Int Report

INTERSHIP 2018 - 2019
CHAPTER 1
COMPANY DETAILS
1.1 INDUSTRIAL TRAINER DETAILS:
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: SHRIJAY G. KALGHATGI
OFFICE ADDRESS : SHRIJAY G. KALGHATGI
CONSULTING STRUCTURAL ENGINEER,
#778/2 Khanapur Road Tilakwadi Belagavi 590006
CONTACT NUMBER : 9022514001
: 9743233148
EMAIL ID : shrijaygk@hotmail.com
OFFICE TIMINGS : 10.00 AM TO 2.00 PM
3.00 PM TO 6.00 PM
DATE OF JOINING : 4TH JUNE
DURATION OF TRAINING : 4TH JUNE TO 30TH JULY 2018
SOFTWARE USED FOR TRAINING: 1. AUTOCAD
2. MS- EXCEL
Department of Civil Engineering

Page 1
Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi
1.2 ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION:

NAME : SHRIJAY G. KALGHATGI
EDUCATION : Diploma (CIVIL) 2006
B.E (CIVIL)-2010,
MTECH (STRUCTURES)-2012
ADDRESS : SHRIJAY G. KALGHATGI
#778/2 Khanapur Road Tilakwadi Belagavi 590006,
OFFICE : Office is well equipped with computers and staff
well experienced for 8-12 years in Autocad drafting,
using computer softwares for design.
Shrijay Kalghatgi is the structural consultants, providing service to the architects,

developers and builders in and around Belgaum,.The company is well versed in proof
checking and provide comprehensive structural designs with a proper documentation and
reports.
The company uses software such as,
 E-Tabs
 STAAD Pro.
 BUILD MASTER
 ZW-Cad
 Auto CAD
The company basically undertake structural design of all kinds of RCC structures, steel
structures and. The company has the small diverse group of professionals providing
structural engineering services with skill, knowledge, ability and vision to deliver the
projects on time.

Page 2
1.3 WORK EXPERIENCE

2006-2007 : Worked with Architect, Structural Consultant
2012-2016 : Worked with structural consultancy
STERLING ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY SERVICES PRIVATE LIMITED
He has designed independently: - Buildings up to G+33 for Omkar developer at Mumbai
ITC infotech Park at Bangalore (4 basements +G+11) Residential projects at Goa for
kamat construction (B+G+7) Residence for Mr Jindal at Mumbai (2 BASEMENTS+G+6)
National Salt Satyagraha at Gujarat Metro station building for Swastik developer at
Bangalore.
And several other projects
Since 2016: Working with Mr. VINAY BEHERE Consulting Structural Engineer
Since 2016: Practicing as a Structural consultant in Belgaum.

Page 3
CHAPTER 2
DESIGNING OF RCC FOOTING
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Reinforced concrete columns are generally supported by foundation structures which are
located below the ground level are known as Footings.
The function of a footing or a foundation is to transmit the load form the structure to the
underlying soil.
2.2 PURPOSE OF FOOTINGS:
1. To support the upper structure.
2. To transfer the loads and moments to subsoil on larger area.
3. To develop an anchor for stability against overturning.
4. Footings are generally designed to resist the bending moment and shear forces
developed due to soil reaction.
2.3 TYPES OF FOOTINGS:
1. Isolated Footings
a) Flat Footings
b) Sloped Footings
2. Combined Footings
2.3.1 Isolated Footings
The footings which are provided below the column independently are called as Isolated
Footings. The isolated footing may be square, rectangular or circular in section. The
isolated footing generally consists of a thick slab which may be flat or slopped or stepped.
Isolated footings are of the following types:
a) Uniform thickness footing

Page 4
b) Tapered thickness footing
Fig no.2.1 Uniform thickness Fig no. 2.2 Tapered thickness
2.4 DESIGN STEPS OF FOOTING:
1. Data requided
 Load
 Fck
 Fy
 Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC)
 Column size
 Column Ratio (ř) =
2. Load Calculation
Self wt of column = 10% of Load
Total Load = Load + Self wt
Area of footing req = Total Load/SBC
For square footing, the size of footing =

Page 5
For rectangular footing, based on column ratio (ř) the size of footing (A) = L*B
3. Check For Upward Pressure
Upward pressure (p) = Load/Area
Condition: p < SBC
4. Bending Moment At Critical Section
Moment about x-x axis passing through column face = M =
Factored Moment = Mu = M*1.5
For Square footing L = B
5. To Determine Depth
for fe 415 steel
For shear point of view increase the depth by 2 to 2.5 times the value.
6. Steel Reinforcement
Get the value of Ast after solving the equation
Assume the suitable diameter of the reinforecment bars as 8mm, 10mm, 12mm,…….
7. Check Against One-Way Shear

Page 6
For checking the shear let us take governing section at a distance d from the face of the
column or pedestal as shown in fig.
Fig no. 2.3 Check Against One-Way Shear
Shear force
Shear stress
Percentage of steel
From IS 456-2000 get the value of
If the value of is less than then the design is safe.

Page 7
8. Check Against Two-Way Shear
Fig no. 2.4 Check Against Two-Way Shear
Shear force
Shear stress
Ks * τc
(0.5+ßc)
ßc = Short side of column/ long side of column
Ks = Cannot be greater than 1

Page 8
Ks≠1.0
If Ks is greater than 1, then consider Ks = 1
If the value of is less than then the design is safe.

Page 9
Department of Civil Engineering Page 10

DATA
Load = 1600 KN
fck = 30 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
SBC = 250 KN/m2
Column size = 0.4 0.4 m
LOAD
CALCULATION
Self wt of column = 10% of Load = 160 KN
Total Load = Load + Self wt = 1760 KN
Area of footing = Total Load/SBC = 7.04 m2
SQUARE
FOOTING
Size of footing = Root of area = 2.65 2.65 m

2.70 2.70 m
Check for
upward pressure
Upward pressure
(p) = Load/Area = 219.478738 KN/m2
Condition: p <
SBC Hence Safe
Bending moment
at critical section
X-X
BM = (pB(B-b)2)/8 = 391.8518519 KNm
Mu = M*1.5 = 587.7777778 KNm 587777777.8 Nmm

To determine
depth
d = ((Mu)/(0.133*fck*B))^0.5 = 233.581 mm
Increase depth by
2.35 (d) = 548.916 = 500 mm 0.5 m
Assume cover = 50 = 50 mm
Total Depth (D) = 598.916 = 550 mm
Area of
reinforcement
((B*d)*(0.5*fck)/fy)*(1-((1-
((4.6*Mu)/
Ast = (fck*B*d^2))^0.5))
= 2800.6101 mm2
Adopt 20mm dia
bars spacing
Spacing = = 302.873 = 300 mm
Let us adopt
spacing of = 250 mm c/c
Ast prov = 3392.9172 mm2
Check for one
way shear
Vu (X-X) = p*B(((B-b)/2)-d)*1.5 = 577.7777778 KN
Nominal Shear
stress (τv) = Vu/Bd = 0.427983539 N/mm2
Ast % = (100*Ast)/(B*d) = 0.2513272 %
Refering to Table
no. 19 of Pg.73 of
IS 456-2000
GRADE

Ast% 15 20 25 30 35
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
For
τc = grades 15 20 25 30 35
0.351 0.361 0.361 0.371 0.371
Real τc = 0 0 0 0.37069 0
2
Original τc = 0.3707 N/mm
Condition : τc >
τv Hence safe
Check for two
way shear
b1= 900 mm
perimeter 4*b1= 3600 mm
p((B*B)-
V= (b1*b1)) 1422.222 KN
Vu= 2133.333 KN

Refer Pg.no 58 IS
456 - 2000
Nominal Shear
Stress (τv) Vu/b0d 1.185185185 N/mm2
τc' = Ks*τc
Short side of column/
ßc= long side of column= 1.00
Ks= (0.5+ßc) 1.5 Ks≠1.0
1
τc= 0.25*(fck^0.5) 1.369306
τc' = 1.369306 N/mm2
Condition : τc' >
τv
Hence Safe

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING
DATA
Load = 1200 KN
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
SBC = 220 KN/m2
Column Ratio (ř) = l/b 1.666667
LOAD
CALCULATION
Self wt of column = 10% of Load = 120 KN
Total Load = Load + Self wt = 1320 KN
Area of footing = Total Load/SBC = 6 m2
RECTANGULAR
FOOTING
Size of footing From = 3.16 1.90 m

Ratio of
column
= 3.20 1.90 m
Check for upward
pressure
Upward pressure (p) = Load/Area = 197.3684 KN/m2
Condition: p < SBC Hence Safe
Bending moment at
critical section X-X
BM1 = (pB(L-l)2)/8 = 341.7188 KNm
Mu1 = M*1.5 = 512.5781 KNm 5.13E+08 Nmm
BM2 = (pL(B-b)2)/8 = 202.1053 KNm
Mu2 = M*1.5 = 303.1579 KNm 3.03E+08 Nmm
To determine depth
Mu = 512578125 Nmm
Department d of Civil Engineering
= ((Mu)/(0.133*fck*B))^0.5 = Page318.466
15 mm
Jain College
Increase depthofbyEngineering,
2.35 Belagavi = 748.394 = 700 mm 0.7
(d)
Assume cover = 50 = 50 mm
Area of reinforcement
Ast1 = ((B*d)*(0.5*fck)/fy)*(1-((1-
((4.6*Mu)/(fck*B*d^2))^0.5))
= 2097.7972 mm2
Adopt 16mm dia bars
spacing INTERSHIP 2018 - 2019
Spacing = = 182.104 = 200 mm
Let us adopt spacing of = 150 mm c/c
Ast prov = 2546.782 mm2
Let us adopt 12mm dia
bars for secondary reinf
d= d-(Ø1/2)- = 686.00 mm
(Ø2/2)
Ast2 = ((L*d)*(0.5*fck)/fy)*(1-((1-
((4.6*Mu)/(fck*L*d^2))^0.5))
= 1239.114 mm2
Ast2 is is to be
provided for Central
band and two edge
strips
AstCB = (2*Ast2)/(ř+1) = 929.336 mm2
Adopt 12mm dia bars
spacing of reinf in
Edge strip
S1 = 231.224 mm = 200 mm
Area of edge Strip = 309.779 mm2 Both Sides
For Single side = 154.889 mm2
Adopt 10mm dia bars
spacing of reinf in
Edge strip
S2 = 329.596 mm = 300 mm
Check for one way
shear
Vu (X-X) = p*B(((L-l)/2)-d)*1.5 = 365.6250 KN
Vu (Y-Y) = p*L(((B-b)/2)-d)*1.5 = 94.7368 KN
Nominal Shear stress = Vu/Bd = 0.274906 N/mm2
(τv1)
Nominal Shear stress = Vu/Ld = 0.042293 N/mm2
(τv2)
Ast % = (100*Ast)/(B*d) = 0.1915 %
Refering to Table no.
19 of Pg.73 of IS 456-
Department
2000of Civil Engineering Page 16
Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi GRADE
Ast% 15 20 25 30 35
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82
2.25
2.50
0.71
0.71
CHAPTER 3
0.81
0.82
0.85
0.88
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90
3.00 DESIGN0.71OF RCC COLUMN 0.82 0.92
τc = For grades 15 20
0.309041173 0.313189912 0.31
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Real τc = 0 0.313189912
Original τc = 0.31 N/mm2
Condition
Column : τc >isτva compression member, the effective length ofHence
or strut whichsafe
exceeds three times
Check for two way
the leastshear
lateral dimension.
l1= 1200 mm
A columnb1= is generally called a compression
1000 member and it is primarily
mm used to support the
perimeter 2*(l1+b1)= 4400 mm
compressive loads to transfer the loads to the ground. The column may be defined as a
V= p((L*B)-(l1*b1)) 963.1578947
Vu= member whose effective1444.737
compression length exceeds 3 times the leastKN
lateral dimensions.
Nominal Shear Stress Vu/(2d(l1+b1)) 0.23
(τv)
A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios
τc' = Ks*τc
ßc= Short side of
column/ long side
of column=
Ks= (0.5+ßc) 2.166666667 K
1
Where, τc= 0.25*(fck^0.5) 1.118033989
τc' = 1.118034 N/mm2
Lex :=τc'
Condition Effective
> τv length in respect of the major axis Hence Safe
Ley = Effective length in respect of the minor axis
D = Depth in respect of the major axis
B = Width of the member
If then the column is called as slender column.
3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS:
3.2.1 Based On Type Of Longitudinal Reinforcement:
1. Tied Columns
In this column the main longitudinal bars are confined within closely spaced lateral ties.
Department of Civil Engineering Page

17
Fig no.3.1 Tied Columns
2. Spiral Columns
These have longitudinal reinforcement enclosed within closely spaced and

continuously bound spiral reinforcement.
Fig no.3.2 Spiral Columns
3. Composite Columns
In this column longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of rolled steel sections and
nominal longitudinal bars.

18
Fig no.3.3 Composite Columns
3.2.2 BASED ON TYPE OF LOADING:
1. Axially loaded Columns:
In this case the line of action of external load coincides with centroid axis.
Fig no. 3.4 Axially loaded Columns
2. Uni Axial concentric loading Columns
In this case the load P is acting other than centroid axis but either in X axis or in Y
axis.

19
Fig no. 3.5 Uni Axial concentric loading Columns
3. Bi Axial eccentric loading Columns
In this case the column is subjected to the load P un such a way that the line of action
of load P is neither along centroidal X axis nor Y axis.
Fig no. 3.4 Bi Axial eccentric loading Columns
3.2.3 BASED ON SLENDERNESS RATIO:
1. Short Column:
2. Long Column:

20
3.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Minimum Eccentricity (emin)
emin =
Where,
l = Unsupported length of column
D = Lateral dimension of the column in the direction under consideration
But emin 0.05D
2. Effective length of column
The effective length of column depends upon the unsupported length and the end
conditions. It is expressed by
Where,
K = Constant
l = Unsupported length or clear height of column
As per Table no. 28, page no. 94 of IS: 456-2000 the effective length of the column is
determined.

21
Table no 3.1 Effective length of compression member

22
3. Longitudinal reinforcement
a) The c/s area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8% and not more
than 6% of the gross c/s area of the column.
b) The minimum number of the bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular
column and six in circular column.
c) The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
d) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.
4. Ultimate Axial Load
Where,
Pu = Ultimate tensile load
Ac = Area of concrete
Asc = Area of longitudinal reinforcement
fck = Compressive strength of concrete
fy = Yield strength of steel
5. Pitch and Diameter of Lateral Ties
Pitch: The pitch of the traverse reinforcement shall not be greater than the least of the
following distances:
a) The least lateral dimension of the column of the compression member.
b) 16 times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal bar to be tied.
c) 300mm.
Diameter: It should not be less than-
a) 1/4th diameter of the longitudinal bar.

23
b) 6 mm.
3.4 ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE DESIGN:
The following assumptions where made in the design of columns as per IS : 456-2000
1. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is 0.002.
2. Plane sections remain plain in compression.
3. The design stress-strain curve of steel in compression is taken to be the same as in

tension.
4. The design stress in steel is taken equal to 0.87*fy.
3.5 DESIGN STEPS OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN:
1. Data
 Load
 Fck
 Fy
 Column size
 Length
 Effective lenth based on condition (Leff)
 Factored Load = 1.5*Load
2. Check for slenderness
Condition : Leff/b and Leff/d < 12 then Short Column
Leff/b
Leff/d
3. Check against minimum eccentricity
Along longer direction

24
emin =
Condition : emin < 0.05*d
Along shorter direction
emin =
Condition : emin < 0.05*b
4. Longitudinal reinforcement
Area of column (A) = b*d
Area of Steel req (Asc) =
Adopt the required number of bars of appropriate size
Then calculate Asc
Area of Steel min (Asc min) = 0.008*b*d
Condition : Check Asc min < Asc
Area of Concrete (Ac) = A – Asc
5. DESIGN OF LATERAL TIES
Diameter = It should not be less than-
a) 1/4th diameter of the longitudinal bar.
b) 6 mm.
Spacing = It should not be more than-
a) The least lateral dimension of the column of the compression member.
b) 16 times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal bar to be tied.
c) 300mm.

25
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED CIRCULAR COLUMN
DATA
Load = 1200 KN
Factored Load = 1.5*Load = 1800 KN
fck = 25 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Column size = 0.425 m
Length = 3 m
Eff lenth based on condition Leff =
(1*L) = 3 m
CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS

Leff/b = 7.059
Condition : Leff/d < 12 then Short
Column
Hence Short Column
CHECK AGAINST MINIMUM

ECCENTRICITY
emin = (L/500)+(b/30) = 20.167 mm
Condition : emin < 0.05*d = 21.25 mm
Hence Safe
LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT
Area of concrete (A) = 141858.3594 mm2
((Pu)-(0.4*fck*Ac))/
Area of Steel req (Asc) = (0.67*fy)
((Pu)-(0.4*fck*(A-Asc))/
= (0.67*fy)

((Pu)-(0.4*fck*A))/
= ((0.67*fy)-(0.4*fck))
= 1422.930074 mm2
Adopt 6 bars of 20mm dia
No. = 6 Nos.
dia. = 20 mm
Asc = 1884.900 mm2
Area of Steel min (Asc min) = 0.008*A

= 1134.867 mm2
Hence Safe
Area of Concrete (Ac) = A - Asc
= 139973.459 mm2
DESIGN OF LATERAL TIES
Condition: Not<
Diameter = than 1) dia./4 5 mm
2) 6 mm
Hence Diameter 5 = 6 mm
Condition: Not >
Spacing = than 1) least lateral dimension = 425 mm
2) 16* longitudinal dia. = 320 mm
3) = 300 mm
Diameter of
Adopt Lateral tie = 6 mm
Spacing of Lateral
tie = 300 mm c/c
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED RECTANGULAR COLUMN

DATA
Load = 1600 KN
Factored Load = 1.5*Load = 2400 KN
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Length = 3 m
Eff lenth based on condition Leff = (1*L) = 3 m
CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS

Leff/b = 7.500
Leff/d = 6.667
Condition : Leff/b and Leff/d < 12 then Short
Column
Hence Short Column
CHECK AGAINST MINIMUM

ECCENTRICITY
Along longer direction
emin = (L/500)+(d/30) = 21 mm
Condition : emin < 0.05*d = 22.5 mm
Hence Safe

Along shorter direction

emin = (L/500)+(b/30) = 19.333 mm
Condition : emin < 0.05*b = 20 mm
Hence Safe
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Area of concrete (A) = 180000 mm2
Area of Steel req (Asc) = ((Pu)-(0.4*fck*Ac))/(0.67*fy)
= ((Pu)-(0.4*fck*(A-Asc))/(0.67*fy)
((Pu)-(0.4*fck*A))/((0.67*fy)-
= (0.4*fck))
= 3554.897241 mm2
No. = 4 Nos.
dia. = 25 mm
Asc1 = 1963.438 mm2
No. = 4 Nos.
dia. = 20 mm
Asc2 = 1256.600 mm2
Asc = 3220.038 mm2

Area of Steel min (Asc min) = 0.008*b*d

= 1440.000 mm2
Hence Safe
Area of Concrete (Ac) = A - Asc
= 176779.963 mm2
DESIGN OF LATERAL TIES
Condition: Not<
Diameter = than 1) dia./4 6.25 mm
2) 6 mm
Hence Diameter 7 = 8 mm
Condition: Not >
Spacing = than 1) least lateral dimension = 400 mm
2) 16* longitudinal dia. = 400 mm
3) = 300 mm
Diameter of Lateral
Adopt tie = 8 mm
Spacing of Lateral mm
tie = 300 c/c
Error! Not a valid link.

CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF RCC BEAMS
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists load applied laterally to the beam’s axis.
Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in
reaction forces at the beam’s support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the
beam is to produce shear forces and bending moment within the beam, that in turn induce
internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their
manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), length and their material.
Beams are traditionally description of building or civil engineering structural elements, but
any structures such as automotive automobile frame, aircraft components, machine frame,
and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed to carry
lateral loads are analyzed in a similar fashion.
Historically beams were squared timbers but are also metal, stone or combinations of wood
and metal such as a flitch beam. Beams can carry vertical gravitational forces but are
primarily used to carry horizontal loads (e.g., loads due to an earthquake or wind or in tension
to resist rafter thrust as a tie beam or usually compression as a collar beam). The loads carried
by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to
adjacent structural compression members and eventually to ground. In light frame
construction, joists may rest on beams. In carpentry, a beam is called a plate as in a sill plate
or wall plate, beam as in a summer beam or dragon beam.
4.2 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SUPPORTS:
In engineering, beams are of several types.
 Simply supported - A beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance.
 Fixed supported - A beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
 Over hanging -A simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.

31
 Double overhanging - A simple beam with both ends extending beyond its supports on
both ends.
 Continuous - A beam extending over more than two supports.
 Cantilever – A projecting beam fixed only at one end.
4.3 GENERAL SHAPES:
Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections, but a more
efficient cross section for a beam is an I or H section which is typically seen in steel
construction. Because of the parallel axis theorem and the fact that most of the material is
away from the natural axis, the second moment of area of the beam increases, which is turn
increases the stiffness. An I beam is only the most efficient shape in one direction of bending:
up and down looking at the profile as an I. if the beam is bent side to side, it functions as an H
where it is less efficient. The most efficient shape for both directions in 2D is a box (a square
shell) however the most efficient shape for bending in any direction is a cylindrical shell or
tube. But, for unidirectional bending, the I or wide flange beam is superior.Efficiency means
that for the same cross sectional area (volume of beam per length) subjected to the same
loading conditions, the beam deflects less. Other shapes, like L (angles), C (channels) or

32
tubes, are also used in construction when there are special requirements.
Fig no. 4.1 Types of beam and common beam shapes
4.4 DESIGN STEPS FOR SINGLY BEAM:
Data: Clear span, Live load, type of support, type or concrete and steel.
Design: D, b and area of tensile reinforcement and shear reinforcement.
1. Assume effective depth of beam
d = l/10 to 20
Span range Span/depth ratio (l/d)
3 to 4 m 15 to 20
5 to 10 m 12 to 15

33
>10 m 12
Overall depth D = effective depth + effective cover
D = d + 50 mm (assume)
2. Breadth of beam b = 1/3rd d to 2/3rd d
(General width of beam used the 150, 200, 250, & 300 mm)
3. Effective span (l)
Must be least of the following two:
i. l = clear span(L)+bearing
ii. l = clear span (L)+effective depth
4. Load calculation
i. Self-weight of beam = bxDxdensity of RCC in kN/m
ii. Live load(given) in kN/m
Total load (w)
Factored load wu = 1.5xw
5. Maximum bending moment
Mu = (wu x l2 )/8 For SS beam carrying udl
6. Check for depth
Equating BM (Mu) = (Mu)lim
(Mu)lim = 0.138fckbd2 for Fe 415
Then, dreq = (√Mu/ 0.138fckb) for Fe 415
Here b = 1000 mm or 1 m
If dreq < d, Design is safe (OK)

34
If dreq > d, Design is not safe, Revise the depth
7. Design of main reinforcement
Refer IS : 456-2000, G – 1.1(b)
Mu = 0.87fyAst d(1-(fy x Ast/fckbd))
Calculate ‘Ast’ using expression
Assume suitable diameter of bars
Area of bar, ast =( π x Ø2 )/4
No. of bars = Ast / ast (Minimum No. of bars should be two)
8. Design of shear reinforcement
i. Shear force Vu = wul /2
ii. Shear stress τv = Vu /bd
iii. Percentage steel = 100xAst / bd
Refer table No. 19, IS456-2000 for τc value
If τc is less then τv shear reinforcement is to be designed.
a) Therefore shear taken by concrete = τc bd
b) Shear to be taken by stirrups Vus = Vu – τc bd
c) Assuming 6mm or 8mm dia bars
Ast = 2x(πxØ2/4) (area of 2-Leggef stirrups)
d) Spacing of stirrups should be least of the following three:
 Sv = (0.87xfyxAstxd)/ Vus
 Sv should not be greater than 0.75d
 Sv should not be greater then 300mm
iv. If τc is greater than τv then minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided.

Assume 6mm or 8mm dia bars

35
Ast = 2x(πxØ2/4) (area of 2-Leggef stirrups)
Spacing of stirrups should be least of the following three:
 Sv = (0.87xfyxAstxd)/ 0.4xb
(Min. shear reinforcement as per IS456-2000, Page No.48)
 Sv should not be greater than 0.75d
 Sv should not be greater than 300mm
9. Check for deflection
Note down percentage steel provided, pt value.
Stress in steel at service loads, fs = 0.5 8x fy x (Ast required / Ast provided )
Calculate modification factor (kt) from curve (ref. clause 23.2, IS 456) for fs and pt values.
(l/d)max = 20kt
If (l/d)max > (l/d)provided then, OK
If (l/d)max < (l/d)provided then, redesign the section.

36
DESING OF BEAM
grade of concrete 25 mpa
steel 500 mpa
b = 0.3
D = 0.575
DENSITY = 25
LIVE LOAD = 12.65
Leff = 4.5
LOAD CALCULATIONS
SELF
1 WEIGHT bxDxdensity
4.3125 KN/m
2 LIVE LOAD 13 KN/m
POINT
3 LOAD 50 KN
TOTAL 67.3125 KN/m
FACTORED LOAD
Wu = 100.96875 KN/m
CLACULATION OF BM
Mu = 255.58 KN-m
CHECK FOR EFFECTIVE

DEPTH
d req = 506.18 mm
as d req is more than provide a beam of size 300 x 600 mm

b = 300 mm
d = 575 mm
D = 600 mm
Ast required
Ast = 1185.16 mm2
provide 20 mm dia bars 4 nos

number of bars = 4 Nos
Ast provided = 1256.4 mm2
Ast maximum = 7200 mm2
Therefore Ast provided is ok

37
Check for shear

Vu = 227.18 KN
Nominal shear
Ʈv = 1.32
% of stell = 0.73 %
% of steel Ʈc
0.5 0.46
0.73 ?
0.75 0.54
Ʈc = 0.53
BY INTERPOLATION WE GET THE VALUE OF Ʈc = 0.53
Ʈv > Ʈc
section is not safe in shear
DESIGN OF SHEAR
Vws = Vu-Ʈc*b*d
135754.6875 w
135.7546875 kw
PROVIDE 8 mm dia 2 legged vertical stirrups
Asv = 100.512 mm2
Sv = 364.356 mm
Sv = 402.5 mm
Sv = 300 mm
provide 8mm dia 2lvs @ 300 mm c/c
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

l/d = 20Kt page 38 is 456 2000
0.58xfy x
(area of c/s
of steel
required/area
of c/s of
steel
fs = provided)

38
= 273.56 N/mm2
from IS 456 200 (PAGE

Kt = 1 38
l/d = 20
Leff/d = 7.83
(l/d) actual < (l/d) provided Therefore safe in Deflection

39
CHAPTER 5
DESING OF RCC SLABS
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
One way and two-way slabs as floor systems are the most conventional forms of structural
floor systems. Reinforced thin plate elements are supported over beams, masonry walls or
directly over columns. Beam and slab arrangement can be the best example for one way and
two-way slabs. Each single slab is referred to as panels, if the slab is continuous over
supports. A slab or panel is said to be two-way slab if the ratio of longer span to the shorter
span is not greater than 2 (two). Hence, one-way slabs have ratio between longer to shorter
span greater than 2.
Fig no. 5.1 One way slab bending pattern

All traditional floor systems were designed as either one way or two way slabs. So it was
important for the engineer to understand the spanning direction. In other words, it can be said
that, two-way slabs span in both directions. On the other hand One-way slabs span in shorter
direction and is designed for one way bending. In the absence of advanced analysis software,
like FEM modeling, it was necessary to idealize the slabs, one-way or two-way slabs, to use
direct methods for the design
Fig no 5.2 Triangular load distribution in two-way slabs

40
5.2 Behaviour of One way Slabs & Two way Slab
Fig no 5.3 Tow way slab bending pattern

The figure 5.1 & 5.2 above shows deflection and bending pattern of both one-way and two-
way slabs. Figure 5.1 shows a slab supported over masonry wall/beam on both sides is
expected to bend in the shorter direction due to its self-weight. The same behavior is expected
when it is subjected to floor loads. The walls on either side, equally shares the self-weight of
the slab. Whereas in figure 5.2, the slab is supported over 4 edges, considering it to be simply
supported, the slab can bend in both directions with maximum deflection at the center point
of the slab.
Here, since the dimension of slab is same in both directions, all the 4 walls equally share the
weight of the slab. Hence load is distributed in a triangular fashion as shown above. If one
side had been longer than other side and ratio was less than two, the load would have been
distributed in a trapezoidal fashion as shown in the adjacent image. Thus, the classification of
slab, defines the load path and the behavior of a slab under applied loads.
Fig no. 5.4 Trapezoidal load distribution

41
5.3 ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLABS & TWO-WAY SLABS:

5.3.1 One-way Slabs
One way slabs are the easiest to design as the direction is simple and are usually designed as
set of beam strips spanning in one direction. For the simplicity in design, one way
slabs are designed in per meter strips. System with of only one panel, resting over
wall, is analyzed & designed as a simply supported beam of 1m width. Depth of
the beam is taken as slab depth. Continuous slabs, continuous over supports in one
direction are designed as continuous beam of a frame. Maximum moment of simply
supported slab is at mid-span under self-weight and uniform pressure loads.
Design reinforcement will be Bottom reinforcement and is provided in shorter
direction.
Minimum shrinkage reinforcement should be provided in other direction. Maximum design

moment for UDL will be WL^2/8. Special considerations shall be provided for
limiting the deflections with in permissible limits as per design code requirements.
Limiting Deflection ensures user comfort and limits vibrations.
5.3.2 Two-way Slabs
Analysis two-way slabs are not direct as in one way slabs. There are multiple analysis
methods, manual and computer analysis, available for analyzing two-way slabs. Since slab
spans in both directions, design reinforcement is provided in both the direction.

42
Fig no. 5.5 Support Conditions of Two-Way Slabs
5.4 DESIGN STEPS:
1. Check slab is one way or two way.
> 2 (one way slab)
≤ 2 (two way slab)
2. Assume overall depth of slab (100mm to 150mm) or D =
Effective depth, d = D – clear cover –
3. Effective span (l) : Least of the following two
i. l = clear span (L) + bearing
ii. l = clear span (L) + effective depth
4. Load calculation
i. Self weight of slab = D x 1 x Density of RCC (ρ) = kN/m
ii. Live load (given) x 1 = kN/m
iii. Floor finish (If given) x 1 = kN/m

Total Load (W) = kN/m
Factored or ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5 x W
5. Maximum Bending Moment
Mu = for SS slab

43
Mu = for Cantilever slab (Eg: Sunshade, Chejja)
6. Check for depth
Equating Mu = Limiting moment of resistance
Mu = 0.149 fck bd2- for fe250 (Mild steel)
Mu = 0.138 fck bd2- for fe415 (HYSD bars)
drequired = for fe415 (Note : b=1000mm)
If drequired < d (assumed depth)
Design is safe
If drequired > d (assumed depth)
Design is not safe, hence revise the depth
7. Design of main reinforcements (Along shorter span)
Ast = x bd (Note: b=1000mm)
Assume suitable diameter of bars (8mm, 10mm, and 12mm)
Area of one bar, ast =
Spacing of reinforcement,
S=

44
8. Distribution steel
Ast = 0.12% area of concrete for HYSD bars
Ast =
Ast = 0.15% area of concrete for Mild steel
Ast =
Assume suitable diameter of bars (8mm,10mm,12mm)
S=
i. Shear force (Vu) = for SS beam carrying UDL
Vu = Wu*l for cantilever beam carrying UDL
ii. Shear stress (τu) =
iii. Percentage of steel =
Refer table No.19, IS456-2000 for τc value
If τc is less than τu then shear reinforcement is to be designed.
a. Therefore shear taken by concrete = τc bd

45
b. Shear to be taken by stirrups Vus= Vu - τc bd
c. Assuming 6mm or 8mm dia bars
Asv = (area of two legged stirrups)
d. Spacing of stirrups should be least of the following three
1) Sv =
2) Sv should not be greater than 0.75d
3) Sv should not be greater than 300mm
iv. If τc is greater than τv then minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided.

Assume 6mm or 8mm dia bars.
Spacing of stirrups should be least of the following three
1) Sv =
(Min. reinforcement as per IS:456-2000, Page No.48)
Note down the percentage of steel provided, pt value.
Stress in steel at service load, fs = 0.58×fy

46
Calculate modification factor (kt) from curve (ref. clause 23.2,IS:456-2000) for fs and pt
values.
max = 20kt (Simply supported beam)
max = 7kt (Cantilever beam)
If max > provided
Then, OK
If max < provided
Then redesign the section.

47

GIVEN DATA
Shorter Span (lx) 3000 mm
Longer Span (ly) 7000 mm
2
Live Load 2 kN/m
Floor Finish 1 kN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) 20 N/mm2
Grade of Steel (fy) 415 N/mm2
Thickness of Wall 230 mm
Clear cover (d') 15 mm
DESIGN STEPS:
1 Check for slab
ly/lx = 2.33 >2
Therefore slab should be
desinged as one way slab
2 Thickness of Slab
Overall depth (D) = lx/20
D = 150.00 mm
Providing overall depth of slab
=
(D) 150.00 mm
D - clear
=
Effective depth (d) cover (d')
d = 135.00 mm
3 Effective span (l)

(1) c/c distance of bearing = 3.23 m
(2) Clear span + Effective depth = 3.14 m
Therefore effective span (l) = 3.14 m

4 Load calculations
(1) Self weight of slab = D x 1m
=
x Density of RCC (ρ) 3.75 kN/m
(2) Live load (given) x 1m = 2 kN/m
(3) Floor finish x 1m = 1 kN/m
Total load (W) = 6.75 kN/m
Factored Load (Wu) = W x 1.5
Wu = 10.13 kN/m
5 Factored Moment (Mu)

Mu = (Wu*l2)/8
= 12.44 kN/m
Mu = 12438847.27 N/mm
6 Check for effective depth

d(required) = √(Mu/0.138*fck*b)
= 67.13 < 135mm
Design is
safe
7 Area of Main Reinforcement

(0.5*fck/fy)*(1-√(1-
=
Ast (4.6*Mu/fck*b*d2)))*bd
2
= 266.22 mm
Check for Minimum

reinforcement
Ast (min) = 0.12 % of bD
2
= 180 mm

2
Providing (Ast) = 266.22 mm
Providing bars of dia = 10 mm
Area of one bar (ast) = (π*Ø2)/4

ast = 78.53 mm2
Spacing (S) = (1000*ast)/Ast

= 294.96 mm
Say (S) = 230 mm
Provide 10mm bars at 240mm Ast(provided)
C/C = 341.41 mm2
8 Distribution Reinforcement
Ast(min) = 0.12 % of bD
= 180 mm2
Providing bars of dia = 8 mm

ast = 2
(π*Ø )/4
= 50.26 mm2
Spacing (S) = (1000*ast)/Ast

= 279.2
Say (s) = 270 mm
9 Check for shear

Shear force (Vu) = Wu*l/2
= 15.87 kN
Shear stress (τv) = Vu/bd

= 0.12 N/mm2
Percentage of steel (%) = (100*Ast)/bd

= 0.253 %
GRADE
Ast%
15 20 25 30 35
0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
τc = For grades 15 20 25 30 35
0.35127536 0.3613913 0.361507 0.371507 0.371507
0 0.3613913 0 0 0
Original
τc = 0.3613913

Stress in steel at service load, fs = 0.58 x (Ast req/Ast pro)
0.452261
fs =
Calculate modification factor (kt) from curve (ref. clause 23.2,IS:456-2000) for
fs and pt values.
(l/d) max = 20kt (Simply supported beam)
(l/d)max = 7kt (Cantilever beam)
IF (l/d)max > (l/d)provided
Then, OK
IF (l/d)max > (l/d)provided
Then redesign
the section.

5.5 DESIGN STEPS: TWO WAY SLAB:
1.Check slab is One way or Two way.
> 2 (one-way slab)
≤ 2 (two-way slab)
2. For simply supported two-way slabs, the shorter span to depth ratio, generally assumed as
35. For HYSD bars of grade 415, the value should be multiplied by 0.8
(0.8 x 35 = 28)
Assume overall depth of slab (100mm to 150mm) or D =
Effective depth, dx = D – clear cover –
Effective depth along longer span
dy = dx – Ø (If dia of bar same in both direction)
dy = dx - -
Øx = dia of bar along shorter span
Øy = dia of bar along longer span
3. Effective span (lx) : Least of the following two
iii. lx = clear span (L) + bearing
iv. lx = clear span (L) + effective depth (dx)
4. Effective span (ly) : Least of the following two

54
v. ly = clear span (L) + bearing
vi. ly = clear span (L) + effective depth (dy)
5. Load calculation
iv. Self weight of slab = D x 1 x Density of RCC (ρ) = KN/m
v. Live load (given) x 1 = KN/m
vi. Floor finish (If given) x 1 = KN/m

Total Load (W) = KN/m
Factored or ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5 x W
6. Maximum Bending Moment
Mux = αx Wu lx2
Muy = αy Wu lx2
Calculate and by referring IS:456-2000, Page No.91 or Table No.26 or 27,
depending on end conditions read out the values of αx and αy corresponding values of
7. Check for depth
Equating Mux = Limiting moment of resistance
Mu = 0.149 fck bd2- for fe250 (Mild steel)
drequired = for fe415 (Note: b=1000mm)
If drequired < d (assumed depth)

55
Design is safe
If drequired > d (assumed depth)
Design is not safe, hence revise the depth
8. Design of main reinforcements along shorter span (Astx)
Astx = bd (Note: b=1000mm)
S=
9. Design of main reinforcements along longer span (Asty)
Asty = bd (Note: b=1000mm)
S=

56
v. Shear force (Vu) = for SS beam carrying UDL
Vu = Wu*l for cantilever beam carrying UDL
vi. Shear stress (τu) =
vii. Percentage of steel =
Refer table No.19, IS456-2000 for τc value
If τc is less than τu then shear reinforcement is to be designed.
e. Therefore shear taken by concrete = τc bd
f. Shear to be taken by stirrups Vus= Vu - τc bd
g. Assuming 6mm or 8mm dia bars
h. Spacing of stirrups should be least of the following three
4) Sv =
viii. If τc is greater than τv then minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided.

Assume 6mm or 8mm dia bars.

57
Spacing of stirrups should be least of the following three
4) Sv =
(Min. reinforcement as per IS:456-2000, Page No.48)
Stress in steel at service load, fs = 0.58×fy
Calculate modification factor (kt) from curve (ref. clause 23.2,IS:456-2000) for fs and pt
values.
max = 20kt (Simply supported beam)
max = 7kt (Cantilever beam)
If max > provided
Then, OK
If max < provided
Then redesign the section.

58
Error! Not a valid link.

CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF RCC STAIRCASE
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a structure. Staircases
consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety
for the users.
6.2 STAIRCASE LOCATION:
 They should be located near the main entrance to the building.
 There should be easy access from all the rooms without disturbing the privacy of the rooms.
 There should be spacious approach.
 Good light and ventilation should be available.
6.3 TECHNICAL TERMS:

The definitions of some technical terms, which are used in connection with design of stairs, are given.
 Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
 Riser: vertical portion of a step.
 Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
 Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
 Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
 Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
 Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
 Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
 Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
 Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosings of all treads and the soffit
above.
6.4 STEP DIMENSION:
 The rise and going should be of such dimensions as to provide comfort to users.
 The going should not be less than 25 cm, though 30 cm going is quite comfortable.
 The rise should be between 10 cm to 15 cm.

60
Fig no. 6.1 Stairs main techanical terms
6.5 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF STAIRCASE:

Staircase can be grouped depending upon the support condition and the direction of major
bending of the slab component under the following categories:
 Staircase slab spanning longitudinally
 Staircase slab spanning transversely
Staircase slab spanning in the longitudinally direction
In this type, the inclined stair flight together with landing are supported on walls. The slab
arrangement may be of the conventional waist slab or tread-riser type between supports.
Staircase slab spanning in the transversely direction
Slab support between two edge beam of walls, slab cantilevering on either side of a central
beam. A cantilevered slab from a wall or a spandrel beam are grouped under this categorise
6.6 TYPES OF STAIRCASE:
 Straight Staircase
 Turning Staircase
 Quarter Turn
 Half Turn (Dog-Legged & Open well Staircase)
 Three-Quarter Turn Staircase

61
 Circular Staircase
 Spiral Staircase
6.7 DESIGN STEPS:
1. Fixing dimensions of Tread, Riser and No. of steps
 Vertical distance between floor = H (given)
 Height of each flight h = H/2 (For Dog-legged staircase)
h = H/3 or H/4 (For open well staircase)
 Assume Riser (R), suitably
 No. of risers = h/R
 Actual riser (R) = h/ No. of risers
 No. of tread = No. of risers – 1
 Bearing thickness, Assume 200 to 300 mm
 Width of stair = (Room width – Bearing thickness)/2
 Width of landing = 1m or width of stair
 Width of tread (T), Assume suitably 200 to 300 mm
 Going = No. of treads X width of tread
 Effective Horizontal span,
L = (Wall thickness/2) + Landing + Going + Landing + (Wall thickness/2)
2. Calculation of waist slab thickness
The thickness of waist slab may be assumed as L/20 to L/25 for trail section calculation or
40 to 50 mm / m span.
d = L/20 to 25 Here L = Effective Span
d = Effective depth
3. Load Calculation
(a) Loads on sloping slab

62
Self-weight of slab on slope = D X RCC density in kN/m2
Ceiling finishes in kN/m2
(1) Load on horizontal span = Ws x (√ R2 + T2 )/T in kN/m2
(2) Dead load on step = 0.5 x R x RCC density in kN/m2
(3) Top finish (if given) or assume in kN/m2
(4) Live load (given) in kN/m2
Total load, W = 1+2+3+4 in kN/m2
Factored load per m, Wu = 1.5 x W x 1 in kN/m2
(b) Loads on landing slab
Providing thickness of landing
(1) Self-weight of landing slab = D X RCC density in kN/m2
(2) Top finish (if given) or assume in kN/m2
(3) Live load (given) in kN/m2
Total load, W = 1+2+3+4 in kN/m2
Factored load per m, Wu = 1.5 x W x 1 in kN/m2
4. Bending moment calculation (Design moment)
Calculate Mu using loading conditions
5. Check for depth
Equating BM (Mu) = (Mu)lim
Then, dreq = (√Mu/ 0.138fckb) for Fe 415
Here b = 1000 mm or 1 m
If dreq < d, Design is safe (OK)
If dreq > d, Design is not safe, Revise the depth

63
6. Design of main reinforcement
Refer IS : 456-2000, G – 1.1(b)
Mu = 0.87fyAst d(1-(fy x Ast/fckbd))
Calculate ‘Ast’ using expression
Area of bar, ast = π x Ø2 /4
Spacing, S = (1000 x ast )/ Ast
Maximum spacing, 3d or 300mm, whichever is less
7. Distribution steel
Ast = 0.12%bD
Area of bar, ast = π x Ø2 /4
Spacing, S = (1000 x ast )/ Ast
Maximum spacing, 5d or 450mm, whichever is less

64


CHAPTER 7:
DESIGN OFF RCC WATER TANK

7.1 INTRODUCTION FOR FLEXIBLE BASE CIRCULAR WATER TANK:
For smaller capacities rectangular tanks are used and for bigger capacities circular tanks are
used. In circular tanks with flexible joint at the base tanks walls are subjected to hydrostatic
pressure, so the tank walls are designed as thin cylinder. As the hoop tension gradually reduces
to zero at top, the reinforcement is gradually reduced to minimum reinforcement at top.
The main reinforcement consists of circular hoops Vertical reinforcement equal to 0.3% of
concrete are is provided and hoop reinforcement is tied to this reinforcement.
7.2 DESIGN STEPS:
1. Determination of diameter of the water tank
Diameter=D=√ (Q * 0.004) / ((H - Fb) * 3.14)
Where Q=capacity of the water tank
H=height of the water tank
Fb=free board of the water tank
2. Design of dome shaped roof
Thickness of dome = t=100mm
Live load = 1.5KN/m 2
Self-weight of dome = (t / 1000) * unit weight of concrete
Finishes load= 0.1KN/m2
Total load = live load + self-weight + finishes load
Central rise= r =1m
Radius of dome = R= ((0.5 * D) ^ 2 + r ^ 2) / (2 * r)

67
cosA = ((R - r) /R)
Meridional thrust = (total load * R) / (1 + cosA)
Circumferential thrust = total load * R * (cosA - 1 / (1 + cosA))
Meridional stress = meridional thrust / t
Hoop stress = circumferential thrust / t
Reinforcement in both direction = 0.3 * t* 10
Hoop tension = meridional thrust * cosA * D * 0.5
Reinforcement in top ring beam =As top ringbeam hoop tension / Ts
Cross section area of top ring beam
= (hoop tension / PST direct) - (m - 1) * As top ringbeam
3. Determination of hoop reinforcement
HTi = 0.5 * (w * (H - i) * D)
Asi = HTi / Ts
Where,HTi=hoop tension at a depth of i from the top
Asi=hoop reinforcement at a depth of i from the top
4. Determination of thickness of cylindrical wall
HT = 0.5 * (w * H * D)
t = 0.001 * (HT1 / PSTdirect - (m - 1) * As)
Where,t=thickness of the wall
HT=hoop tension at the base of tank
PSTdirect=permissible stress due to direct tension
As=hoop reinforcement at base

68
5. Determination of vertical reinforcement
Asv = (0.3 - 0.1 * (t - 100) / 350) * t * 10
Where,Asv= vertical reinforcement of the wall
t=thickness of the wall
6. Design of base
Thickness of base =150mm
Minimum reinforcement required=(0.3/100)*150*1000mm2

69
DESIGN OF CIRCULAR WATER TANK FLEXIBLE BASE

DATA
Capacity of tank (V) = 50 m3
Depth of tank (D) = 4 m
fck = 25 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Unit wt of water (ϒ) = 9.8 KN/m3
DIAMETER OF TANK
Area of Tank (A) = ((3.141*d*d)/4)*D
Diameter (d) = ((V*4)/(D*3.141))^0.5
Diameter (d) = 3.989799155 m
Provide Dia of Tank (d) = 4 m
Assume Free Board = 0.2 m
Total Height of tank (H) = 4.2 m
PERMISSIBLE TENSILE STRESS

Permissible tensile stress in Steel (σs)
Permissible tensile stress in Fe 250 = 115 N/mm2
Permissible tensile stress in Fe 415 = 150 N/mm2
In our case Permissible tensile stress = 0 150
In our case Permissible tensile stress = 150 N/mm2
Permissible tensile stress in concrete (σc) = 1.3 N/mm2

Stress in compression bending (σcbc)

fck 15 = 5
fck 20 = 7
fck 25 = 8.5
fck 30 = 10
σcbc for our case = 0 0 8.5 0
MAX HOOP TENSION

Hoop Tension (T) = (ϒ*H*D)/2
= 82.32 KN/m
Area of steel req (Ash) = (T*1000)/σs
= 548.8 mm2
Using 12mm bars, spacing = (((π*12*12)/4)*1000)/Ash
= 206.0422741 mm
Provide 12mm Diameter bars at 200 mm c/c
Ash prov = (((π*12*12)/4)*1000)/spacing

565.38 mm2
THICKNESS OF WALL
Modular ratio (m) = 280/(3*σcbc)

= 10.98039216
Thickness of wall = (T-(m-1)*Ash*σc)/(1000*σc)
= 57.68036281 mm
Thickness of wall (t) = 100 mm

VERTICAL STEEL
Only min steel req
Ast min = (0.3*t*1000)/100
300 mm2
= 167.52 mm
BASE SLAB
Assuming nominal thickness of 150 mm with minimum
reinforcement in both direction
Base slab thickness (t) = 150 mm
Ast min = (0.3*t*1000)/100
= 450 mm2
Providing half reinforcement near each face
Ast for each face = 225 mm2
= 223.36 mm


Page 73

CONCRET
STEEL E
DIAMETER (mm) VOLUME
Bea No.
Bea No.
Sl.n m Discriptio of EFF
m Beam Size of Length Dia 6 8 10 12 16 20 25
o Cove n Item Length
Type bars
r s
0.45 0.609 0.02 776.90
B1 7 6 0.03 Bottom 14 5.00 8.1586 11.099 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 31.8342672
407.3
Top 14 3.00 8.1586 9.6986 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0
0.152 17.0 0.00 261.
4 Stirrups 1 14 1 1.0968 1.0968 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.203 29.1 0.00 447.
2 Stirrups 2 14 4 1.0968 1.0968 8 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.609 0.02 88.788

B5 9 6 0.03 Bottom 2 4.00 8.1586 11.099 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2.27387623
0.01
Top 2 3.00 8.1586 9.3786 6 0 0 0 0 56.27 0 0 0
0.152 13.0 0.00 22.5
4 Stirrups 1 2 1 0.8682 0.8682 8 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.152 42.5 0.00 73.8
4 Stirrups 2 2 3 0.8682 0.8682 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.457 0.01

B6 9 2 0.03 Bottom 4 3.00 5.0322 6.8922 6 0 0 0 0 82.71 0 0 2.10378005
0.01 47.4
Top 4 2.00 5.0322 5.9322 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
0.101 13.0 0.00 37.2
6 Stirrups 1 4 1 0.7158 0.7158 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.152 26.0 0.00 74.4
4 Stirrups 2 4 1 0.7158 0.7158 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.457 0.01

B2 9 2 0.03 Bottom 4 4.00 5.6295 7.4895 6 0 0 0 0 119.8 0 0 2.35348949
0.01 52.2
Top 4 2.00 5.6295 6.5295 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
0.152 Stirrups 1 4 9.01 0.7158 0.7158 0.00 0 25.7 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 8 8
0.152 29.9 0.00 85.7
4 Stirrups 2 4 3 0.7158 0.7158 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.01 21.8

B7 9 0.381 0.03 Bottom 1 4.00 4.0918 5.4718 2 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0.35638187
0.00 9.34
Top 1 2.00 4.0918 4.6718 8 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.152 27.8 0.00 17.8
4 Stirrups 1 1 5 0.6396 0.6396 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.01
B8 9 0.381 0.03 Bottom 5 4.00 4.0918 5.9518 6 0 0 0 0 119 0 0 1.78190934
0.01 49.9
Top 5 2.00 4.0918 4.9918 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
0.101 13.0 0.00
6 Stirrups 1 5 1 0.6396 0.6396 6 41.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.152 19.8 0.00 63.4
4 Stirrups 2 5 4 0.6396 0.6396 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.457 0.01

B2 9 2 0.03 Bottom 4 4.00 5.0324 6.8924 6 0 0 0 0 110.3 0 0 2.10386366
0.01 47.4
Top 4 2.00 5.0324 5.9324 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
0.152 0.00 25.7
4 Stirrups 1 4 9.01 0.7158 0.7158 8 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.152 26.0 0.00 74.4
4 Stirrups 2 4 2 0.7158 0.7158 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.15 0.01
B4 2 0.381 0.03 Bottom 2 2.00 3.2788 5.1388 6 0 0 0 0 20.56 0 0 0.38076311
0.01 16.7
Top 2 2.00 3.2788 4.1788 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
0.152 22.5 0.00 25.3
4 Stirrups 1 2 1 0.5634 0.5634 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.01 15.5
B7 9 0.381 0.03 Bottom 1 4.00 2.5112 3.8912 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.21871698

0.00 6.18
Top 1 2.00 2.5112 3.0912 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.152 17.4 0.00 11.1
4 Stirrups 1 1 8 0.6396 0.6396 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.304 0.01 26.1

B3 9 8 0.03 Bottom 3 3.00 1.525 2.905 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0.31877356
0.00 12.6
Top 3 2.00 1.525 2.105 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.152 11.0 0.00
4 Stirrups 1 3 1 0.5634 0.5634 6 18.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.152 0.01 19.2

HB 9 4 0.03 Bottom 1 3.00 5.0324 6.4124 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0.17532197
0.01
Top 1 3.00 5.0324 5.9324 2 0 0 0 17.8 0 0 0 0
0.101 50.5 0.00 20.7
6 Stirrups 1 1 3 0.411 0.411 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.152 0.01 17.4

HB 9 4 0.03 Bottom 2 3.00 1.525 2.905 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0.10625785
0.01 14.5
Top 2 3.00 1.525 2.425 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0
0.101 16.0 0.00 13.1
6 Stirrups 1 2 1 0.411 0.411 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
557. 346. 407.3 865.69
Total Length 7 811 0 4 508.7 4 1 44.0074013
0.22 0.39 0.61 0.88
2 5 7 9 1.580 2.469 3.858
123. 320. 307. 1005. 3339.8
Wt 9 4 0 9 803.8 8 6
Total Wt 5902
295.
Add 5% 1
TOTAL TOTAL
STEEL CONCRETE m
Q= 6197 kg Q= 44.0074013 3



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INTERSHIP 2018 - 2019

STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT: SHRIJAY G. KALGHATGI

OFFICE ADDRESS : SHRIJAY G. KALGHATGI

CONSULTING STRUCTURAL ENGINEER,

#778/2 Khanapur Road Tilakwadi Belagavi 590006

CONTACT NUMBER : 9022514001

OFFICE TIMINGS : 10.00 AM TO 2.00 PM

DATE OF JOINING : 4TH JUNE

DURATION OF TRAINING : 4TH JUNE TO 30TH JULY 2018

SOFTWARE USED FOR TRAINING: 1. AUTOCAD

Department of Civil Engineering

1.2 ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION:

Shrijay Kalghatgi is the structural consultants, providing service to the architects,

Department of Civil Engineering

1.3 WORK EXPERIENCE

Department of Civil Engineering

DESIGNING OF RCC FOOTING

2.2 PURPOSE OF FOOTINGS:

1. To support the upper structure.

2. To transfer the loads and moments to subsoil on larger area.

3. To develop an anchor for stability against overturning.

2.3 TYPES OF FOOTINGS:

2.3.1 Isolated Footings

Isolated footings are of the following types:

a) Uniform thickness footing

Department of Civil Engineering

b) Tapered thickness footing

Fig no.2.1 Uniform thickness Fig no. 2.2 Tapered thickness

2.4 DESIGN STEPS OF FOOTING:

 Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC)

 Column Ratio (ř) =

Self wt of column = 10% of Load

Total Load = Load + Self wt

Area of footing req = Total Load/SBC

For square footing, the size of footing =

Department of Civil Engineering

3. Check For Upward Pressure

Upward pressure (p) = Load/Area

Condition: p < SBC

4. Bending Moment At Critical Section

Moment about x-x axis passing through column face = M =

Factored Moment = Mu = M*1.5

For Square footing L = B

for fe 415 steel

Get the value of Ast after solving the equation

7. Check Against One-Way Shear

Fig no. 2.3 Check Against One-Way Shear

From IS 456-2000 get the value of

If the value of is less than then the design is safe.

Department of Civil Engineering

8. Check Against Two-Way Shear

Fig no. 2.4 Check Against Two-Way Shear

ßc = Short side of column/ long side of column

Ks = Cannot be greater than 1

Department of Civil Engineering

If Ks is greater than 1, then consider Ks = 1

If the value of is less than then the design is safe.

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering Page 10

Size of footing = Root of area = 2.65 2.65 m

Department of Civil Engineering Page 11

Department of Civil Engineering Page 12

Department of Civil Engineering Page 13

Area of Steel min (Asc min) = 0.008bd