PDB1023 – Introduction to Petroleum Geoscience

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

© 2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

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 PDB 1023

OUTLINE INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

1. Metamorphic Rocks
2. Factors Controlling the Characteristics of
Metamorphic Rocks
3. Types of Metamorphic Rocks
4. Types of Metamorphism
5. Metamorphic Grade

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LEARNING OUTCOMES INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

1. Understand the formation of metamorphic rocks through

geological cycle and their distribution.

2. Classify the major metamorphic rocks according to mode of

occurrences.

3. The important and usefulness of metamorphic rocks in

petroleum formation and accumulation.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction
What is Metamorphic Rock? What is Parent Rock?

 A metamorphic rock is a rock that has  A parent rock is the original rock that
been changed by heat and/or pressure changed into a metamorphic rock.
without completely melting.

How Metamorphic Rocks are Formed?

Parent Rock Metamorphic Rock
 Metamorphism occurs when any
previously existing rock, the parent rock, is
buried in the earth under layers of other
rock. The deeper the rock is buried the
hotter it gets, and the higher the pressure
becomes. Eventually, rock must adjust to
the new conditions, whether it is baked, or
squeezed, or both, and in the process
becomes a metamorphic
rock. MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Factors Controlling the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

1. Composition of the Parent Rock

 Usually no new elements (other than water) are added to rocks during metamorphism

2. Temperature
 Heat for metamorphism comes primarily from outward flow from Earth’s deep interior
 Mineral(stable) when its not react with another substance or convert to a new mineral
 If range exceeded, new mineral structures result

3. Pressure
 Confining pressure is pressure applied equally in all directions
 Pressure generally proportional to depth of burial within the Earth

4. Fluids
 Hot water is most important
 Rising temperature causes water to be released from unstable minerals
 Hot water very reactive; acts as rapid transport agent for mobile ions

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Pressure is produced by burial (confining

pressure) and by stresses related to plate
motions (differential stress).

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

What Changes During Metamorphism?

1. Rock texture changes

 Foliation (alignment of minerals) can develop in response to stress e.g. schistosity
 Minerals recrystallize e.g. calcite

2. Mineralogy changes
 New minerals form that are stable under the new metamorphic conditions e.g. clinozoisite

 Foliation is a texture that develops when platy or elongate minerals are aligned by
differential stress

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

 Kinds of Foliation

Slaty cleavage Schistosity

Gneissic banding
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

1. Non-Foliated 2. Foliated
 Minerals do not line up  Minerals line up due to
 Mineral growth without pressure metamorphism
 Mineral growth with pressure

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Types of Metamorphism

1. Contact Metamorphism
 Around igneous intrusions -
high temperature

2. Regional Metamorphism
 Most common kind
 Affects large sections of the
crust
 In subsiding basins,
sediments are compressed
 Occurs at convergent and
collisional margins

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Types of Metamorphism

1. Contact Metamorphism
 Rock surrounding an
igneous intrusion is
“baked”, usually not
foliated, rock name is
hornfels

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Types of Metamorphism

2. Regional Metamorphism (Ex: Slate)

 Rocks are foliated
 Sedimentary strata are folded and
contorted
 Sedimentary features like fossils,
clasts & cross and graded bedding
are distorted and recrystallized or
destroyed.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Metamorphic Grade

 Intensity of Metamorphism

Low
Intermediate High
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Metamorphic Grade

1. Gneiss – highest grade of metamorphism, coarse grained; generally banded

(saggregation bands of light and dark-coloured minerals); augen texture.

2. Schist – medium grade of metamorphism; sand size, schistocity cleavage.

3. Phyllite – low grade of metamorphism; fine grained (silt-sized); phyllitic cleavage.

4. Slate – lowest grade of metamorphism; very fine-grained; mud-sized; slaty cleavage;

smooth surface.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Shale

Low Grade Slate

Phylite

Schist

Gneiss
High Grade

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

 At extremely high metamorphic grade, rocks can melt or remelt. The rock is called
migmatite. This may be common in the lowermost continental crust.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

THANK YOU INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

QUESTIONS?

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN