasing circuitry is shown in Fig. 25
and the biasing schematic is shown in Fig. 26.
The amplifiers require 5V DC input applied to the collector.
The base-emitter junction is biased by adjusting the
potentiometer resistance R1, which is directly proportional to
the voltage drop. This voltage is applied to the transistor base.
Increase the potentiometer resistance to 0.7V.
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Fig. 27. Bandpass filter layout.

Fig. 28. The signal strength detector is comprised of Schottky diodes, LM3914 bar graph display, op amps, and passive components.

Fig. 29. The complete demonstration system. For reference, the bench is 7’ across
strength detector gain until all 30 LEDs are illuminated. The
I. OPERATION system is now ready for demonstration.

A. System Setup B. Rotating Dipole


Locate an open workspace to allow for (3ft) antenna The first demonstration uses the rotating dipole to
separation. Allow space for DC power supplies and remove demonstrate signal reception, radiation patterns, and antenna
large conductive objects to minimize reflections. Interconnect pattern nulls. With all 30 LEDs illuminated, adjust the roll of
the oscillator, amplifier, and stationary dipole using SMA the rotating antenna to demonstrate polarization effects on
cables. Apply 9V DC and 6V DC to the oscillator and signal received signal strength. Adjust the roll 90° for minimum
strength indicator. Set the amplifier potentiometer to 0Ω and reception, see Fig. 3 for roll direction.
apply 5V to the collector bias port. Increase the potentiometer To demonstrate dipole antenna radiation pattern nulls,
resistance until base port reaches 0.7V. position the rotating dipole as depicted in Fig. 3. Rotate the
Locate the rotating dipole antenna 3ft from the stationary antenna by 90° in both the roll and azimuth. The tip of the
dipole, positioning it as seen in Fig. 3. Connect the rotating dipole should be pointing at the transmit antenna. When
dipole antenna to the bandpass filter and signal strength oriented this way, there should be no signal strength observed
detector. Increase the signal detector gain by increasing the on the signal strength detector.
resistance of the potentiometer until all LEDs are illuminated. Spreading loss is demonstrated by increasing the distance
If maximum gain is applied and all 30 LEDs are not between the TX and RX antennas to 5ft.
illuminated, reduce the gain to 0 by decreasing the resistance C. Corner Reflector
of R5 to 0Ω and insert the second RF amplifier between the The corner reflector demonstrates antenna arrays and
receive antenna and bandpass filter. Increase the signal radiation pattern effects. Begin without the corner. Adjust the
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azimuth by 90° (azimuthal direction indicated in Fig. 16) and


observe signal strength variation. Introduce the 90° corner and
adjust the azimuth. Observe how the signal strength variation
differs. Repeat the procedure with a 60° and 30° corner angle.
For 90°, 60°, and 30° corners, 60°, 40°, and 20° H plane half
power beamwidths (HPBW) are expected, respectively.
D. Quagi
The Quagi antenna demonstrates a directional antenna and
resultant radiation patterns. Begin by directing the main beam
toward the transmit antenna. Observe the difference in signal
strength between the Quagi and the other antennas. Slowly
rotate the Quagi and observe the Quagi main beam angular
dependence on received signal strength. The expected H plane
HPBW is 40°.
E. Embedded PCB Patch Antenna
The embedded PCB patch antenna demonstrates modern
antenna fabrication methods. The antenna is milled adjacent to
RF circuitry on the same PCB. If flexible laminate is used, the
antenna can conform to nonplanar surfaces.
Begin by biasing the amplifier per Operation paragraph A.
Locate the patch antenna 3ft from the transmit antenna.
Observe the radiation pattern by rotating the patch antenna in
the azimuthal direction. The expected H plane HPBW is 60°
F. Environmental Barriers
The environmental barriers can be used in conjunction with
any of the first four demonstrations. Placing the barriers
midway between transmit and receive antennas (far-zone)
demonstrates effects on received signal strength.
Because the ESD bags, copper mesh, and poultry net are
composed of metallic components, large signal attenuation
occurs. Because the copper mesh holes are much less than
λ/10 (1.26”) in diameter, the most attenuation occurs with
copper mesh. Because the poultry net hole diameter is on the
order of λ/10, less attenuation is noted.

II. CONCLUSION
The wireless system successfully demonstrates many
antenna characteristics with minimal required support
instrumentation (DC power supply). Polarization, radiation
pattern, gain, and barrier-induced signal attenuation effects are
illustrated on four antenna types; dipole, corner reflector,
Quagi, and embedded patch, which represent dominant
antenna types used in current applications.
Visual indication of received signal strength is provided by
an LED array driven by an RF peak detector and low-pass
filter. All receive antennas are mounted to rotational platforms
to allow investigation of radiation pattern and polarization
effects. Student-designed and fabricated components – RF
oscillator, amplifiers, and filters – complement the wireless
system and reduce external support instrumentation
requirements.
The combined parts and services required to build the entire
system total less than $900. The entire system can be
assembled in as little as four weeks with proper equipment.
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APPENDIX
Part Est. Cost Qty Total Cost MFR Part Number Vendor
Misc. Parts
1" thick wood $10.00 2 sq. ft $10.00 Local hardware store
3/4" thick wood 40.00 12 sq. ft 40.00 Local hardware store
Misc. Resistor Pack 9.95 1 9.95 ASST8-R www.jameco.com
31mil SMA edge connectors 5.45 3 16.35 142-0701-881 www.mouser.com
62mil SMA edge connectors 3.70 4 14.80 132255 www.mouser.com
Rogers RT Duroid 31 mil thick 5870 9" x 12" 50.00 2 100.00 www.rogerscorp.com
15cm x 15 cm FR4 PCB 5.95 1 5.95 21-221-R www.jameco.com
30' 10AWG solid copper wire 15.00 1 15.00 Local hardware store
SMA male male connectors 2.95 2 5.90 S-311-G-R www.jameco.com
3' length 3/8" diameter brass tubing 6.99 2 13.98 Local hobby store
3' length 5/32" diameter brass tubing 3.19 2 6.38 Local hobby store
4' RG174 SMA male male coax 7.58 2 15.16 CO-174SMAX200 www.cablesondemand.com
2' RG174 SMA male male coax 7.10 1 7.10 CO-174SMAX200 www.cablesondemand.com
Misc. screws, nails, wood glue 10.00 1 10.00 Local hardware store
0.0865" semi-rigid coax, 1ft 24.62 1 24.62 UT-85-TP-M17 www.microstock-inc.com
SMA straight plug 0.085" connector 2.32 2 4.64 132101 www.mouser.com
PCB fabrication, four PCBs 400.00 1 400.00 www.hughescircuits.com
Rotating Dipole Antenna
3" x 3" Lazy Susan bearing $1.50 2 $3.00 Local hardware store
Corner Reflector Antenna
6" x 6" Lazy Susan bearing $3.50 2 $7.00 Local hardware store
16 mil thick 12" square copper sheets (2) 39.99 1 39.99 www.basiccopper.com
Quagi Antenna
5/16" diameter 2" long wood dowel $0.20 1 $0.20 Local hardware store
Oscillator
Avago AT-41486 transistor $2.59 1 $2.59 AT-41486-BLKG www.digikey.com
6800pF capacitor 0.22 5 1.10 C410C682K1R5TA7200 www.digikey.com
RF choke 0.12 1 0.12 BL01RN1A1D2B www.mouser.com
Amplifiers (x2)
Avago AT-41435G transistor $5.00 3 $15.00 AT-41435G www.avnet.com
220pF SMT capacitor 0.05 12 0.60 06035A221J4T2A www.jameco.com
25 turn 0.5W 10kΩ potentiometer 1.95 3 5.85 3299W-1-103VP www.jameco.com
Signal Strength Indicator
HSMS-2822 Schottky diode $0.67 1 $0.67 HSMS-2822-BLKG www.jameco.com
LM3914N-1 linear bar graph driver 1.95 3 5.85 LM3914N-1 www.jameco.com
Protoboard 13.95 1 13.95 2852PCB-R www.jameco.com
Mounting hardware kit 2.95 1 2.95 106551 www.jameco.com
Green LEDs 0.10 10 1.00 LG13740 www.jameco.com
Yellow LEDs 0.15 10 1.50 LY3330 www.jameco.com
Red LEDs 0.11 10 1.10 LTL-307E www.jameco.com
LM324N operational amplifier 0.29 1 0.29 LM324N www.jameco.com
18 pin IC socket 0.14 4 0.56 CA-18SDL-1T www.jameco.com
1000pF capacitor 0.12 1 0.12 SA105A102JAA www.jameco.com
Environmental Barrier
1/2" x 3/4" pine, 1' length $0.74 24 17.76 Local hardware store
2' x 2', 0.5" thick drywall 3.98 1 3.98 Local hardware store
6" x 10" ESD bags (100ct) 13.40 1 13.40 48602 www.mouser.com
2' wide poultry net 5.88 1 5.88 Local hardware store
Copper Mesh #60 X 60 .0075" 24" x 24" 22.90 1 22.90 www.amazon.com
8' long 0.5" PVC pipe 1.16 2 2.32 Local hardware store
0.5" diameter PVC tee 0.29 4 1.16 Local hardware store
0.5" diameter PVC 90° corner 0.22 2 0.44 Local hardware store
0.5" diameter PVC end cap 0.25 4 1.00 Local hardware store
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Dr. Dennis Derickson for
assistance with the oscillator, RF peak detector, and Quagi
antenna; and Daniel Hempy for advice and assistance with the
design and construction of the antenna support structures.

REFERENCES
[1] W. Stutzman and G. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, Second
Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998.
[2] J.-S. Hongand M.J. Lancaster, "Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave
Applications,” New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.
[3] D.M. Pozar, Microwave and RF Design of Wireless Systems. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 2001.
[4] R. Douville and D. James, “Experimental study of symmetric microstrip
bends and their compensation,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech,
vol. MTT-26, No. 3, March 1978.
[5] “Voltage Multipliers”[Online]. Available:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/8.html
[6] National Semiconductor LM3914 Datasheet, National Semiconductor,
Santa Clara, CA, 2003.
[7] The ARRL Antenna Book. 21st edition. Newington, CT: The ARRL, Inc,
2007.
[8] R.C. Jaeger, T.N. Blalock, Microelectronic Circuit Design. Second
edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
[9] G. Elmore. “Designing a Station for the Microwave Bands: Part 2,” Ham
Radio Magazine , pp. 19-31, Oct. 1988.
[10] C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design. Third Edition.
Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2005.

Alex Hempy (M’04) is currently enrolled in the joint BSEE,


MSEE honors program at California Polytechnic State
University, San Luis Obispo. His interests include RF and
microwave systems, antenna design and measurements, and
wireless communication.

Michael Civerolo (M’08) is currently enrolled in the joint


BSEE, MSEE honors program at California Polytechnic State
University, San Luis Obispo. His research interests include
antenna design and measurements, wireless communications,
and RF and analog design.

Dean Arakaki (M’99) received the BSEE from California


State Polytechnic University, Pomona, MBA and MSEE from
California State University, Long Beach, and PhD in
electrical engineering from Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA. He joined the Electrical Engineering
Department at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in Fall 2001 and
teaches courses in RF systems, electromagnetics, antennas,
and electronic circuits. His research interests include computational
electromagnetics, and antenna design and measurements.

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