cote cuerer were, uote, cnarer comoter cnseter, cnarren cuore, cuore owrnen cuore comers comrrer cusoreR cuaeteR cuaprer haere craprer counter oueter ccHarTER ourrer cueereR CHAPTER cuaeter a 165 CHAPTER 4. Te chemical enaractenzaton of mater 2 Quaatve anatss deals wl te lentifeaton of the precence ofa partcuar substance or substances in 2 sample. Quantatve analyse oeas with cletemining how much is presont 8 Dafne he protiem, otan a representative sample, 8th sgh Hreqvire. reasur is weight or velume, dssove the sample and prepare the soluion fr be ‘maesurement step, measure the analy, calaethe amount of concentation of {2nabte nthe sample, and compute he precon ofthe analysis 4: same represents the mete o be anayzed, The sna ete subslance to ‘be measured or determined. Hence, we determin te ana by analyzing the ‘ample 5A lank consists oa chemicals used in an anal, un trough the analy ‘brocedur, © determine inure it might be aces oe analytical resi, and ich musi be subracte. © Gravinty woknetic analy, tamara! anal, kinetic methods o anaes, and combinations of ase 7. Preciptatin gravimety), ctrometeqraphy, solvent extacton oltizatios (sttason) |& The measurement of «physical papery oe sample 9% Acaltration cure ceoresents an hshument eect response a a frcton of ‘concentration. t may be a fnear ora noninea response. An unknown aie ceamcentaton in a sample solute is dtemineby comparison of the response vith he catoraton cueCHAPTER 1 10.4 specie reaction occurs only withthe substance (ante) of iterest. Selective reecion occurs prferenily withthe substance of ites, but ol exclshaly 11. (a) Precptat cide with stvernirte and weigh the puriedpreiat. ‘Measure sodium by sarc specr0py or onselecie electrode fo csingulsh ‘rom KCtimpuris. (4) Trae with standard sodium hydrxise solution. {e) Messe polentometrcaly wi 2H meterlectrode (CHAPTER? Volumetric Masks (tc). pbets (Ll) (some micropipols tc), burts (td). Iisa rst class lever n which an unknown mass is Balanced against 2 known mass. If each arm of the lover is equel in length, then the wo ‘masses at balance are qual. ‘Because the ratio of Boam mass fo length is decreased and the pan mass |s decreased. The center of gravity is also adustod for greater sensitiv. The "TD" means ‘o deliver’ and "TC" means “to contain" the specifiod volume. Te sample plus container is weighed, the sample is removed, and the Joss in weight isthe weigh ofthe sample. This technique ls useful for weighing hygroscopic samples that must be-keptstoppored and for woighing several successive alquots ofthe same sample The zero paint isthe equilibrium pont ofthe balance under no load, while the rest poitis the equilrium point under oad. In making a weighing, ‘he seatpost fs made fo coincide with fe z0r0 point. ‘Don't hana objacs withthe fingers, weigh objects et room! temperatura ‘nth the Balance door closed, release the Deam arest for ® mechanical balance) and then secure ihe pan arest (flow the reverse order in securing the amests), eecure the beam and pan arrests won adding or removing objects or woighs, and never place chemicals directly on the en. Concentrated hydrochloric acid i diuled, preferably wilh bold ostited water. tis standardize by trating against primary standard sodium hydroxide or sihycroxymethylaminomettane, A safrsted solution of ‘soalum hydroxide is prepared and th insoluble sodium carbonate is ‘aewed 10 sete out and the the supematantis decanted. Or the Saturated solution is itred. The soliton is clted in boiled dstiled water and standardized agains! primary standard potassium acid phthalate. Dry ashing involves burning away the organic matter at an elevated ‘emperature (400-700 C) with atmospheric oxygen 8s the oxidant. In wet ‘igoston, the organic matter is oncized to COL H20p, end other products by a hot oxidizing acid. Dry ashing ie elatively reo from Contamination, but hs the danger of lass by volatiizeton er rentention.CHAPTER 2 Wet aigestion is relatively free rom retention and voltilty losses, butt thas the dange®of contamination from impurtiss inthe reagents, 10. Acid dissolution and acid or akan fusion followed by acid, neutral, or ‘alkaline dissolution 11 Protein free filtrate. itis prepared by mixing a bologia! Nuid with protein ‘precipitating agent, suchas tichloroaoete ac, tungstic acid, bartum Sulfate, etc, folowed by fitering or centrifuging the precpteted proteins. 12. Care must be taken fo prevent the digestion mixture from going foo near ‘dymess. Perchlorie acid must not be added crecty fo organic or ‘iological metena, but ony after an excess of nie acids added. Tre umes tom th digestion sho.uld be Collected or else e specially destzned hood used, 18. The gross sample isthe entre cofcted sample that is representative of the whole, This is reduced fo a size suitable for handling, called the sample. An aliquot ofthe sample, caled the analyicel sample, is weighed ‘and analyzed, Soveral akquots ofthe sample may be analyzed. A grab sample is a single random sample that's assumed fo be representative of the whole, an assumption thet i valid only for homogeneous samples. +14. The elect fel ofthe mirowave energy causes molecules wt ple moments fo rotte to try oan wih the secre fel, dnd ions mist inthe lect felt. These movements rest in heat. 15, Weight in aio water consined sar2r9 Bireg 248499 Wine = 24.849 + 24.8400 00127 0- 0.001278) 24 849 + 0.076 = 24.8759 Vig = 24875 9099777 atm = 24.934 mL Vat = 26.991 mt (099777199821) = 24920 mL. 18. From Table 24 Ves! = 26.071 mtx (0 99700.9982) = 24,041 ml (CHAPTER 2 17, Sram Table 24, the volumes expand by the ra o 0082/0028 «1.0024. So (volumes an" Noms Yala Val ag? Change Soneion st aoe “10e" “x00 908 2 2003 2008 003008 3 3o00 © 5007 oor oor 4 3995 4000, 010 © 1208 % 4398 5010 0 = 10 18, Fram Table 24 ‘ 0.05129 x 0.990010 9962 = 0.05738 m4, ‘The volume expansion is 0.18%, causing the concentration to decrease this amount