HCI04 - Paradigms

4/7/2014
Human Computer Interaction

– Lecture 04 [ Paradigms ]
Imran Ihsan
Assistant Professor
www.imranihsan.com
aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 1
why study paradigms

• Concerns
– how can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability?
– how can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or
measured?
• History of interactive system design provides paradigms for usable

designs
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What are Paradigms?

• Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific world views
– e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, Einsteinian (relativistic) paradigms in
physics
• Understanding HCI history is largely about understanding a series of

paradigm shifts
– Not all listed here are necessarily “paradigm” shifts, but are at least
candidates
– History will judge which are true shifts
Paradigms of interaction
• New computing technologies arrive, creating a new perception of the
human—computer relationship.
• We can trace some of these shifts in the history of interactive

technologies.
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Computing in 1945
• Ballistics calculations
• Physical switches (before microprocessor)
• Paper tape
• Simple arithmetic & fixed calculations (before programs)
• 3 seconds to multiply
Picture from http://www.gmcc.ab.ca/~supy/
The initial paradigm

• Batch Processing
Impersonal computing
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Paradigm Shifts
• Batch processing
• Time-sharing
Interactive computing
Paradigm Shifts
• Timesharing
@#$% !
• Networking
???
Community computing
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Paradigm Shifts
• Timesharing
• Networking
• Graphical displays C…P… filename Move this file here,
dot star… or was and copy this to there.
it R…M?
% foo.bar
ABORT
dumby!!!
Direct manipulation
Paradigm Shifts
• Timesharing
• Networking
• Graphical display
• Microprocessor
Personal computing
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Paradigm Shifts
• Timesharing
• Networking
• Microprocessor
• WWW
Global information
Paradigm Shifts
• Timesharing
• Networking
• Microprocessor A symbiosis of physical and electronic
• WWW worlds in service of everyday activities.
• Ubiquitous Computing
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Time-sharing
• 1940s and 1950s – explosive technological growth
• 1960s – need to channel the power
• J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA

– 1960 - Postulated “man-computer symbiosis”
– Couple human brains and computing machines tightly to revolutionize
information handling
• single computer supporting multiple users
Video Display Units

• more suitable medium than paper
• 1962 – Sutherland's Sketchpad

– 1963 PhD thesis at MIT
– Hierarchy - pictures & subpictures
– Master picture with instances (ie, OOP)
– Constraints
– Icons
– Copying
– Light pen input device
– Recursive operations
• computers for visualizing and manipulating data
• one person's contribution could drastically change the history of

computing
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Programming toolkits
• Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute
• 1963 – augmenting man's intellect
• 1968 NLS/Augment system demonstration

Inventor of mouse
• Landmark system/demo:
– hierarchical hypertext, multimedia, mouse, high-res display, windows,
shared files, electronic messaging, CSCW, teleconferencing, ...
• the right programming toolkit provides building blocks to producing

complex interactive systems
Personal computing
• 1970s – Papert's LOGO language for simple graphics programming by
children
• A system is more powerful as it becomes easier to user
• Future of computing in small, powerful machines dedicated to the

individual
• Alan Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the ultimate personal

computer
– Notebook sized computer loaded with multimedia and can store
everything
– @PARC
– Personal computing
– Desktop interface
– Overlapping windows
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Window systems & WIMP interface

• humans can pursue more than one task at a time
• windows used for dialogue partitioning, to “change the topic”
• 1981 – Xerox Star first commercial windowing system
• windows, icons, menus and pointers now familiar interaction

mechanisms
Direct manipulation
• 1982 – Shneiderman describes appeal of graphically-based
interaction
– visibility of objects
– incremental action and rapid feedback
– reversibility encourages exploration
– syntactic correctness of all actions
– replace language with action
• 1984 – Apple Macintosh

• the model-world metaphor
• What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG)
• Coins and explores notion of direct manipulation of interface

• Long-time Director of HCI Lab at Maryland
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Language versus Action

• actions do not always speak louder than words!
• DM – interface replaces underlying system
• language paradigm
• interface as mediator
• interface acts as intelligent agent
• programming by example is both action and language
Hypertext
• 1945 – Vannevar Bush and the memex
• key to success in managing explosion of information
• mid 1960s – Ted Nelson describes hypertext as non-linear browsing

structure
• hypermedia and multimedia
• Nelson's Xanadu project still a dream today

– http://xanadu.com/
• Coined term “hypertext”
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Multimodality
• a mode is a human communication channel
• emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for input and

output
Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

• CSCW removes bias of single user / single computer system
• Can no longer neglect the social aspects
• Electronic mail is most prominent success
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The World Wide Web

• Hypertext, as originally realized, was a closed system
• Simple, universal protocols (e.g. HTTP) and mark-up languages (e.g.

HTML) made publishing and accessing easy
• Critical mass of users lead to a complete transformation of our

information economy.
Agent-based Interfaces
• Original interfaces
– Commands given to computer
– Language-based
• Direct Manipulation/WIMP
– Commands performed on “world” representation
– Action based
• Agents - return to language by instilling proactivity and “intelligence”

in command processor
– Avatars, natural language processing
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Innovator: Nicholas Negroponte

• MIT Architecture Machine Group
– ’69-’80s - prior to Media Lab
• Ideas
– wall-sized displays, video disks, AI in interfaces (agents), speech
recognition, multimedia with hypertext
– Put That There (Video)
Ubiquitous Computing
“The most profound technologies are those that disappear.”
Mark Weiser, 1991
• Late 1980’s: computer was very apparent
• How to make it disappear?

– Shrink and embed/distribute it in the physical world
– Design interactions that don’t demand our intention
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Innovator: Mark Weiser

• Introduced notion of Ubiquitous Computing and Calm Technology
– It’s everywhere, but recedes quietly into background
• CTO of Xerox PARC
Sensor-based and Context-aware Interaction

• Humans are good at recognizing the “context” of a situation and
reacting appropriately
• Automatically sensing physical phenomena (e.g., light, temp,

location, identity) becoming easier
• How can we go from sensed physical measures to interactions that

behave as if made “aware” of the surroundings?
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4/7/2014

Human Computer Interaction

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 1

why study paradigms

• History of interactive system design provides paradigms for usable

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 2

What are Paradigms?

• Understanding HCI history is largely about understanding a series of

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 3

• We can trace some of these shifts in the history of interactive

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 4

Picture from http://www.gmcc.ab.ca/~supy/

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 5

The initial paradigm

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 6

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 7

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 8

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 9

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 10

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 11

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 12

• 1960s – need to channel the power

• J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA

• single computer supporting multiple users

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 13

Video Display Units

• 1962 – Sutherland's Sketchpad

• computers for visualizing and manipulating data

• one person's contribution could drastically change the history of

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 14

• 1963 – augmenting man's intellect

• 1968 NLS/Augment system demonstration

• the right programming toolkit provides building blocks to producing

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 15

• A system is more powerful as it becomes easier to user

• Future of computing in small, powerful machines dedicated to the

• Alan Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the ultimate personal

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 16

Window systems & WIMP interface

• windows used for dialogue partitioning, to “change the topic”

• 1981 – Xerox Star first commercial windowing system

• windows, icons, menus and pointers now familiar interaction

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 17

• 1984 – Apple Macintosh

• Coins and explores notion of direct manipulation of interface

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 18

Language versus Action

• DM – interface replaces underlying system

• interface acts as intelligent agent

• programming by example is both action and language

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 19

• key to success in managing explosion of information

• mid 1960s – Ted Nelson describes hypertext as non-linear browsing

• hypermedia and multimedia

• Nelson's Xanadu project still a dream today

• Coined term “hypertext”

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 20

• emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for input and

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 21

Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

• Can no longer neglect the social aspects

• Electronic mail is most prominent success

aucs.imranihsan.com HCI04 - Paradigms 22

The World Wide Web