Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA
JS Alano St.

Zamboanga city

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS

_______________________________________________

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

EFFICACY OF COW MANURE AND BANANA FILL USE AS AN ALTERNATIVE

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER

Villa, Sarabia M.

Kuhutan, Sitti Nurhaliza A.

Wong, Steffi C.

Udjaman, Rashimar S.
 CHAPTER 1

THE EFFICACY OF COW MANURE AND BANANA FILL USE AS AN ALTERNATIVE

FERTILIZER ON CARROT GROWTH

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Although, carrot crop has many potentialities and widely cultivated since long time in

our country Ethiopia, yet its yield per acre remains very low. Many production problems like

faulty nutrient application and the type of fertilizer, lack of recommended spacing, irrigation

problems, date of planting, have been some of the factors, which contributed to the low

productivity of carrot in our country. The type and the way producers are applying fertilizer

is one of the major serious problems in carrot production (Hailu et al. 2008). It has been

reported that excessive amounts of inorganic fertilizers are being applied to vegetables in

order to achieve a higher yield (Abou et al, 2012). However, the use of inorganic fertilizers

alone may cause problems for human health and the environment. In addition, the cost of

inorganic fertilizers is getting expensive and therefore farmers in Ethiopia could not afford

to buy it for vegetable crop production. Under this situation utilization of locally available

resources like organ ic matter is going to be meaningful for improving soil structure,

microbial biomass and there by contributing for improving yield and crop productivity of

carrot in the country. Therefore, utilization of locally produced cattle manures by vegetable

producers may increase crop yields with less use of chemical fertilizer. In recent times, the

study showed that organically grown fruits or vegetables contain more mineral and vitamins

than conventionally grown ones (Bourn and Prescott,2002). Report by Abou et al, (2012)

showed that vegetative growth and yield of different crops were increased with addition of

organic cattle manure. Several attempts have been made to increase yield potential of root
crops neglecting carrot. In addition, previous research was only concerned with the use of

inorganic fertilizers. However, this type of fertilizers if endlessly used by farmers it results in

loss of soil fertility and soil health. Continuous use of in organic fertilizer for crop production

will affect the sustainability of environment and as well as the human health. In this context,

the use of organics and bio fertilizers like farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure, cattle

manure and Azospirillum is gaining more importance for getting higher yield and quality.

Cattle manure being bulky organic material releases the soil compactness and improves

the aeration in addition to the supply of essential plant nutrients and organic matter and

increase soil microbial establishment along with accumulation of excess humus

content (Greene, 2007). Organically produced fruits, vegetables, food crops fetch much

higher value not only in the international market but also in the domestic market. They are

known to be devoid of any residues, thereby having positive impact on environment and

human health. The research pertaining to the use of organics and bio fertilizers in

vegetable crops particularly in carrot is very much limited (Leclerc et al., 1991; Warman and

Harvard 1996; warman and Harvard, 1998 ; Stone, 1998). Specific recommendation

about the use of organic fertilizer (cattle manure) are lacking in our country Ethiopia. So far,

hardly any research has been conducted to see the effect of cattle manure fertilizer on yield

and yield component of carrot under jimma condition. Therefore, the current experiment

was aimed at determining the influence of cattle manure on growth and yield of carrot

Although, carrot crop has many potentialities and widely cultivated since long time in our

country Ethiopia, yet its yield per acre remains very low. Man y production problems like

faulty nutrient application and the type of fertilizer, lack of recommended spacing, irrigation

problems, date of planting, have been some of the factors, which contributed to the low

productivity of carrot in our country. The type and the way producers are applying fertilizer

is one of the major serious problems in carrot production (Hailu et al. 2008). It has been

reported that excessive amounts of inorganic fertilizers are being applied to vegetables in
order to achieve a higher yield (Abou et al, 2012). However, the use of inorganic fertilizers

alone may cause problems for human health and the environment. In addition, the cost of

inorganic fertilizers is getting expensive and therefore farmers in Ethiopia could not afford

to buy it for vegetable crop production. Under this situation utilization of locally available

resources like organic matter is going to be meaningful for improving soil structure,

microbial biomass and there by contributing for improving yield and crop productivity of

carrot in the country. Therefore, utilization of locally produced cattle manures by vegetable

producers may increase crop yields with less use of chemical fertilizer. In recent times, the

study showed that organically grown fruits or vegetables contain more mineral and vitamins

than conventionally grown ones (Bourn and Prescott,2002). Report by Abou et al, (2012)

showed that vegetative growth and yield of different crops were increased with addition of

organic cattle manure. Several attempts have been made to increase yield potential of root

crops neglecting carrot. In addition, previous research was only concerned with the use of

inorganic fertilizers. However, this type of fertilizers if endlessly used by farmers it results in

loss of soil fertility and soil health. Continuous use of in organic fertilizer for crop production

will affect the sustainability of environment and as well as the human health. In this context,

the use of organics and bio fertilizers like farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure, cattle

manure and Azospirillum is gaining more importance for getting higher yield and quality.

Cattle manure being bulky organic material releases the soil compactness and improves

the aeration in addition to the supply of essential plant nutrients and organic matter and

increase soil microbial establishment along with accumulation of excess humus

content (Greene, 2007). Organically produced fruits, vegetables, food crops fetch much

higher value not only in the international market but also in the domestic market. They are

known to be devoid of any residues, thereby having positive impact on environment and

human health. The research pertaining to the use of organics and bio fertilizers in

vegetable crops particularly in carrot is very much limited (Leclerc et al., 1991; Warman and
Harvard 1996; warman and Harvard, 1998 ; Stone, 1998). Specific recommendation

about the use of organic fertilizer (cattle manure) are lacking in our country Ethiopia. So far,

hardly any research has been conducted to see the effect of cattle manure fertilizer on yield

and yield component of carrot under jimma condition. Therefore, the current experiment

was aimed at determining the influence of cattle manure on growth and yield of carrot

The application of cattle manure to farmland is an economical and environmentally

sustainable mechanism for increasing crop production. Nutrients in cattle manure can

replace commercial fertilizers. However, the value of manure is more than the accumulated

value of the individual nutrients. Cattle manure is an excellent soil amendment capable of

increasing soil quality. Manure can increase crop yields by providing large inputs of nutrients

and organic materials. The benefit of the nutrients and organic material may not be

immediately evident. Therefore, the value of the manure can best be thought as the overall

crop yield and quality response over several years. Compare to commercial fertilizer, the

relative nutrient concentration of cattle manure is quite low. This decrease the distance the

mature can be economically transported. The low concentration of nutrients in cattle manure

requires large application rates to apply an equivalent amount of nutrients.

The nutrients required for healthy plant life are classified according to the elements,

but the elements are not used as fertilizers. Instead compounds containing these elements

are the basis of fertilizers. The macro-nutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are

present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.15% to 6.0% on a dry matter (DM) (0% moisture)

basis. Plants are made up of four main elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide. Although

nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants.

Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in proteins, DNA and other

components (e.g., chlorophyll). To be nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in

a "fixed" form. Only some bacteria and their host plants (notably legumes) can fix

atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by converting it to ammonia. Phosphate is required for the

production of DNA and ATP, the main energy carrier in cells, as well as certain lipids.

Although, carrot crop has many potentialities and widely cultivated since long time in

our country, yet its yield per acre remains very low. Many production problems like faulty

nutrient application and the type of fertilizer, lack of recommended spacing, irrigation

problems, date of planting, have been some of the factors, which contributed to the low

productivity of carrot in our country. The type and the way producers are applying fertilizer is

one of the major serious problems in carrot production. It has been reported that excessive

amounts of inorganic fertilizers are being applied to vegetables in order to achieve a higher

yield. However, the use of inorganic fertilizers alone may cause problems for human health

and the environment. In addition, the cost of inorganic fertilizers is getting expensive and

therefore farmers in Ethiopia could not afford to buy it for vegetable crop production. Under

this situation utilization of locally available resources like organic matter is going to be

meaningful for improving soil structure, microbial biomass and there by contributing for

improving yield and crop productivity of carrot in the country. Therefore, utilization of locally

produced cattle manures by vegetable producers may increase crop yields with less use of

chemical fertilizer. In recent times, the study showed that organically grown fruits or

vegetables contain more mineral and vitamins than conventionally grown ones. Vegetative

growth and yield of different crops were increased with addition of organic cattle manure.

Several attempts have been made to increase yield potential of root crops neglecting carrot.

In addition, previous research was only concerned with the use of inorganic fertilizers.

However, this type of fertilizers if endlessly used by farmers it results in loss of soil fertility

and soil health. Continuous use of in organic fertilizer for crop production will affect the

sustainability of environment and as well as the human health. In this context, the use of
organics and bio fertilizers like farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure, cattle manure and

Azospirillum is gaining more importance for getting higher yield and quality. Cattle manure

being bulky organic material releases the soil compactness and improves the aeration in

addition to the supply of essential plant nutrients and organic matter and increase soil

microbial establishment a long with accumulation of excess humus content (Greene,

2007).Organically produced fruits, vegetables, food crops fetch much higher value not only

in the international market but also in the domestic market. They are known to be devoid of

any residues, thereby having positive impact on environment and human health. The

research pertaining to the use of organics and bio fertilizers in vegetable crops particularly in

carrot is very much limited. Specific recommendation about the use of organic fertilizer

(cattle manure) are lacking in our country Ethiopia .So far, hardly any research has been

conducted to see the effect of cattle manure fertilizer on yield and yield component of carrot

under jimma condition. Fresh manures from cattle contain cellulose decomposing bacteria

along with active digestive enzymes. These enzymes contribute to faster heating of the

manure which accelerates the decomposition of organic material is faster nutrient release to

the plant. Manure is often under-valued resource. When well-manage and properly applied, it

reaps many benefits.

Theoretical framework

Commercially grown carrots varieties in Georgia are generally of the imperator type.

Numerous commercial varieties exist however; there are vast differences in performance of

varieties over varying environmental conditions. top growth, core diameter, length, and

uniformity. While, the effect of cattle manure application on growth of carrot plant height:

Application of cattle manure on carrot showed a highly significant effect in average and

height. Average plant height significantly differed between control and 18 tons of cattle

manure application on. However, application of cattle manure at 0, 5, and 10 tons didn’t

significantly differ in average plant height.

Doctor Solsoloy discovered that cattle manure contains 1.5% of nitrogen (N), 1.2% of

potassium (K) and 0 .5% of phosphorus (P). “Cattle manure contains more NTK than any

other animal manure such as those in cow, deer, horse, pig and chicken. And Dr. Solsoloy

found out that cattle manure contains a special type of bacteria that seem to be the main

cause of why the pests were controlled. She calls them cocktail of bacteria.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Dependent variable Independent variable

Carrot Fertilizer

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.Which among the proportion of cow manure and banana fill is effective to the growth of the

carrot

2.is there significant difference to the treatment of the effectiveness to the growth of

carrots?

3.who are will benefit the study?

HYPOTHESES

H1 There is a significant difference between cow manure and banana fill

H2 There is no significant difference on the effectiveness to the growth of carrots

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to know the effectiveness of cow manure and banana fill as an alternative

commercial fertilizer
SCOPE AND DELIMINATION

This study mainly focused on the effectiveness of the ; The Cow manure and banana fill as

an alternative commercial fertilizer

The beneficiaries of this study are:

Farmers,Consumers ,Environment ,and Future researchers

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Manure - To enrich (land) by the application of manure.

Banana peel- cover of the banana.

Fertilizer- A substance (such as manure or special Chemical) that is added to soil to help the

growth of plants

Effectiveness- producing a result that is wanted having an intended effect.

Nutrients- A substance that provide nourishments essential for growth and the maintenance

of life

Environment - The conditions that surround someone or something.

Application - The action of putting something into operation.

Cow manure - waste of the Cow.

Carrots - long orange plant.

Growth- stage in growing.

 Chapter 2

METHODOLOGYResearch Design

This study used the descriptive research method which is designed for theresearchers to gather

information about present existing conditions needed in the chosenfield of study. This method enables

the researchers to interpret the theoretical meaning of the findings and hypothesis development for

further studies. Based from the definition of Calderon & Gonzales (descriptive research isconcerned

with conditions of relationships that exist practices that prevail beliefs processes that are going on%

effects that are being felt or trends that are developing.

The process of descriptive research goes beyond mere gathering and tabulation of data. It involves the

elements or interpretation of the meaning or significance of what isdescribed. Thus description is often

combined with comparison and contrast involvingmeasurements classifications interpretation and

evaluation. Thus the researchers determined the profile of the respondents as to age sexmonthly family

income grade point average in fourth year high school$ learning style and personality. 'Otherwise the

study identified the performance of the respondents in the pretest and posttest. The study delineated

the respondent)s mean gain score in the pretestand posttest. Furthermore the study defined the

significant difference between the performance of the respondents in the pretest and posttest. Initially

the study explainedthe significant relationship of respondents) profile and posttest scores
This study used Experimental research method which is designed for the researchers to gather

information about present existing conditions needed in the chosenfield of study. This method enables

the researchers to interpret the theoretical perspective will guide the research, how to measure key

constructs reliably and accurately, who or what to sample and observe, how many people/places/things

need to be sampled in order to achieve adequate statistical power, and which data analytic techniques

will be employed. Based from the definition of Darci J. Harland Experimental research is a study that

strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be

manipulated by theresearcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared. Most

importantly, experimental research is completed in a controlled environment.

The process of experimental research design is The researcher collects data and results will either

support or reject the hypothesis. This method of research is referred to a hypothesis testing or a

deductive research method Experimental research seeks to determine a relationship between two (2)

variables—the dependent variable and the independent variable. After completing an experimental

research study, a correlation between a specific aspect of an entity and the variable being studied is

either supported or rejected.

RESEARCH LOCALE

Universidad de Zamboanga (UZ) is a nonsectarian private university in Zamboanga City,

Philippines, founded on October 12, 1948 by Arturo Eustaquio, Sr. It was formerly known as

Zamboanga A.E. Colleges until it was changed to Universidad de Zamboanga on the 11th day of

April, 2005, the year it was granted university status.

UZ holds approximately 20% of all college enrollment in region-IX Western Mindanao. It has

eight campuses spread out in an area of more than 120 hectares in and outside of the city. These

campuses include the Main Campus in barangay Tetuan, City Campus, Cabatangan Campus,
Pasonanca Campus, Veterans campus, High School Campus in Gov. Alvarez St. barangay Zone-III,

Pagadian Campus in barangay Tiguma Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur and the Ipil Campus in

Poblacion Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay. UZ has two highschools: Arturo Eustaquio Memorial Science

High School and the UZ Technical High School and offers Senior High School.

This study was conducted at Universidad De Zamboanga, This place was selected for knowing

the efficacy of the said study among Science technology engineering and mathematics and for them to

feel comfortable, this study was implimented to Grade 11 Science technology engineering and

mathematics students, these study is to know the efficacy of Cow manure and banana fill as an

alternative commercial fertilizer This study will helped researchers found the effectiveness of Cow

manure and banana fill as an alternative commercial fertilizer.

DATA GATHERING TOOLS

This table represents the difference data gathering tools that were used in the study and it's

function.

Data Gathering Tools of the Study

Quantity Materials Function

2 Beaker(250ml) This data gathering tool was

used to measure the amount of

cow manure and banana fill.

1 Weighing scale This data gathering tool was

used to weigh the soil and

carrot.
1 Tongs This data gathering tool was

used to safety put the m cow

manure and banana fill to the

beaker.

1 Mortar and pestle This data gathering tool was

used to pulverisze the carrot

1 Graduated cylinder (100ml) This data gathering tool was

used to measure the amount of

cow manure in the beaker.

SAMPLING

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

The research adhered to basic ethical principle in conducting the experiment. The researchers

make sure the the materials and plants that were used in the study are non-toxic to human and the cow

manure in the experiment will not harm the human, animals the researchers use other experimentation

which is an alternative fertilizer, and to prevent this kind of problem the researchers use cow manure

and banana peel as an alternative fertilizer.

INSTRUMENT

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

STATISTICAL TOOL