Solutions to

l.B.lradav's
1'101Jlemsin
General JJllysics
llalu

1 Waves • Optics • Modern Physics 1

'

Second Edition

ABHAY KUMAR SINGH

Director
Abhay's l.l.T. Physics Teaching Centre
Patna-6

CBS

CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS

4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANJ, NEW DELHI - 11O 002 (INDIA)
ISBN: 81-239-0486-X

First Edition : 1996

Reprint : 1997
Second Edition : 1998
Reprint: 2000
Reprint : 2002
Reprint : 2004

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Ail rights rescrved. No part of thi1, book may he rcproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical.
including photocopying, recording. or any information torage and
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Published by S.K. fain for CBS Publi hcrs & Distríbutor .

4596/IA, 11 Darya Ganj, Ncw Delhi - 11 O 002 (India).

Printed at :
J.S. Offset Printers, Delhi - 110 051
 In the memory of
Late Shri Arvind Kumar
(Ex-Director, The Premier lnstitute, Patna)
The man who taught me how to teach.
 FOREWORD

Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man's quest to know beyond
unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics.
Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one
arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish sorne basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics
rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-
to-day problems is required. Prof. lrodov's book contains one such set of numerical exercises
spread over a wide spectrwn of physical disciplines. Sorne of the problems of the book long
appeared to be notorious t pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers.
This book by Prof Singh on the solutions of problerns of lrod.o. v's book, at the outset, seems
to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to
solve continues to draw the attention of concemed persons over a sufficiently long time. Once
a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are
forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems
but also to various physical phenomena.
Nevertheless, Prof Singh's attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out
praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing
this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to
its users is hO\wrever necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is
never to be consulted unless an ali out effort in solving it independently has been already made.
Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better bencfits out of it.
As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula
at 1.1.T., Delhi for over thirty years, I eamestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit
to younger students in their fonnative years.

Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy

Professor of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
New Delhi-110016.
 FOREWORD

A proper understanding of the physical laws and principies that govem nature require
solutions of related problems which exemplify tl1e principie in question and leads to a
better grasp of the principies involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions
of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall
outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state
university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of "physic--principles and lnsightsn --
' 'In certain situations mathematical fommlation actually prometes intuitive understand-
ing....... Sometí mes a mathematical fommlation is not feasible, so that ordinary language
must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more
rigorous and its concepts more precise titan those of language. Any science that is able
to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact
science". I.E. Irodov's problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book
originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thennody-
namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and
nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many year's as is evident
from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition
of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students.
Abhay Kun1ar Singh's present book containing solutions to Dr. I.E. Irodov's Problems
in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student's problem solving skills.
The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and
also in developing their skills to answer questions nonnally encountered in national level
entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes-
sional colleges in science and teclmology.

B.P. PAL
Professor of Physics
I.I.T., Delhi
 Preface to the Second Edition

Perhaps nothing could be more gratifying for an author than seeing his
'brainchild' attain wide acclaim. Fortunately, it happes so with 'Solutions to l. E.
Irodov's Problems in General Physics (Volume-II) authored by me. Since
inception, it showed signs of excellence amidst its 'peer-group', so much so that it
fell victim to Piracy-syndrome. The reported on rush of spurious copies of this
vo/ume in the market accelerated the pace of our contemplation for this second
edition. Taking advantage of this occassion the book has almost been comptelely
vetted to cater to the needs of aspiring students.
My heart felt thanks are due to ali those who have directly or indirectly
engineered the cause of its existing status in the book-world.

Patna
June 1997 Abhay Kumar Singh
 Preface
This is the second volume of my "Solutions to I.E. Irodov's Problems in General
Physics." It contains solutions to the Iast three chapters of the problem book ''Problcms
in General Physics". As in the first volume, in this second one also only standard
methods have been used to solve the proLlems, befitting the standard of the problems
sobed.
Nothing succeeds like success, they ')ay. From the way my earlier books have been
received by physics loving people all over the country, I can only hope that my present
attempt too will be appreciated and made use of at a large scale by the physics fratemity.
My special thanks are due to my teacher Dr. (Prof.) J. Thakur, Department of
Physics, Patna University, who has been my source of energy and inspiration throughout
the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to computer operator Mr. S. Shahab
Añmad and artist Rajeshwar Prasad of my institute (Abhay's 1.1.T. Physics Teaching
Centre, Mahendru, Patna-6) for their pains-taking efforts. I am also than 1-:ful to all my
well-wishcrs, friends and family members- for their emotional support.

Abhay Kumar Singh

Patna
July, 1996
 CONTENTS

Preface .................................................................................................................................... vii

PARTFOUR
OSCILLATIONS ANO WAVES

4.1 Mechanical Oscillations . . 1

4.2 Electric Oscillations . . . 54
4.3 Elastic Waves. Acoustics 82
4.4 EJectromagnetic Waves. Radiation 103

PART FIVE
OPTICS

5.1 Photometry and Geometrical Optics 115

5.2 Interference of Light 149
5.3 Diffraction of Light ........ . 162
5.4 Polarization of Light ....... . 196
5.5 Dispersion and Absorption of Light . . 219
5.6 Optics of Moving Sources .......... . . 229
5.7 Thermal Radiation. Quantum Nature of Light . . 238

PART SIX
ATOMIC ANO NUCLEAR PHYSICS

6.1 Scattering of Particles. Rutherford-Bohr Atom ... · 259

6.2 Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation . . 285
6.3 Properties of Atoms. Spectra . 310
6.4 Molecules and Crystals . 337
6.5 Radioactivity . . . . . . 360
6.6 Nuclear Reactions . . . 372
6.7 Elementary Particles . ..... 387
 PART FOUR

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

4.1 MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS

4.1 (•) Given, x • a cos ( rot-:)

So, v, • X • - a ro sin ( ro f - : ) and w. • x· • - a ro2 cos ( ro t - : ) (1)

On-the basis of obtained expressions plots x ( t ) , vx ( t ) and wx ( t) can be drawn as
shown in the answersheet, (of the problem book ).
(b) From Eqn (1)
vx • - • (ro t -
a ro sm :rt) So, v2x = 2 2 · 2( ro t - :rt)
a ro sm (2)
4 4
But from the law x -= a cos ( ro t- :rt/4), so, x2' -= a2 cos2 ( ro t - rr./4)
2
or, or sin 2
( co t - :rtl4 ) • 1 - (3)
ª2

Using (3) in (2),

v! • ª2 ro2 ( 1 - ) or v! • ro2 ( ª2 - x2 ) (4)

Again from Eqn (4), wx • - a ro2 cos ( ro t- rr./4) • - ro2 x

4.2 (a) From the motion law of the particle

2
x • a sín ( ro t- n:/4) • ; [ 1- cos ( 2 ro t-;)]
or, x - ; • - ; cos ( 2 ro t - ; ) • - ; sin 2 ro t • ; sin (2 ro t + n: )

i.e. x - ; • ; sin ( 2 co t + :rt ). (1)

Now compairing this equation with the general equation of harmonic oscillations :
X • A sin ( co0 t + a )

Amplitude, A = ; and angular frcquency, ro0 • 2 ro.

2
Thus the period of one full oscillation, T • 1t "°"' l!.
roo ro
2

(b) Differentiating Eqn (1) w.r.t. time

vx = a w cos (2 ro t + re) or v; = a2 w2 cos2 (2 w t +re)= a2 w2 [ 1- !>in 2 (2 ro t + re)] (2)
2 2
From Eqn (1) ( x- ) = sin 2 ( 2 ro t + r1)

or, (3)

2 2 2
From Eqns (2) and (3), v, = a ro :x (1 - :) • 4 ro x (a - x)

Plot of vx ( x ) is as shown in the answersheet.

4.3 Let the general equation of S.H.M. be

x = a cos ( w t + a ) (1)
So, vx = - a w sin ( e.o t + a ) (2)
Let us assume that at t =O , x = x 0 and vx = vXo.
Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) for t = O, x0 = acosa, and vXo = - a e.o sin a

= ,¡ X5
2
Therefore tan u =- v., and a + ( vXo ) = 35.35 cm
e.o Xo ú)

Under our assumption Eqns (1) and (2) give the sought x and vx if

t - t = 2 ·40 s , a = 'V x 2
0
+ ( vx/ro, ) 2 and u = tan -1 (
- rovXxo) =-
re
4
Putting all the given numerical values, we get :
x = - 29 cm and vx = - 81 cm/s

4.4 From the Eqn, v; = c.o2 ( a 2 - x2 ) (see Eqn. 4 of 4.1)

vi = ol ( a2 - xf )
and v = 2
w ( a2 - x )
Solving these Eqns simultaneously, we get

w= V( Vi - vª ) / ( x'2 - Ji) , a= V( 1x'2 -v v Xi ) / ( vi - v )

4.5 (a) When a particle starts from an extreme position, it is useful to write the motion law as
X = a COS C.O t (1)
(However x is the displacement from the equlibriVm position)
It t1 be the time to cover the distence a/2 then from (1)
a a 1 re
a - = = a cos ro t 1 or cos e.o t 1 = = cos ( as t1 < T14 )
2 2 2 3
Thus t1 = - re n T
3 ro = 3 ( 2 n/T)
= -
6
 3

As x • a cos ro t , so , xv • - a ro sin m t
Thus v • lvxl • -vx • arosinrot, for , t1 • T/6
Hence sought mean velocity
J v dt T/
6
3a
<v > • J •fa ( 2 ,E,/T) sin ro tdt / T/6 • T 0·5 m/s
dt 0

(b) In this case, it is easier to write the motion Jaw in the fonn :
x • a sin ro t (2)
If t2 be the time to cover the distance a/2, then from Eqn (2)

a/2 = a si.nT2 n t2 or smT

. 2n t •
1 = .
sm n ( as t < .'17.,'/4)
2
2 6 2

2n n T
Thus -t2 = - or' t2• 12
T 6
Differentiating Eqn (2) w.r.t time, we get
2n 2n
vx • a ro cos ro t • aT cosT t
2n 2n
So, v = 1 v,. I • aT cos t, for t s. t2 = T112
7
Hence the sougbt mean velocity
f
v dt 1 r112 2 1t 2 1t 6a
<V>• -- • (T/12) f ªr cos ytdt • T - lm/s
fdt o

4.6 (a) As x • a sin ro t so, vx • a ro cos ro t

!r
8

fa ro cos (2 n/T) tdt

Tbus < yx > • J v dt/1dt = o

x T • 2Vn2aro( u.smg T = -;-n)
3
8
(b) In accordance with the problem
--
V • Vx .l., ... SO, 1 < > 1 • 1 < Vx > 1
2V2 aro 2V2 aro
Hence, using part (a), 1 < V-> 1 •
3n
--
3
-
n
-
(e) We bave got, vx = a ro cos ro t

Sov, • 1 v, 1 • a ro cos rot , for t "' T;4

• - a ro cos ro t, for TI 4s ts T
l
8
4
T/4 3 T/8
f a oo cos oo t dt +f - a oo cos oo t dt
Hence, <V>
= - f dt =
V o T/4

f dt 3 T/8

Using ro = 2 rr.lT, and on evaluating the integral we get

2 (4 -Y2) a oo
<V>=------
3rr.

4.7 From tbe motion law, x = a cos oo t,, it is obvious that the time taken to cover the distance
equal to tbe amplitude (a), starting from extreme position equals T/4.
Now one can write

t = n; + 10 , ( where r0 <; and n = O, 1, 2, ........)

As the particle moves according to the law, x .= a cos oo t,
so at n = l,3,5 ... or for odd n values it passes through the mean positon· and for even
numbers of n it comes to an extreme position (if t0 = O).
Case (1) when nis an odd number :
In this case, from the equation
x = ::t: il sin ro t, if the t is counted from nTI 4 and the di-stance covered in the time inteJVal

to becomes,s1 = a. sm w t0 = a. sm ro ( t - n T) = a sm . ( w t - 2nn)
4
Thus the sought distance overed for odd n is
•
s = n a + s1 = n a + a sin ( w t - nz" ) = a [ n + sin ( w t - nz" ) ]

Case (2), when n is even, In this case from the equation

x = a cos w t, the distance covered ( s 2 ) in tbe inteJVal t0, is given by

a - s2 = a cos w t = a cos w ( t - n ; ) = a cos ( w t - n ; )

0

or, s2 = a [ 1 - cos ( w t -n z") ]

Hence the sougbt distance for n is even

s = na"!" s2 = na+ a [ 1 - cos ( w t - nz")] = a [ n + 1- cos ( w t - \")]

In
general

a [ n +1 - cos ( w t - nz")•] n is evcn

s =
a[ + sin ( <L t -n z" )•] n is odd
 5
4.8 Obviously the motion law is of the from, x • a sin ro t. and vx = ro a cos ro t.
Comparing v x • ro a cos ro t with vx • 35 cos 3t t , we get
35 2x
ro • :n: , a • -:n,: thus T • -ro • 2 and T14 - 0·5 s
Now we can write

t • 2·8 s • S x! + 0·3 (where !• O·S s)

As n = 5 is odd, like (4·7), we have to basically find the distance covered by the particle
starting from the extreme position in the time interval 0·3 s.
Thus from the Eqn.
35
X • a COS ro t • - COS ,t ( 0•3 )
3t
35 35 35
- - s1 - - cos n: ( 0·3) or s • - { 1 - cos 0·3 n:}1
:n; :n; :n;
Hence the sought distance
35 35
S • 5 X - +- { 1- COS 0•3 ,t }
" :n;
35
- {6 - cos 0·3 :n:} - x 7 (6 - cos 54º) • 60 cm
:n: 22
4.9 As the motion is periodic the particle repeatedly passes through any given region in the range
::- as x s a. Thc probability that it lies in the rangc (x, x + d x) is defined as the fraction
A t (as t-. oo) where t is the time that the particle Jies in the range (x , x + d x) out of the
t
total time t. Because of periodicity this is
dP _ dP dx _ dt _ 2dx
dx T vT
where the factor 2 is needed to take account of the fact that the particle is in the range
( x, x + d x) during both up and down pbases of its motion. Now in a harmonic oscillator.
.
v • x - roacosrot • roa v 2
-x 2
Tbus since ro T • 2 :n: ( T is the time period)

We get dP • dP dx • .!. dx
dx n ...¡ 2_¿
0

+a
dP
-d x • l
Note that f dx
1 1-a
dP - - --;:=== is properly nonnalized.
so -
dx 1t Y a2-x2
6

4.10 (a) We take a graph paper and choose an axis (X - axis)

and an origin. Draw a vector of magnitude 3 inclined
at an angle ; with the X -axis. Draw another vector
1t
of magnitude 8 inclined at an angle
3
(Since sin (ro t + x/6) • cos (ro t - x/3)) witb the
X - axis. The magnitude of the resultant of both these
vectors (drawn from the origin) obtained using paral-
lelogram Jaw is the resultant, amplitude.
2
Clearly R2 • 32 + 82 + 2·3·8· cos ;. 9 + 64 - 48 x

• 73 - 24 • 49
Thus R • 1 units
(b) One can follow the same graphical method here but the result can be obtained more
quickly by breaking into sines and cosines and adding :

Resultan! x•(3+ Ji) ros ro t + ( 6 - h) sin ro t

• Acos(rot+a)

Then
A2•(3+hf +(6-hf • 9 + 25 +
30-60
V2 + 36

• 70 - 15 V2 • 70 - 21·2
So, A = 6·985 • 7 units
Note- In using graphical method convert all osciU tions to either sines or cosines but do not
use both.

4.11 Given, x1 = a cos ro t and x2 = a cos 2 ro t

so, the net displacement,
x = x1 + x 2 = a { cos ro t + cos 2 ro t } = a { cos ro t + 2 cos2 ro t - 1 }
and Vx = x = a { - ro sin ro t - 4 ro cos ro t sin ro t }
For x to be maximum,
x' • a ro2 cos oo t - 4 a 002 cos2 oo t + 4 a 002 sin2 oo t = O
or, 8 cos2 oo t + cos ro t - 4 - O, which is a quadratic equation for cos oo t.
Solving for acceptable value
cos ro t • 0·644
thus sin ro t = 0·165
and Vmax =

-
1 vx 1 = + a ffi [ 0·765 + 4 x 0·765 x 0·644] = + 2·73 a ffi
 7

4.1.2 We write :
a cos 2·1 t cos 50·0 t • { cos 52·1 t + cos 47·9 t}
Thus the angular frequencies of constituent oscillations are
52·1 s- 1 and 47·9 s- 1
To get the beat period note that the variable amplitude a cos 2·1 t becomes maximum
(positive or negative), when
2·1 t • n n
Thus tbe interval between two maxima is
3t
. • 1·5 s nearly.
21
4.13 If the frequency of A with respect to Je is v0 and K' oscillates witb frequency v witb respect
to K, the beat frequency of the point A in the K-frame will be v wben
V = Vo ±V
In the present case v = 20 or 24. This means
Vo • 22. & V = 2
Thus beats of 2 v = 4 will be beard when v ""' 26 or 18 .

4.14 (a) From the Eqn : x = a sin w t

x2
sin2 ro t • ¿.I a2 or cos2 ro t • 1 - -:! (1)
a
And from the equation : y = b cos w t
2
cos2 w t = y / b2 (2)
,
From Eqns (1) and (2), we get :
x2 t_ x2 v2
1- - - b2 or - + L..• 1
0
2 02 b2

wbich is the standard equation of the ellipse shown in tbe figure.

we observe that,
at t = O, x - O and y = b

and at t= x = + a and y = O
2w'
Tbus we observe that at t = O, the point is at point 1 (Fig.) and at the following moments,
tbe co-ordinate y diminisbes and x becomes positive. Consequently the motion is clock-
wise.

(b) As x • a sin w t and y • b cos w t

. ......b ......
So we may wnte -+
r = .
a sm wt i + cos ro t J
.. .• -+ 2 -+
fhus r • w -. - ro r
8

4.15 (a) From the Eqn. : x = a sin oo t , we have

cos rot • \f,_1 ( _x_ 2/_a 2)

and from the Eqn. :y • a sin 2 ro t

Y 1 - ( i2/ a ( 1- a 2)
2 2 2 X
y = 2 a sin oo t cos ro t = 2x ) or y = 4x 2

(b) From the Eqn. : x • a sin ro t;

. 2
sm oo t = x a 2 2¡

Fromy = a cos 2 ro t
2
y - a ( 1 - 2 sin ro t) - a ( 1 - 2 :: )

For the plots see the plots of answersbeet of tl\e problem book.

4.16 As U ( x ) = U0 ( 1 - cos ax )
So, Fx = - -dU U. .
• - 0 a sm ax (1)
dx
or, Fx = - U0 a ax (because for small angle of oscillations sin ax• ax)
or, Fx = - U0 a2 X (1)
2
But we know Fx = - m oo
0 x , for small oscillation

Thus OOo
2
=
ªºª2 or roo = a
m
Hence the sought time period
2n: 2n: - r,:;;- _ ¡¡;-
T = -
roo
=-
a
V -Uo - 21tV
ª2 Uo
- a b
4.17 If U(x) = ---
x2 X

then the equilibrium position is x = x0 when U' ( x0 ) = O

2a b 2a
or - - 3 +2 = O => x0 = - .
Xo Xo b
Now write : X = Xo + y
1
Then U(x) = - +(x- Xo ) U' ( Xo ) +2 ( x - Xo ) 2 U" ( Xo )
Xo Xo
6 2
But U" ( x0 ) = : - : = ( 2 al b f 3 ( 3 b - 2 b ) = b 4 /8 a3
Xo Xo
\ 4
2
So finally : U ( X ) = U ( Xo ) +1Z ( Sb 03 ) y + ...
 9
We neglect remaining tenns for smaU 'oscillations and compare with the P.E. for a harmonic,
oscillator :
4 b2.
1 2
·2m2 w 2
y1 ( 2 b s') lY, so O)=----
V 8 a 3·m
V 8 m a3
Thus T= 2n----
b2
Note : Equilibrium position is generally a nununum of the potential energy. Then
U' ( x0 ) = O , U" ( x0 ) > O . Toe equilibrium position can in principie be a maximum but then
U" ( x0 ) < O and the frequency of oscillations about this equilibrium position will be imaginary.
Toe answer given in the book is incorrect both numerically and dimensionally.
4.18 Let us locate and depict the forces acting on the ball at the position when it is at a distance
x down from the undeformed position of tbe string.
At this position, the unbalanced downward force on the ball
= mg-2Fsin9
By Newton's law, mx· = m g- 2F sin 8
= mg-2F e ( whenSis small ) A
x 4F
• m g - 2F
112• mg- - - x
1

Thus
..
x=
4F 4F(
g-m1x•-m1x- :4Fmr,/)
putting x' = x -
!!!_8_:l_
T , we get
.., 4T ,
X= --x
mi
- e-;
Thus T= rt ·y F .= O·2s

4.19 Let us depict the forces acting on the oscillating ball at an

arbitraty angular position 0. (Fig.), relative to equilibrium -......-
'

position where FB is the force of buoyancy. For the baJI

from the equation :

Nz • I z, (wbere we have taken the po,sitiv! sense of Z

Fa
•
""" ---
axis in the direction of angular velocity i.e. 8 of the ball - - - -,- - -
and passes through the point of suspension of the- - - -,- - -
pendulum O ), we get :

- m g l sin e + FB l sin e - m i1 a· (1)

Using m = : 1t r3 o, FB = : 1t r 3 p and sin 8 • 8 for small 8, in Eqn (1), we get:

10

8 • -f(1-!)ª
Tbus the sougbt time period

T=2 ==l====2a
v'f(1-!) 1-
.. I ::a--11 l
Hence .T • 2a V g ( TI _ 1) • 1·ls
4.20 Obviously for small the ball execute part of S.H.M. Due to tbe perfectly elastic collision
the veJocity of balJ simpJy reversed. As the baJI is in S.H.M. (l 8 I < a on the Jeft)its motion
law in differential from can be written as
•• g_ 2
8 • - 8 • - ro0 8 (1)
1
If we assume that the hall is released from the extreme position, 8 • at t • O, the solution
of differential equation would be taken in the fonn

8• fl cos "'º 1 • fl cos 1 (2)

If t ' be the time taken by the ball to go from the extreme position 8 • f} to the wall i.e.
9 = - a , then Eqn. (2) can be rewritten as

- a • fl cos t'

or
t'=vf cos-1 (-; )- vf (n-cos-';)

Thus the sougbt time T = 2 t ' = 2 vf( lt - co-s

1
;)

=2 vf (; + si-n 1
; ) , [because si-n 1 x + co-s
1
x - n/2 ]

4.21 net the downward acceleration of tbe elevator car has continued for time t ', then the sought
time

t = + t ' , where obviously is the time of upward acceleration of the elevator.

w w
One should dote that if the point of suspension of a mathematical pendulum moves with an
acceleration w, then the time period of the pendulum becomes

2nv' 1 g-w
1
.....,. ( see 4.30)

In tbis prob]em the time period of the pendulum while it is moving upward with acceleration
w becomes
 11

2 - r-¡- and its time period while the elevator moves downward with the same
1t V
magnitude of acceleration becomes

2 t
-w
As the time of upward acceleration equals , the total number of oscillations during
w
this time equals
Y2h/w

21tV l/(g+w)

Thus the indicated time =

Y 2 hlw ·21tv_r;l/-g;- - hlw -VI (g+w)/
= V-2 g
21tv 1/(g+w>
Similarly the indicated time for the time intetval t '
= ,¡ t ' 2lt V //g = t ' ,¡( g - w )Ig
21t ll( g- w)
we demand that
V 2 hlw V ( g + w )lg + t' V ( g- w )/g = V 2 h/w + t'
or, t '= V 2h/w V g +w - Vg
vi-vg-w
Hence the sought time
.. r:;-;: ,_-r:¡;-Vg+w-Vg-w
'=V!:.!!..+t V=-!!..
w - w vi-vg-w

= _r:
V !;:.-.!.;!..: V1+(3-Vl-'3 h
w ere t-'
A.
= /
w g
w 1-Vl-(3 '
4.22 If the hydromoter were in equlibrium or floating, its weight will be balanced by the buoyancy
force acting on it by the fluid. During its small oscillation, let us locate the hydrometer when
it is at a vertically downward distance x from its equilibrium position. Obviously the net
unbalanced force on the hy rometer is the excess buoyancy force directed upward and equals
1t r2 x p g. Hence for the hydrometer.
•• 2
mx =- 1tr pgx
..
or, X = -
Hence the sought time period

T =- 2 a
V 1

= 2· 5 s .
n: r p g
12

4.23 At first Jet us calculate the stiffness K 1 and K 2 of both the parts of tbe spring. If we subject
the original spring of stiffness K having the natural length 10 (say), under the deforming forces
F -F (say) to elongate the spring by the amount x, then
" F = KX (1)
Therefore the elongation per unit length of the spring is x / 10 • Now let us subject one of the
parts of the spring of natural length T} 10 under the same defonning forces F - F. Then the
elongation of the spring will be
X
lo TJ lo • TxJ
Thus F • K1 (T}x) (2)
Hence from Eqns (1) and (2)
K • T} K¡ or K¡ • KIT) (3)
K
Similarly Kz •
1 -T)
Toe position of the block m wben botb the parts of the spring are non-defonned, is its
equilibrium position O. Let us displace the block m towards right or in positive x axis by
the small distance x. Let us depict the forces acting on the block wben it is at a distance x
from its equilibrium position (Fig.). From the second law of motion in projection fonn i.e.

or, - K
-+K
--) x • mx··
( T) 1-r¡
•• K 1
Thus X = - - mr¡(m) X
Hence the soüght time period
T=2n Y T} ( 1 .!. T) ) m/K • O· 13 s
4.24 Similar to the Soln of 4.23, the net unbalanced force on the block m when it is at a small
horizontal distance x from tbe equilibrium position becomes ( K1 + K2 ) x.
From E;" = m wx for the block :

Thus

Hence the sought time period T • 2n V m

K¡ + K2

Alternate : Let us set tbe block m in motion to perfonn small oscillation. Let us locate the
block wben it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position.
As the spring force is restoring conservative force and deformation of botb the springs are
same, so from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the spring-block system :
 13
2
m ( !) + K1 x2+ K2 x
2
• Constan!

Differentiating with respect to time

1 . .. 1 .
m2xx + ( K1 + K2 ) 2xx = O
2 2
.. ( Kt + K2)
or, X • - X
m
m
Hence the sought time period T • 2 3t
V K1 +K2

4.25 During the vertical oscillation Jet us ]ocate the block at a vertical down distance x from its
equilíbrium position. At this moment if x1 and are the additional or further elongation
of the upper & lower springs relative to the equilibrium position, then the net unbalanced
force on the block will be K2 x 2 directed in upward direction. Hence
..
- K 2 x2 • mx (1)
We also have x • x1 + x2 (2)
As the springs are massless and initially the net force on the spring is also zero so for the
spring
K1X1 = K2X2 (3)
Solving the Eqns (1), ( ) and (3) simultaneous]y, we get
K¡ K2 ..
x - mx
K¡ + K2
.. ( K¡ K2IK1 + K2 )
Thus X = X
m
.. I ( K1 K2)
Hence the sought time period T = 2 3t V m ---
K 1 K2

4.26 Toe force F, acting on the weight deflected from the position of equilibrium is 2 T0 sin 0.
X
Since tbe angle 8 is smalt, the net restoring force, F = 2 T0
1
or, F k x , where
2To
k = - -
1
2t
So, by using the formula,

wo =V-l, k wo =V
-/=z;;rf-; To
4.27 If the mercury nses m tht. Ieft arm by x it must fall by a slanting length equal to x in the
other arm. Total pressure difference in tbe two arms will tben be
pgx+pgxcos0 = pgx(l+cos0)
This will give rise to a restoring force
-pgSx(l+cos0)
This must equal mass times acceleration which can be obtained from work energy principie.
14

1 m ·x2
The K.E. of the mercury in the tube is clearly :
2
So mass times acceleration must be : m x·
Hence m x· + p g S ( 1 + e.os 8 ) x =- O
This is S.H.M. with a time period
in
T = 2 :n;
V pgS(l+cos8)
------.

4.28 In the equiJibrium position the C.M. of the rod lies nid way between the two rotating wheels.
Let us displace the rod horizontally by sorne small distance and then release it Let us depict
the forces acting on the rod when its C.M. is at distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig.).
Since there is no net vertical force acting on the rod, Newton's sec.ond law gives :

N1 + N 2 = mg (1)
For the translational motion of the rod from the Eqn. : Fx • m wcx
k N 1 - kN 2 = mx· (2)
As the rod experiences no net torque about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the Fig.
through the C.M. of tbe rod.
N1 ( I x ) = N2 (1; x ) (3)
Solving Eqns. (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously we get
.. 2p
x = - k;;:;_s¿x
l
Hence the sought tim period

T • 2rty;;r; - rtyg - l·Ss

2kg kg
 15

4.29 (a) Toe only force acting on the ball is the gravitational force F, of magnitude y j Jt p m r,
where y is tbe gravitationa) constant p, tbe density of the Earth and r is the distance of
tbe body from tbe centre of the Earth.
4
But, g = y x3 p R, so the expression for Fcan be written as,
F =-m g;,- here R is the radius of the Earth and the cquation of motion in projection

fonn has the fonn, or, mx· + g X =o

(b) Toe equation, obtained above has tbe fonn of an equation of S.H.M. having the time

period, T•2" {'f ,

Hence the body will reach the other end of the shaft in the time,

t =T = x = 42 min.
2 g
(e) From the conditions of S.H.M., the speed of the body at the centre of the Earth will be
maximum, having the magnitude,
v = Rw = RY g/R = VgR = 7·9km/s.
4.30 In the frame of point of suspension the mathematical pendulum of mass m (say) will oscillate.
In this frame, the body m will experience the inertial force m ( - w) in addition to the real
forces during its oscillations. Therefore in equilibrium position m is deviated by sorne angle
say a. In equilibrium position
T0 cos a • m g + m w cos ( Jt - f3 ) and T0 sin a • m w sin ( Jt - f3 )
So, from these two Eqns
g-wcos
tan a.,. . A
wsm..,
.. ¡-m-2w
- -s2 in_ _2 +_(_m_ g m_w-co_s_ -)2- (1)
and ros a• V
mg-m wcos f3
w U)

mw 7nU)
16

Let us displace the bob m from its equilibrium position by some small angle and then release
it Now locate 1he hill atan qular posi1ioo (a+ 8) ftom vertiatl as shoMt in the figure.
From the Eqn. : NO& • I z
- m g l sin (a+ 8) - m w cos {,t - fl) l sin (a+ 8) + m w sin {,t - fl) l cos (a+ 8) = m / 2 e·
or,- g (sin a cos 8 + cos a sin 8) - w cos {,t - fl) (sin a cos 8 + cos a sin 8) + w sin
(cos a cos 8 - s in a sin 8)
..
• 18
But for small 8, sin 8 • 8 cos 8 • 1
So, - g (sin a+ cosa 8) - w cos (,.: - P) (sin a+ cosa 8) + w sin (cosa - sin a 8)
..
- /8
l ..
or, ( tan a + 8 ) ( w cos - g ) + w sin ( 1 - tan a 8 ) - -- 8 (2)
Solving Eqns (1) and (2) simultaneously we get
v_ cosa

- <g 2-2 w
8
cos + w 2> a ..
1 _ _ 2+_w_2 2_w
8 8
cso p e.
Thus 8 • _ 1.._.í.... ¡;..I
·· ... 9
l

Hence the sought time period T

2
= 1[
OOo
= 2 :re VI g-
'
W 1

4.31 Obviously the sleeve performs small oscillations in the frame of rotating rod. In the rod 's
frame let us depict the forces acting on tbe sleeve along the length of the rod wbile the sleeve
is at a small distance x towards right from its equilibrium position. The free body diagram
of block does not contain Coriolis force, because it is perpendicualr to the length of the rod.
From Fx = m wx for the sleeve in tbe frame of rod
2 0

- K X + m 00 X • mX

or, ·x 2) x
= - ( K;;; - ro (1) A
•

Tbus the sought time penod

T=
V21[

K
= 0· 7 s
---;:=-:=--

--oo2
m
It is obvious from Eqn (1) that tbe sleeve will not perform small oscillations if

ro .! 10 rod/s.
m

4.32 Wben the bar is about to start sliding along the plank, it experiences the maximum restoring
force which is being provided by the limiting friction,
Tbus
kN • moo a or, k mg - m oo a
 17
2
or, roa a ( 2 rc)
k= g =4s.

4.33 The natural angular frequency of a mathematical pendulum equals ro0 = V gil

(a) We have the solution of S.H.M. equation in angular form :

e = em cos ( O>o t + a)
If at the initial moment i.e. at t = O , 0 = 0m than a = O.
Thus tbe above equation takes the fonn
8 = 8m CO'S OOo f

= am cos _r;--
y It -
o
3 cos y_/9-s
o-s t
Thus e = 3º cos 3.5 t
(b) The S.H.M. equation in angular form :
0 = 8m sin ( COo t + a )
If at the initial moment t = O , 0 - O , then a "" O . Then the above equation takes the
fonn
e= sin roo t em
Let v0 be the velocity of the Jower end of pendulam at O = O, then from conserved of
mechanical energy of oscillaton
E mean = Eexrreme or T mean = Uatrem

or,

Thus
0• • -1 ( 1 V
l
cos - ) -1 [ 1 - 2 = 4 . 5e,
2g l = cos
x{ O.
9 · 822
xO}2 · 8
T.trns he sought equation becomes
8 = 0m sin Cüot 4·5° sin 3·5 t
:¡¡¡;

(e) Let 00 and v0 be the angular deviation and lin ar veJocity at t = O.

As the mecbanical energy of oscillation of the mathematical pendulum is conservation
1
2
2
m Vo + m g l ( 1 - cos ªº ) • m g l ( 1 - cos em )
V
or, =g l ( cos 80 - cos 8m )
2
Thus 0m = c os- 1 cos ªº- V2o } - 1{ 0 ( 0·22 )2 }
o

{ 2g l = cos cos3 - 2 x 9·8x O· 8 - 5·4

18

3
Toen from 8 • 5.4º sin (3.5 t + a), we see that sin a =- and cos a < O because
5 .4
the velovity is directed towards the centre. Thus a • ; + 1.0 radians and we get the
answer.

4.34 While the body A is at its upper extreme oosition, the spring is obviously elongated by the
amount

( a- m;g}
If we indicate y-axis in. vertically downward direction, Newton's second law of motion in
projection form i.e. F, • m w, for body A gives :

m1 g + K( a- m g) • m1oo2 a or, K( a- m:g)- m1( oo2 a - g ) (1)

(Because at any extreme position the magnitude of acceleration of an oscillating body equals
o? a and is restoring in nature.)
If N be tbe normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, while the body A is at its upper

N+ +-m:g) •
extreme position, from Newton's second law for body B

"'2 g

or, N • m,, g - K( a - m 8 ) • m,, g - mi( 00 a

2
- g ) ( using Eqn. 1 )

HenceN • ( m1 + m2 ) g - m1 ro2 a
When the body A is at its lower extreme position, the spring is comprcsed by the distance

( a+ m:g}

From Newton's second law in projeciton fonn i.e. F1 -= m w1 for body A at this state:

ffl¡ g - K( Í, + m:g ) • m¡( - 00

2a) or, K( a + m g ) • ffl¡ ( g + 002 a ) (3)
In this case if N' be the normal force exerted by tbe tloor on tbe body B, From Newton's
second law

for body B we get: N ' • K( a + mg ) + m,, g • m1 ( g + ro2 a ) + m2 g ( using Eqn. 3 )

Hence N ' = ( m1 + m2 ) g + m1 ro 2 a
From Newton's third law the magnitude of sought forces are N' and N, respectively.

4.35 (a) For the block from Newton's second law in projection form F1 = m w1
N-mg-my' (1)
But from y - a ( 1 - cos ro t )
 19

We get j," • ol a cos ro t (2

From Eqns (1) and (2)
N• m g ( 1 + ro;ª cos ro t) (3)

From Newtons's third law the force by wh(ich : th 2

dy m cx)crts on the blo k is dircctcd

vertically downward and equl - • m g 1 + g cos ro t

(b) When the body m starts, falling behind the plank o¡)o ing contact, N • O, (because the
nonnal reaction is the cont.act force). Thus from Eqn. (3)

m g ( 1 + ro;ª cos rot) • O for sorne t.

Hence ªmio = g/ ro2 • 8 cm.

(e) We observe that the motion takes place about the mean position y = a. At the initial
instant y • O. As shown in (b) the normal reaction vanisbes at a height ( g/ ro2 ) above
the position of equilibrium and the body Oies off as a free body. The speed of the body
at a distance ( g/ ro2 ) from the equilibrium position is ro V a2 - ( g/ ro2) 2 , so tbat the
condition of the problem gives
[ ro V_a_2 -(-g/_ro_2_)_2 J2 _g_ h
+ 2+a=
2g ro
Hence solving tbe resulting quadratic equation and taking the positivc roof,

a• g - ¡-:¡¡;¡- •20cm.
--+V
ro2 ro

4.3' (a) Let y ( t) - displacement of the body from the end of tbe unstrecbed position of tbe
spring (not the equilibrium position). Then
my • -Ky+mg
This equation has the solution of the form
y• A+Bcos(oot+a)
if - m ro2 B cos ( ro t + a ) - - K [ A + B cos ( ro t + a ) ] + m g

Then ro2 = and A = !!!..G..

m K
we have y • O and j, • O at t - O . So
- roBsin a - O
A +Bcosa = O
Since B > O and A > O we must have a • 1t
20

and y• !!.&.(1-coswt)
K

(b) Tension in the spring is

T • Ky • mg(l-coscdt)
so Tmax • 2mg, Tmin • O

4.37 In accordance with the problem -

F.• -amr ---
So, m( x· n y" ¡j - - a m ( X i1 y ¡j
Thus x· • - ax and y· • - ay
Hence the solution of the differential equation
x· • -
ax becomes x • a cos ( Wot + b), where ro = a (1)
So, x = - a Wo sin ( co0 t + a ) (2)
From the initial conditions of the problem, vx • O and x • r0 at t ... O
So from Eqn. (2) a • O, and Eqn takes tbe form
x • r0 cos co0 t so, cos Wo t • x/ r0 (3)
One of tbe solution of the otber differcntial Eqn ·j, • - a y , becomes
y • a' sin ( Wo t + , ) , where co • a (4)
From the initial condition, y • O at t • O , so ()' • O and Eqn (4) becomes :
y - a' sin ro0 t(S)
Differentiating w.r.t. time we get
. ' 0 cos ro0 t
y • a 00 (6)
But from tbe initial condition of the problem, j, • v0 at t - O,
So, from Eqn (6) v0 = a' ro0 or, a' = v0/ w0
Using it in Eqn (5), we get
Vo . .
y• - sm oo t or sm oo t 00oY (7)
0 =-
0
roo vo
Squaring and adding Eqns (3) and (7) we get :
2 2 2
. 2 2 WoY x
sm ro0 t + cos ro0 t = vi +,
5
or,

i.38 (a) As the elevator car is a translating non-inertial frame, therefore the body m will experience
an inertial force m w direct.ed downward in addition to the real forces in the elevator's
frame. From the Newton's second law in projection form
F1 = m w1 for the body in tbe frame of elevator car:
-K( g +y) + m g + m w -
mK m ji (A)
 21
( Because thc initial elongation in the spring is m g/K )

so, -K(Y- mKw)

mj,° • -Ky+mw •

or, ::2(Y-mKw) • -y-mKw) (1)

Eqn. (1) shows lhat the motion of the body m is S.H.M. and its solution becomes

y-mw
•asm ·(-vI;K;;i+a) (2)

Differentiating Eqn (2) w.r.t time

(3)

Using the initial condition y ( O ) = O in Eqn (2), we get :

. m w
as ma• -- -
K
and using the other initial condition j,( O ) • O in Eqn (3)

weget a cosa= O
m
mw
Thus a • -a/2 and a • -
K
Hence using these values in Eqn (2), we get

y. mKw( 1-oos t)
(b) Proceed up to Eqn.(1). The solution of this differential Eqn be of the form :

y-mKw • asin( t+l>)

or, y - ...!!.!._ • a sin (
Klm m
t+ 6)
or, y- ª! = a sin (ro
ro0
0 t + {)) (wher roo = V=)
m
(4)

From the initial condition that att • O, y (O) =- O , so O = a sin 6 or 6=O

Thus Eqn.(4) takes the from : y - ª:•

roo
a sin ro0 t (5)

. a
Differentiating Eqn. (5) we get : y - 2 = a ro0 cos ro t (6)
roo
22
But from tbe other initial condition j,( O ) • O at t • O.
a 3
So, from Eqn.(6) ,- - a roo or a - - al COo
COo
Putting the valuc of a in Eqn. (5), we get the sought y ( t ) . i.e.

y -2 at • -3 a. sm ro0 t or y • 3 ª( ro0 t - sm
. ro t )
0
roo roo roo
4.39 There is an important difference between a rubber cord or steel coire and a spring. A spring
can be puUed or compressed and in both cases, obey's Hooke's law. But a rubber cord becomes
loóse when one tries to compress it and does not then obey Hooke's law. Tbus if we suspend
a' body by a rubber cord it stretches by a distance m glK in reaching tbe equilibrium
confi uration. If we further strech it by a distance 6 h it will execute hannonic oscillations
when released if 11 h s m glK because only in this case wiU the cord remain taut and obey
Hooke's law.
Tbus 11 '1m_ax = m glK
The energy of oscillation in this case is
1 -1 1 2
-K(l1hum:)2 • -m g
2 2 K
4.40 As the pan is of negligible mass, tbere is no loss of kinetic energy evcn though tbe collision
is inelastic. Tbe mech nical energy of the body m in the field generated by the joint action
of both the gravity force and tbe elastic force is consetved i.e. 11 E • o:
During the motion
of tbe body m from the initial to tbe fmal (position of maximum compression of the spring)
position A T • O, and Íherefore A U • A Ux, + A Usp • O
. 1
or - m g ( h + x ) + - K x2 • O
2
On solving tbe quadratic equation :
mg ... J m2g2 2mgh
x•--±V 2 + K
K 1C
As minus sign is not acceptable

X - +
y m2g2
2 +
2mgh
K K K
1f tbe body m were at rest on the spring, the corresponding position of m will be its equilibrium
position and at this position the resultant force on the body m will be zero. Therefore the
equilibrium compression Ax (say) due to the body m will be given by
K 11 x = m g or /l. x = m g/K
Therefore seperation bet\\-een tbe equilibrium position and one of tbe extreme position i.e.
the sought amplitude

a - x - !J. x - y m2f2 + 2m gh
K K
 23
The mechanical energy of oscillation wbich u, conserved equals E = Uatrr: ,because at the
extreme position kinetic energy becomes zero.
Although the weight of body m is a conseivative force , it is not restoring in this problem,
hence Uextl'f!IM is only concerned with the spring force. Therefore
1 2 m2 g2
E= u =- 2 Ka • mgh+ 2K

4.41 Unlike the previous (4.40) problem the kinetic energy of body m decreases dueto the perfectly
inelastic collision with the pan.Obviously the body m comes to strike the pan with vclocity
v0 = Y 2 g h .If v be the common velocity of the " body m + pan " system due to lh
collision then from the conservation of linear momentum
m v0 • (M+m)v

or V•m v0 mV2g/i
• 1)
(M+m) (.A1+m)
At the moment the body m strikes the pan, the spring is compressed dueto the weigl-1. o! ·he
pan by the amount M g/K . If l be tbe further compression of the spring due to t!J , Jocity
acquired by the "pan - body m " system, then from the conservation of 1nedtJnical encrgy
of the said system in the field generatad by tbe joint action of both the grav1ty and spring
forces

(Using 1)

or, 1 .,.,
m•--gfl
2K f - m g l -(
m +.t ../
\" ) = O
2
.. / 2 2 2Kghm
mg± V m g -r 11
+m
l= ------- ---
di
Thus
K
As minus sign is not acccptable

l !!!..S.. 1
== K + K
y 2 2 2K:n=gh
m g + (M + m)
If the oscillatiug "pan + body m" system were at rest it corr spond to their equilbr¡ium position
i.e. the spring were compressed by ( M + m)g therefore the amplitude of oscillation
K

a= 1- mg =
K
!!!:.Kv K
1+2/z
mg
24
The mechanical energy of oscillation which is only consetved with the restoring forces

becomes E = Uextreme = 1Ka 2

(Beca use spring force is the on]y restoring force not the
2
wcight of the body)
1 2 2
Alternately E = Tmean = 2 (M + m) a w

thus
_..
E =! (M+ m ) a2 ( M: m )
1
= -2Ka
2

4.42 We have F = a ( j, xJ)

or, m( x· i+ j,' Jj - a (y x¡j
So, mx· • ay and mj,' = - ax (1)
From the initial condition,at t = O , x= O and y = O
So, integrating Eqn,mx· = a y
. a
we get ... . -- ay or x • -y (2)
m
Using Eqn (2) in the Eqn m : = - ax , we get
..
rny • - m
ª2
y or y • -
•• ( a
;;;
)2 y (3)
one of the solution of di_fferential Eqn (3) is
y = A sin ( 000 t + a ) , where 000 = a/m .
As at t = O, y = O , so the solution takes the fonn y • A sin 000 t
On differentiating w.r.t. time j, • A ro0 cos ro0 t
From tbe initial condition of the problem, at t =-• O , j, • vo
So, vO = A ro0 or A = v0/ w0
Tbus y= ( v0/ oo0 ) sin 000 t (4)
Tbus from (2) x = v0 sin ro0 t so integrating
Vo
x - B - - cos w0 t (5)
Wo
Vo
On using x = O at t = , O B = -
OOo
Vo
Hence finally x•- ( 1 - cos ro t) (6)
0
Wo
Hence from Eqns (4) and (6) we get
2 2
[ x - ( vofoo0 ) ] +y • ( vofoo 0 )2
wbkh is tbe equation of a circle of radius ( vofoo0 ) with the centre at tbe point
Xo = vol000 , Yo • O
4.43 If water has frozen, the system consisting of the light rod and the frozen water in the bollow
sphere constitute a compound (pbysical) pendulum to a very good approximation because we
can take the whole system to be rigid. For such systems the time period is given by
- Í1
T1 = 2 rt V
- ¡ -- ¡;- 2
V 1 + ;- where k2 =;R is the radius of gyration of the sphere.
g l
Toe situation is different when water is unfrozen. When dissipative forces (viscosity) are
neglected, we are dealing with ideal fluids. Such fluids instantaneously respond to (unbalanced)
interna} stresses. Suppose the sphere with liquid water actually executes small rigid
oscillations. Toen the portion of the fluid above the centre of the sphere will have a greater
acceleration than the portion below the centre because the linear acceleration of any element
is in this case, equal to angular acceleration of the element multiplied by the distance of thc
element from the centre of suspension (Recall that we are considering small oscillations).
Toen, as is obvious in a frame moving with the centre of mass, there will appear an
unbalanced couple (not negated by any pseudoforces) which will cause the fluid to move
rotationally so as to destroy differences in acceleration. Thus for this case of ideal tlui<ls the
pendulum must move in. such a way that the elements of the fluid all undergo the same
acceleration. This implies tbat we bave a simpk (mathematical) pendulum with the time
period :

Thus T¡- To V 1 +; ( r
(One expects that a liquid witb very small viscosity will have a time period close T0 while
one with high viscosity will have a time period closer to T1.)

4.44 Let us locate the rod at the position when it makes an angle 0 from the vertical. In this
problem both, the gravity and spring forces are restoring conservative forces, thus from the
conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the oscillating system :
2
.i m 1 • 2 l 1 2
-3- ( 0 ) + m g ( 1 - cos 0 ) + K ( l 0 ) = constant
2 2 2
Differentiating w.r.t. time, we get :
2
1 m 1 • •• • 1 2 •
- - 2 e e +. sin e e + K1 2 e e =o
2 3 2 2
Tbus for very small 0
..
e= 3P( 1+K-l)- e
_.:: ,Q.

21 mg

Hence, "'º = v' f (1 + :; .)

26

4.45 (a) Let us locate the system when the threads are deviated through an angle a'< a , during
the oscillations of the system (Fig.). From the conservation of mechanical energy of the
system :
1 ml 2 º 2 ,
-- 0 + m g l ( 1 - cosa ) • constant (1)
2 12

Where L i the length of the rod, 0 is the angular

deviation of tbe rod from its equilibrium position i.e.
e = o.
Difierentiating Eqn. (1) w.r.t. time
1 mL 2 • ••
l2
2 8 8 + m g l sin a ' a' •O
2
L 2 •••
So,
12
8 8 + g la ' o.' • O ( for small a' , sin a' • a' ) (2)

But from the Fig.

L a ... l a' or a' • .f_ 8

2 21

So, a.=,- L a·
21

Putting tbese values of a ' and d;' in Eqn. (2) we get

d28 ..-. 8
dt2 l
Thus the sought time period
2
T- n: =-=2n#
ro0 3g

(b) The sought oscillation energy

E • UallY:IM - m g l ( 1 - cosa) - m g 12 sin2 ;
2 2
a mgla •
• m g 12
4 • 2 (because for small angle sm 8 • 8 )

2 1(
4.46 Tue ",-.r.·.,. of hte d'1sc J.S 1 / . <J) • -m·R- 2) •<J)2 • 1 mR 2 <•J)2
2 2 2 4
l k q>2• Thus the total energy. 1s
The to.rsmna1 poten. t1al energy. 1s
2
1 2 ·2 1 2 1 2 ·2 1 2
mR
q> + k q., • m R cp0 + k cp0
4 2 4 2
By definition of the amplitude <rm , <p = O wben <p = <rm• Tbus total energy is
 27

or

4.47 Momcnt of incrtia of the rod equala m: 2

about ils one end and perpendicular to ils lenglh

Thus rotati.ona1 kincti.c cncrgy oftb e rod •

1 - -
2 3
(ml2) :t.r.2 • m(la·2
- -
6
when the rod is displaced by an angle 8 its C.G. goes up by a distance
1
( 1 - cos 8 ) • 1 fY'
for small 8.
2 4
Thus the P.E. becomcs : m g
Ja2
4
As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the rod is conserved.

l(3ml ) ;.2, l(m"ll

2
2
2 u· +
2
82 =Constant

on differentiating w.r.l time and for the simplifies we get : ·8 - - ' 8 for small O.

we see that the angular frequcncy ro is

• ...¡ 3 g/2
l
we write the general solution of the angular oscillation as :
8 • A cos ro t + B sin ro t
But 8 • 80 at t • O , so A • 8 0
and é - é0 at t • O , so
.
B • Oo/ro
éo
Thus e- ªº cos {O t +
- {O
sin {O t
Tbus the K.E. of the rod
2• . O 2
m/ 2
T = - - 8 = [ - ro O sm w t + 0 cos w t
8 J
6
mi 2 ·2 2 '2 2 2 •
... - - [ 00 cos oo t + oo 00 sin oo t - 2 oo 00 00 sin rn t cos oo t]
6
On averagmg over one time pcriod thc la t tcrm vani hc a11d
2
< sin2 ro t > = < cos w t > =1 1/2. Tbus
<T>= U
m 2 ·2 1 2 2 (whcrc ..,,:.
= 3 g/2 l)
l 00 + m g l 00 ú)
8
28
4.48 Let / • distancc between the C.G. (C) of the pendulum and its point of suspension O
Originally thc pendulum is in inverted position and its C.G. is above O. When it falls to th1
nonnal (stablc) position of cquilibrium its C.G. has fallen by a distancc 21. In the cquilibriun
position thc total encrgy is equal to K.E. • ! oi J and we have from energy conservation :

! J ro2 •
2
m g 2l
4
or I • m
O)
f1
Angular frequency of oscillation for a physical pendulum is given by ro • m g 1/1

Thus T •,2n • 2n V 4
m g l l ro
2
•
4
,r
mgl mgl 3

4.49 Let, moment of inertia of the pendulum, about the axis, concemed is J, thcn writing
Nz • I f\z, for the pendulum,
.
- m g x sin a 8 • / 8 mgx 8
or, á• - (For small 8 )
I
which is tbe required equation for S.H.M. So, the frequency of oscillation,

"'1. ry. or, X•

I _,-:¡
--
Mg
V rot (1)

Now, when the mass m is attached to the pendulum, at a distancc l below the oscillating axis,
2
- M g x sin 8' - m g l sin 8' = ( J + m l )d 2
'
dt
or, - g ( M x + m2 l) 8' • -d- 282 ( F or sma118 )
(I+ml ) dt '
which is again the equation of S.H.M., So, the new frequency,

.../ g(Mx+ml)
ro2. V (2)
(/+m/2)
Solving Eqns. (1) and (2),

00
2-
_ V g((I/g)ooi+ml)
(J+ml2)

2 / ooi + m g l
or, W2 = ----
/+ m ¡2
or. /( wª -wf ) • m g l - m wª 1 2

and hence,
 29
4.50 When tbe two pendulums are joined rigidly and set to oscillate, each exert torques on the
other, thcsc torques are equal and opposite. We writc tbe law of otion for tbe two pendulums
as
•• 2
/1 8 • -0>1/1 8 +G
.• 2
/2 8 • - ro2 / 2 8 - G
where ± G is the torque of mutual interactions. We have written tbe restoring forces on each
pendulum in thc absencc of the othcr as - ro¡/ 1 8 and - / 2 8 respectively. Then

Hence

4.51 Let us locate the rod when it is at small angular position 8 relative to its equilibrium position.
If a be the sought distance, then from the conservation
1 . of2 mechanical energy of oscillation
m g a ( 1 - cos 8 ) + 1 , constant
( O ) •
2 00
Differentiating w.r.t, time we get :
. 1 . ..
m g a sin 9 8 + 2 / 00' 2 a a = o
m ¡2 2
But 100, •U + ma and for small O , sin 8 • O, we get

_ a· -( ¡28ª 2 ) 8
12+ ª
Hence the time period of oue full osscillation becomes

T = 21t or T 2 = -4-:7t2 ( -¡2-+a)

g 12a

For d a ( ¡ 2a+ a ) = O
Tmm , ob.v1ously d
12
2
l l
So, --+
12a2 1 = O or a = --
2V3

Hi>nce Trrun = 2n: Y± gV 3

30
4.52 Con 1dcr thc moment of inertia of the triangular plate about AB.
f
h
= f f./ d m = ff x 2
pdxdy
h A ...,.... ......,
2
= f x p, dxh
l-x
r h •f
- -·V 2] x2 {2to(h -x )d x
o o

= ½ ( •- ) * 6P = mt
0n using the arca of the triangle /J. A B C • and m • p /J. •

Thus K.E.
= !_ mh2 if
2 6
h 1 82
P.E. = m g ( 1 - oos 8 ) • mgh
3 2 3
Here 8 is the angle that the instantaneous plane of the plate makes witb the equilibrium
position which is vertical. (fhe p]ate rotates as a rigid body)
Tbus E• !.m h2 92+ !.m gh e2
2 6 2 3
2
Hence 0>2 • • m g h / mh
h 3 6

So T • 2n VA-• n yii..
2g g
and lra1u&. -= h/2.

4.53 Let us go to the rotating frame, in which the disc is

stationary. In tbis frame tbe rod is subjected to coriolis
and centrifuga] forces, Fcor and Fe¡, where

Feo, • f 2 dm ( v' x ro;, ) and Fe1 • fd m r,

where r is the position of an elemental mass of the
rod (Fig.) witb respcct to point O (disc's centre) and
,
V•-
d r'
dt
r ·= OP = OA + AP
So, dr d(AP) , (as OA is constant)
= --- - - y
dt d t--------
As the rod is vibrating transversely, so v' is directed perpendicular to the length of the rod.
Hence :. d:,: ( v' x ro) for each elemental mass of the rod is directed along PA. Therefore the
net torque of coriolis about A becomes zero. Toe not torque of centrifulgal f(?rce about point
' .
./'1.

Now, 'i;¡(A.¡ • J AP x dmro r = J AP x ( 7) d. ro ( OA +AP)

 31

=
f AP (m I ds)
x m20OA = J m ds m2 0 s a.sm 8 ( - k )
1
•7m a
1

sin 8 ( - k ) J s ds • m oo a sin 8 ( - k )
o
.... k 2 • 8
So, 'te¡(Z) • 'te¡(A) • •- m ffio a / sm
2
According to the equation of rotationaJ dynamics : t:A (Z) • lA ªz
2
l .
2 m 1 ••
or, -meooa2 sm8 • -3- 8
2
•• 3 00 a
0
or, .8 • - sin 8
2 1
2
Thus, for small 8, 8·· ■ - -2
3 00 a
--8
21

This implies that the frequency "'o of oscillation _is ro0 • vi?i
4.54 The physicaJ system consists with a puJley and the block. Cboosing an intertial frame, Jet us
direct tbe x-axis as shown in the figure.

To

To

mg
'/

r X
Initially the system IS in equilibrium position. Now from the condition of translation
equilibrium for tbe block
To• mg (1)
Similarly for the rotational equilibrium of the pulley
K 1:,./R • ToR

or.
(2)
32

from Eqns. (1) and (2)

(3)

Now let us disturb the equilibrium of the system no matter in which way to analyse its motion.
At an arbitrary position shown in the figure, from Newton's second law of motion for the
block
F"• mw"
mg-T• mw• m.i" (4)
Similarly for the pulley
Nz• 11:Jz
..
TR- K (4 l + x) R • I 8 (5)
..
But w= fJR or, x· = R 8 (6)
I ..
from (5) and (6) T R - K (6. l + x) R • - x (7)
R
Solving (4) and (7) using the initial condition of the problem

-KRx• mR•R
( /) ..
x

or, x· - -( " 1) x
m+-
R2
2
Hence the sought time period, T- 2 n. 2 _., ../ m + l / R
V
ro0 K

Note : we may solve tbis problem by using tbe conse.rvation of meclianical energy also

4. SS At the equilbrium position, N0 z • O (Net torque about O)

So, mAgR-mgRsina • O or mA • msina (1)

From the-equation of rotational dynamics of a solid body about the stationary axis (say z-axis)
of rotation i.e. from Nz • I '3z
wben the pulley is rotated by the small angular displacement 8 in clockwise sense relative to the
equilibrium position (Fig.), we get : --...,1,. . ,_..._
mA g R - m g R sin ( a + e)
• [ M: l + m R 2 + mA R 2 ] e·
Using Eqn. (1)
m g sin a - m g ( sin a cos 8 + cos a sin 8 )
• { MR + 2m 1+ sina)R} 9·
 33
But for small 8, we may write cos 8 • 1 and sin 8 • 8
Thus we have
. ( . ) { M R + 2 m ( 1 + sin a ) R }- 8·
m g sm a - m g sm a + cos a 8 =-
2
Hence, ·· • -- 2mgcos a
8 --8
M R + 2 m ( 1 + sin a ) R ]
(

Hence the sougbt angular frequency ro,, •

yM R• +
2mgcosa
2m R ( 1 +
4.56 Let us locate solid cylinder when it is displaced from its
stable equilibrium position by the small angle 8 during its
o
oscillations (Fig.). If ·ev be tbe instantaneous speed of the
C.M. (C) of tbe solid cylinder which is in pure rolling,
then its angular velocity about its own centre C is
ro • vc/r ------ (1)
Since C moves in a circle of radius (R - r), the speed of C at tbe same moment can be wrinen
as .
Ve= 8(R-r) (2)
Thus from Eqns (1) and (2)

(t) - e· ( R r- r ) (3)
As the mecbanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conseived, i.e. E • T +U=
constant

So, mv + le c..? + m g ( R - r ) ( 1 - cos 8 ) • constant

(Where m is the mass of solid cylinder and le is the moment of inertia of the solid cylinder
about an axis passing through its C.M. (C) and perpendicular to tbe plane of Fig. of solid
cylinder)
2
1 2 2 1 mr 2
or, mw r + - - ro + m g (R - r) (1 - cos O) - constant (using Eqn (1) and
2 2 2
le= m r I .:)
2
3 2 • 2 (R - r )
r ( 8) r 2 + g (R - r) ( 1 - cos 8) • constant, (using Eqn. 3)
4
Differentiating w.r.t. time
3 . .. .
( R - r ) 2 8 8 + g sin 8 8 :a:: O
4

So, e· =-
3
( r) 8, (because fer small 8, sin 8 a 8)

... I 2g
Thus roo= V 3 ( R - r )
34
Hence the sought time period

T• 2x • 21t-V 3(R-r)
ro0 2g

4.57 Let ,c1 and ,c2 be the spring constant of left and right sides springs. As the rolling of tht
solid cylinder is purc its lowest point becomes the instantcneous centre of rotation. If 8 lx
the small angular displacement of its upper most point relative to its equilibrium position,
the defonnation of cach· spring becomes ( 2 R 8 ). Since the mecbanical energy of oscillation
of tbe solid cylinder is conserved, E • T + U • 1constant 2
i.e. 1 ·21 ,e1 ( 2 R 8 ) 2 + 1C2 ( 2 R 8 ) • constant
lp ( 8 ) +
2 2 2
Differentianting w.r.t time
1 · .. 1 2 •
2 lp 2 8 8 +2 ( IC1 + IC2 ) 4 R 2 8 8 .. o
2
mR 2) •·
or, , - - + mR 8 + 4R 2 K 8 • O
( 2
mR2
(Bec.ause lp • Ic + m R 2
• -r + mR2)
•• 8 IC
Hence 8 • ---8
3m

Thus ro0 = : : and sought time period

T-- 2x •21C m -- •X y[§m-
ro0 8 ac 2 ,e

4.58 In the C.M. frame (which is rigidly attacbed with the centre of mass of tbe two cubes) the
cubes oscillates. We know that the kinetic energy of two body system equals µ v,:. , where
µ is the reduced mass and vra is tbe modulus of velodty of any one body particle relative
to otber. From the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation :
2
2
!2.K x + .!_ µ. { !!._ ( lo + x ) } -= constant
2 dt
Here !0 is the natural length of the spring.
Differenting the above equation w.r.t time, wc get :
1 . 1 . .. [ d(lo+x) ·]
K 2xx+ µ 2 x x • O becomes dt • x
2 2
Tbusx· • - .!.x ( where µ • mim 2 )
µ m1 + m2
-V1K
-;;
Hence tbe natural frequency of oscillation : co :s where µ • m1m2
0 .
µ ffl¡+
 3S

4.59 Suppose the balls 1 & 2 are displaced by xi, from their initial position. Then tbe energy
. ·2 1 2
1s: E • 1 ' 2 + "'2 x + k (x1 - x:z) • 1 2
2 m1 r¡ 2 2 m 1v 1

Also total momentum .is : m 1 x1 +m2 •m1v1

X• + ffl1 X2 , X• X¡- X2
ffl1X1
Define
m1 + "'2
"'2
Then x1 - X+ ------x, x2 - X - - m1-x
+
m
1mi m1 + m 2
1
E • (m1 + m2) ;,:z + 1 m1 m2 x·2 1 2
2 A 2 m¡ + "'2 + kx
2
. ffl¡ V¡
Hence x-
2 2
So 1 m¡ mz '2 1k 2 1 2 1
m1 V1
1 m1 m2 v2
1
2
+ m2x + 2 x •
m
1
2 mi Vi- 2 m
1
+ mi • 2 m
1
+ m2
(a) From the above equation
x 24 • 6 s -1 , when µ • 2
We see ro • • m1m2 • kg.
µ 2 +mi 3
(b) The ene,gy of oscillation is
1 m1 "'2 2 1 2 2 -4
2 "'2 + "'2 V 1 •
2J X (0.12) • 48 X 10 • 4.8 mJ
We have x • a sin (ro t + a)
Initially x • O at t • O so a • O
Then x • a sin rot. Also x • v1 at t • O.
V¡ 12
So ro a • v1 and bence a • ;;- •
6 • 2 cm.

4.60 Suppose the disc 1 rotates by anglc 81 and the disc 2 by anglc 82 in the opposite sense. Then
total torsion of tbe rod • 81 + 82
and torsional P.E. • K ( 91 + 82 ) 2
{1) (2)
The K.E. of tbe system (neglecting the moment of inertia
of the rod) is

So total energy of the rod

1 "2 1 ·2 1 2
E - 2 11 81 +-2 12 82 +2 K ( 81 + 82 )
We can put the total angular momentum of tbe rod equal to zero since thc frequency associated
with the rigid rot.ation of tbe wbole system must be zero (and is known).
38
. . . .
Thus or 81 82 81+ 82
1/fi 1// -1/1 + 1/ /
2 1 2

So

and

The angular oscillation, frequency corresponding to tbis is

_r;-
co2 • /
K
/1/2
J, • Kll' and T • 2 1t V !.. , where
11 + 2 K

4.61 In tbe first mode tbe c.arbon atom retn=-ins fixed and the oxygen atoms move in equal
opposite steps. Then total energy is
(1)
e o

1 ·2 1 2
2 m0 x- + 2Kx-
2 2
where x is tbe displacement of one of the O atom (say left one). Thus
coi • K/mo.
(2) o e o
< <X
X
In this mode the oxygen atoms move in equal steps in tbe same direction but the carbon atom
moves in such a way as to keep the centre of mass fixed.
2 m0
Thus 2 m0 x + me y • O or,y • ---x
me
2 1 1 (
KE.• 1 2 mr ·2 + 1 ( 2 m.o x) • 2 m x· 2 + 1 2 m 2 mor· 2 ... 2 mo 1 + 2 mo) r · 2
0 me
2 0
2 me me 2 0
2 2 me

2 2 2
P.E.= 1-k ( 2+m- ) 0 2
x +t-"K( 2+m- 0
r )
2
• 1-2(
K 2+m- ) r 0 2
2 me 2, me 2 me

Thus 2 • -K ( 1 + -2-mo) and co

2
= co
1
V 1 + -2-mo
mo me me
- ,----:;;- - fu"
Hence, O½ - CO¡ V 1 + 12 - CO¡ -v 3- - 1·91 <01
 37

: . 4.,2 Lct, us displace tbe piston through small distancc x, towards right, thcn from F" - m w"

1
- -.
,
P,s 1
1
1
1
- P.z.
'
x. ..
1
(1)
or,
But, tbe process is adiaba tic, so from P V ;:r • const
Po VJ Po VJ
P2 • ---- and p 1 •
( V0 - S x )Y ( V 0 + S x )Y

as tbe new volumcs of tbe left and the right parts are now (V 0 + S x) and (V 0 - S x) rcspectivcly.
So, the Eqn (1) becomes.
Po l/¿S { 1 1 } ..
m ( Vo - S x )-Y ( V 0 + S x )1 • - x
Po "Yb S j ( V 0 + S x )Y - (V0 - S x )Y} ..
or, --x
m
l
( vi - s 2 x 2 r 1

pgVJs ( i+ W)-( - W) 1
x·
or,
m
v;Y
º
(1- vlyS2x2)
2 2
Neglecting the tenny S x2 in the denominator, as it is very small, we get,
Vo
·
X• -
2 p0 S 2 yx
m V0 '
which is the equation for S.H.M. and hence the oscillating frequency.

ro0 s v.
m o
4.63 In the absence of the charge, the oscillation period of the hall
T • 2,iV 1/g
when we impart thc chaige q to thc hall, it will be influenced by the induced chaiges on th
conducting plane. From the electric imag method the electric force on the hall by the plane
2
equals q and is directed downward. Thus in this case the effective acceleration
4 ,i E0 ( 2 h )
o( the ball
38

q2
g' - g+ ------------- 2
16 ,t eom h
and the corresponding time pcriod

T' • 2x,,¡-•¡; g
2x ,¡
g+
l
q
2

16 n E0 m h 2
From the conditon of the problem
T • TI T'
So, 1
01 11
!.g 21 q2 ]
g+ 16 n t0 m h2
Thus on solving

4.64 In a ma tic field of induction B the couple on thc magnet is - M B sin 8 • - M B 8 equating
this to J 8 we get ..
18+MB8•0

or co2 • ¡
MB
or T • 2,iV
-rr-
MB •
Given T2 • T1/ r¡

º-
V}• V} .1. or _!_ • _!_ · _!._
B2 B1 TI B2 B1 '112
fil -
Toe induction of the field increased '112 times.

4.65 We have in the circuit ata certain instant of time (t ), from Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction :
L di • B l dx or L di • B l dx
dt dt

As at t-O,x• O , so L. l • B lx or i· • BLl x(l)

1

For the rod from the second law of motion F" • m Wz

- i IB • mx·
Using Eqn. (1), we get :
.. 12 B 2 2) (2)
x • - ( mL x • - co0 x

where 000 • lB/Vmi

The solution of·the above differential equation is of the form
 39
x • a sin ( m0 t + a )
From the initial condition, at t • O , x • O , so a • O
Hence, X - a sin roo t (3)
Differentiating w.r.t time, x
= a 000 cos 000 t
But from the initial condition of the problem at t = O , x= v0
Tbus v0 • a O>o or a • volooo (4)
Putting the value of a from Eqn. (4) into Eqn. (3), we obtained
x • -Vo sin ro0 t ( wbere ro0 • _ IB -7)
r
vmL
4.66 As the connector
. di in the circuit and a current flows, sincc tbe emf ü
moves, an emf is. set up
; =- - B l we must have : - B l + L O
x, x dt • L
so, / = B lx/L
provided x is measured from the initial position.
X X X
)( )( X
We then have
.. Blx )(. )(. X
m x • -L . B . l + mg
for by Lenz's law the induced current will oppose
downward sliding. Finally
.. ( B 1)2
x + mL x = g
Bl
on putting
0>0- • r-7
v mL
•• 2
X + O>oX • g
A solution of this equation is x • +A cos ( t + a)
mo
But x • O and x• O at t • O. This gives

X= ( 1 - COS O>o t ).
roo

4.67 We are given x • a0 -e ' sin oo t

(a) The velocity of tbc point at t • O is obtained from
v0 • ( x )•, o • oo ªo
The term "oscillation amplitude at the moment t • 0" is meaningless. Probably tbe im-
plication is the amplitude for t < < . Then x • a0 sin m t and amplitudc is ao-

(b) x • (- a0 sin oo t + oo a0 cos oo t ) -e t3'

1
• O
40

when the displacement is an extremum. Then

(l)
tan ro t • -
f3
1
or ro t - ta-n ; + n n , n • O , 1 , 2, ...

4.68 Given - 13 1 cos ro t

q, - q,0 e
we have q, • -13 q, - ro q,0 e-tlt sin ro t
q,' • - <p + ro <p0 -e Jl' sin ro t - ro 2 q,0 -e Jl' cos ro t

• 132 q, + 21} ro <p0 e-tlt sin ro t - ro2 <p

so

(b) <p - - <p0 e- Jl, ( cos ro t + ro sin ro t) becomes maximum (or minimum) wben
q,' • q,0 ( 13 2 - 2
00 ) e- ,13 cos ro t + 13 ro <p0 e-lH sin co t - O
ro2 f32
or tan ro t • ------
2 f3 ro
and tn
1
ro[ tan
-1 ro2 - 2
l
2 l3 ro + n n , n - O , 1 , 2 , ...
1
4.69 We write x = a0-e co,s ( ro t + a ).
1, ,t - A.1
(a) x ( O ) = O => a • ± - => x
2 = + a0 -e ., sin ro t
x( o ) - ( x ), _ o =- + roªº
Since a0 is + ve, we must choose the upper sign if x ( O ) < O and the lower sign if
x ( O ) > O. Thus
a0 • x1 O)1 and a • +; if x( o ) < O
-; ifx(O)>O

(b) we write x • Re A -e tJ 1+ i °' ' , A - a0 ei ª

Then .i- = Vx • Re ( - f3 + i ro )A e-13 i+io,1
From vx ( O ) = O we get Re ( - f3 + i ro ) A = O
This implies A = ± i( + i w ) B wbere B is real and positive. Also
x0 = ReA = + wB

Tbus B -- I XoI w1'tb + s1·gn ·m A ·1r x0 < O

O}
 41

- sign in A if x0 > O

So A•± i (!::ro lxol • (+1+ ± )lxol

Finally ª• • ..¡1 + ( f lxo1

lana - :!!. tan-t:n a -

th
a is in the 4 quadrant ( - ; < a < O ) if Xo > O and a is in the 200 quadrant

( ; < a < :n: ) if Xo < O.

4.70 x "" a 0 e- i>r cos ( ro t + a )

Then ( x ), _ 0 = - a0 cos a - ro a0 sin a = O

or tana • - -
ro

AJso ( X ) t• o = ao COS a = - ªT)º

2
sec a = r¡
2
, tan a = - Y r¡ 2 - 1
Thus fl - ro v 11 2
- 1
(We have taken the amplitude at t = O to be ao ).
4.71 We write x - a0 e- ll' cos ( ro t + a )
• Re A -e th +; m' , A • a0 ei ª
x• Re A ( - + i ro ) -ell '+i m'
Velocity ampJitude as a function of time is defined in thc following manner. Put t = t0 + 't,
then
x = Re A e - Cto +"' > ei m ( 'o+" >

• Re A-e 13 'º ei º"o+i º'"' • Re A e - 13 to ei w ,

for 't < < . This means that the displacement amplitude around tbe time t0 is a0 -e 13 ' 0 and

we can say tbat tbe displacement amplitude at time t is a0-e 13 '. Similarly for the velocity
amplitude.
Clearly

(a) Velocity amplitude at time t = a0 Y 2

+ w2 e- 13'
Since A(- + i ro ) = a0 ei ª ( - + i ro )
42

= a 0 ....¡ 2 +
2.
ro e'Y

where y is an01ner constant

(b) x ( O ) = O => Re A = O or A = ±, a0
wbere a0 is real and positive.
Also vx ( O ) = .i-0 = Re :t i a0 ( - + i w)
- + (l) ªº
·
Thus a0
1
--
xo 1 and we take - ( +) sign if x 0 is negative (positive). Finally the velocity
ro
•

amplitude is obtained as

4.7.2 Tbe first oscillation decays faster in time. But if one takes the natural time scale, the period
T for each oscillation, the second oscillation attenuates faster during that period.

2
4.73 By deímition of the logaritbemic decrement ( A. - 11 : ) we get for tbe original decrement

2
and finally ;.,, • V rr n
ro - n2 2

Now or

f • y' f
so

y'l + ( 2:1.. l+ ( 2
"' n),o/2n:
-21' - -¡;;;;:=======
f
Hence
y'_1 {
n_2 1) (

For critical damping

4.74 The Eqn of the dead weigbt is
1 13
000 • ne 13
 43

m x·+ 2 f3 m x + m' ro x = mg
g 2 g
so llx • - or ro0 =- -.
ro llx

Now )... =- 2 3t =-
2 3t
or
roo
- v'1 +( ; )2
O)
Y ro 132 V ro
v'l+( 2:f
- - 2
23t
=-
Thus T = 23t

v' ro - 2 roo
2
= 21t .¡-¡i y' 1 + ( ) = y' /J.x (4ii+l..2) = 0.70 sec.
g 23t g

4.75 The displacement amplitude decrease T) times every n oscillations. Thus

1 2x
- =- e-P·w·"
T)

or 2 3nt = In T) or ! = .!!!..!L .
O) ro 21tn
ro 3t n
So Q = - • -- • 499.
2 f3 In T)
4.76 From x - a0 e- t cos( ro t + á ), we get using
( x )•, 0 = l = a0 cos a
O =- ( x )•, 0= - f3 a0 ros a - ro a0 sin a

then tan a • - !
O)

2 2
ro + 13 1
and x = y/ ro -e th
ros ( ro t - ta-n
!
A )

x = O at t = 1-
2
ro
n n: + -3t + tan
ro
-11!.)
Total distance trave led in the first lap = /
To get the maximum displacement in tbt second lap we note that

X - f-P cos ( ro t - tan- ! )-ro sin( ro t - tan- ! )]

1 1

X----
IV ro + p2 e- t • 0
2

(l)

when ro t • 1t , 2 1t , 3 1t , • • • etc .
44
Thus ••
x max -= - a0 e - :t tl/0> cos a • - l e - :t lllw
for t = ni oo
so, distance traversed in the 2nd Iap - 2 / e- :n: ll/w
Continuing total distance traversed =- / + 2 le- :n: fVw + 2 l -e 2
:n: Plw + ......

2/e-:n:llfw 21
=l+----=l+e-P ---
1- e -P 1 ;n:/w ;n:/w -

e xlw + 1 1 + ei./2
= 1---= l ).12
e P K/w - 1 e -1
2
where A • n f1 is the logaritbemic decrement Substitution gives 2 metres.
ro

4.77 For an undamped oscillator the mechanical energy E = m x2 + ! m ro x2 is conserved. Por

a damped oscillator.
X - ao e- cos ( ro t +a)' ro = V ro - 132
l
1 ·2 1 2 2
and E(t) = m x + m ro0 x
2 2

= m a e- 2 11 1
[132 cos2 (ro t +a)+ 213 ro cos (ro t + a) x sin (ro t +a)+ ro2 s in2 (ro t + a)]

+ m a ro e- 2 ti' cos2 ( ro t +a)

2
= m a oo -e ' + ma p2 e- 2
ll' cos ( 2 ro t + 2 a ) + ma f3 ro-e 211
' sin ( 2 ro t + 2a)
If f3 <<ro, then the average of the last two tenns over many oscillations about tbe time t
will vanish and
<E(t)> • 1 m a2 ro2 e -21lt
0 0
2
and tbis is the relevant mechanical energy.

In time 't tbis decreases by a factor l so

T}

e -2A.,'t -1 or !!..!l.
• T) 't• 213.
13 = !!!..!J.
21:

and
"-•..;ro-===•- ========-
2:rtf3

6 2 V( :º-)2
====-=
V g 2-
21'

1 4
2:rt

't 1
• 2
s1nce co0 =- l .
g_

2
JJ ll n T)

and Q - 3t -
- A- 2
1
V 4
g 't
/Jn2T)
2
- 1 • 130.
 45
4.78 Tbe restoring couple is
r = - mg R sin cp • - m g R cp
The moment of inertia is
3 m R2
1- ---
2
Thus for undamped oscillations
3 mR 2 ..
cp+mgRcp=O
2
2_
so, roo- 3R

Also A• 2 :n:
ro -v 2 :n:
r,2
Hence -- A
or ro
ro -

- V ('-f
-1+
--

v ro - r,2 2:n: V ro0 - r,2 2 :n:

Hence finally the period. T of small oscillation comes to
T= 2 1C = 2 1Cx roo 2 1C v-3-R_(_l _+-( _A._)_2-)
ro roo y ro _ 2 2g 2 1C

. v'; ( 4 ,,Z + A.2 ) - 0.90 sec.

4.79 Let us calculate the moment G1 of ali the resistive forces on the disc. When the disc rotates
an element ( r d r d e ) with coordinates ( r , 9 ) has a velocity r <p, wbere <p is the instantaneous
angle of rotation from the eqtJiJibrium position and r is measured from the centre. Then
2n R
G1 = f d9 J dr· r • ( F1 X r)
o o
R 4
= f 11 r <p r 2
d y x 2 1C = T) 1fR
. cp
o
2
2
mR
Also moment of inertia •
2
mR 2 . . 1CT)R
4
•
Thus 2 <p+ 2 <p+a<p=O
2
.. :rtl) R • 2a
01 <p+2 2 <p+ 2<r=Ü
m mR
2
000 = --
2a and
Hence
mR2
 and angular frequenc) 00 • V( 2a
m R2
)
)
_( 1t !) R
2m
2
)
2

Note :- nm;mally by ftequency we mean ro3t •

2

4.80 From the law of viscosity, force per unit arca • ll :

so when the disc executes \()rsional oscilJations the resistive couple on it is
- I
R T)• 2m-. h · r · qr x 2 • h 4 q> 1) X R •

o
(factor 2 for the two sides of the disc; see the figurc,..,in the book)
where <p is torsion. The equation of motion is
.. rp t R 4 •
lcp + h cp+ccp • O

Comparing witb (j)" + 2 tJ cp + ro <p = O we get

11 • Tl 1tR 4/ 2 hl
Now the logarithmic decrement A is given by A • f\ T, T • time period
Thus TJ =- 2 k hll n R 4 T

4.81 If <p • angle of deviation of the frame from its normal position, then an e.m.f.
2
E • B a q:>
2•
is induced in the frame in the displaced position and a current • B cp flows in it. A
couple
B 2• B2 4

<p • B · a· a = R ª cp
then acts on the frame in addition to any elastic restoring couple e <p. We write the equation
of the frame as
. . B2 a4 .
lq>+ R q>+c<p•O
B2a4
Thus f3 = R wbere f3 is defined in the book.
21
1
Amplitude of oscillation die out according to e- so time required for the oscillations to
decrease to ! of its value is
e
 47
4.82 We shall denote the stiffness constant by Suppose the spring is stretched by x0• The bar
K.

in then subject to two horizontal forces (1) restoring force - K x and (2) friction kmg opposing
motion. lf
kmg
x0 > =A
K

the bar will come back. i'- X - -

{If x0 s A, the bar will stay put.) '
The equation of the bar when it is
moving to the left is
mx' - - KX +kmg
This equation has the solution

x = A + ( x0 - A ) cos {r_ t
where we have used x = x0 , x= O at t = O. This solution is only valid till the bar comes
to rest. This happens at

t1 = it/yf,
and at that time x = x 1 = 2 A - x0• if x0 > 2 A the tendency of the rod will now be to move
to the right .(if A < x0 < 2 A the rod will stay put now ) Now the equation for rightward motion
becomes
m x' = - K X - k mg
( tbe friction force has reversed).
We notice that the rod will move to the right only if
K ( x0 - 2 A) >k mg i.e. x0 > 3 A
,.
In this case the solution is
x ... - A + ( Xo - 3 A,) cos
vr t

Since X- 2 A - Xo and X -
The rod will next come to rest at
o at t = 11 - 1t / vr.
, = ,2 = z,./yf,
1

and at that instant x = x? = x0 - 4 A. However the rod will stay put unless x 0 > 5 A.
Thus

(a) time period of one full oscillation = 2 1r,/ -fr.

(b) There is no oscillation if O< x0 < A
One half oscillation if A < x0 < 3 A
48

2 half oscillation if 3 6. < x0 < 5 6. etc.

We can say that the number of full oscillations is one half of the integer n

where n• [ ,\]
where [ x ] = smallest non-negative integer greater than x.
4.83 Toe equation of motion of the hall is
m( x· + ro X ) - Focos ro t
This equation has the solution
A cos ( roo t + a ) + B cos O) t
X -
where A and a are arbitrary and B is obtained by substitution in the above equation
Fofm
B • 2 2
ro0 - ro
The conditions x • O , x •
O at t • O give
Fofm
A cos a + 2 2 - O and - ro0 A sin a = O
Olo - CO
Fofm Fofm
This gives a = O, A = - 2 2 = ,,, --- =
Wo - ro ro2 - roi
F0/ m
Finally, x - 2 2 ( cos ro0 t - cos ro t )
ro - roo

4.84 We have to look for solutions of the equation

m x·
+ k X • F, 0 < t1 < 't,
mx·+kx=O,t>'t
subject to x ( O ) =- x ( O ) • O where F is constant.
The solution of this equation will be sought in the fonn
F
x • k + A cos ( ro0 t + a ) , O :s t :S 't

x = B cos ( ro0 ( t - -c ) + ), t>-c

A and o. will be determined from the boundary condition at t = O.
F
O• -+Acosa
k
O= - m0 A sin a
F
Thus a = O and A = --k and x=k ( 1 - cos ro t ) O s t < 't.
F
0

B and tJ will be detennined by the continuity of x and x at t = -r• Thus

F F
k ( 1 - cos roo -r ) = B cos f3 and 'fo k sin ro0 -r = - <fo B sin f3
 49

Thus

or

X(t)

t
4.85 F01 L.he spring mg - K A I
wbere K is its stifness coefficient. Thus
2 K ..B._
roo • - •
m .Al '
Toe equation of motion of the hall is
x•• + 2 fl x• + x • -Fo cos ro t
2
roo
m
Here ;"l._
..¡2 :rt p or • -;:::=====
A./2 :rt
ro_ p2 ro ..¡1 + ( >../ 2 :rt )2
To find the solution of the above equation we look for the solution of the auxiliary equation
F
-eo
.
•. + 2f3•. m
+ ro 0
2
• -
iwt

CJearly we can take Re .z = x . Now we look for a particular integral for .z of the fonn
Thus, substitution gives A and we get

.z-. (Fo/m) e'°''

ro - ol + 2 i f3 ro
so taking tbe real part
2
( Fofm) [ ( ro - ro ) cos ro t + 2 f3 ro sin ro t]
X=
( ro _ ro2 )2+ 4 13 2 ro2

Toe amplitude of this oscillation is maximum when the dcnominator is minimum.

Tthis happens when
50
ro4 - 2 co2 ro2 + 4 .A.,.2ro2 + co4 • ( 2 A.2) A_2 2 A.4
ro2 - co0 + 2 .., + 4 .., co 0- 4 .., is minimum. i.e for
0 0
2
CO • C20o-2pA2

Thus ro - ( 1- 2J2 ) 2

2
1-l( )
g
- -al 1-
(t r ...8.._ 2n

l+(2:r ·a1 (
1+ -
2,i
i-..)2

Fofm
and a
ro
• ------•----;===
V4
F p/m
4 2 fl V ro -
p2 - p4 p2
2
1+f -r 2
_ Fo . = F 0A I)...( 1 + 4 n )
- 2m A/21t 41tmg ¡. 2

Fo(m
4.86 Since a = -_-_-_:_-_:.,::-_-..=-.:..=-:=============
y ( 0)2_ (O + 2 p2 )2 + 4 f32 ( (O _ f32 )

we must have cof - ro + 2 tf •-( - ro +2 2

)
2 2
2 2 CO¡ + 0)2 2
or CO-o 2 = Z =- 00,u

4.87
!JJ. ( ro - co2 ) cos ro t + 2 ro sin ro t
X•
m ...¡ ( co2 _ 00 )2+ 4 p2 002
. F0 ro 2 ro cos ro t + ( co2 - ro ) sin ro t
Then x--
m ( 00_ 002 )2 + 4 2 002
Thus the velocity amplitude is

Vo •
m v'( 00_ 002 )2 +4 2 002

Fo
= -v.:::=( O= )
-
2
=
=2

m +4f3
00 - co

2 2 2
This is maximum wben (O = Cüo = (Ores
Fo
and then Vo
res = 2m .13
 51

Now at half maximum (::-wf 12

2

or o/ ± 2 V3 m-m= O

m =+ Y3 + V (ü + 3B
2

wbere we have rejected a solution with - ve sign beforc thcre dical. Writing

ffi1 = V (ü + 3 B2 + B V3 , ffi2 = V (ü +3
2
- B V3
we get (:t) mres- =m0 =V m 1 m2 ( Velocity resonance frequency)
1 ffi1
- W21
(b) (3 = V3 and damped oscillation frequency
2
2
-I 2 2 .. / ( m1 - 002)
V ro0 - f3 = V 001 ro2 - -
12
--

4.88 In general for displacement amplitude

a= -Fo 1
m y( m _ 002 )2 + 4 íi2 002

Fo
--------=-------
= -;;; v
< 002 - oo + 2 íi2 >2 + 4 íi2 < oo - 2 >
00
2 ro2
ªres- 0
Thus r¡ = - .. 0 - ;:::===
,--.--2..--....----2..- ..
ªzow V4 (3 ( oo - )· 2 V ro - (3
2

A/2rc _A
But -=
V 1 + ( A/2 re )2, 2 re V (ü -
2

m A 1 -
Hence 11 = - ·- = 2.90
=-
2 íi2 2rc 2 1:_
2 j[

4.89 Toe work done in one cycle is

T T
A = J F d x = J F v dt = J F cos O oo t ( - oo a sin ( ro t - q., ) ) dt
o o
T
= JF 0 ro a ( - cos oo t sin ro t cos q., + cos oo t sin q.,) dt
2

o
= 1 rro oo a T. sm q., = re aF O sm
.
q.,
2 2
52
4.90 In the formula x = a cos ( m t - cp )
Fo l =----
we have a= - ------

m v< w_ w2 )2 +4 2 w2

2 f3 (ü
tan cp = 2 2
m o- m
2
( m - m ) tan cp
Thus
= 2m

Hence m0 = -../K/m = 20 s- 1 •

and (a) the quality factor

º= ....!!_= v w - 13
2

13 T 2 f3

(b) work done is A = re a F 0 in q:i

= re m a 2 Y( m - m2 ) 2 + 4 f32 002sin cp = re m a x22 13 m·

= re m a2 ( m - m2 ) tan <p == 6 mJ.

4.91 Here as usual tan <p = l3m 2

where cp is tbe phase lag of the displacement
Wo- (ü

m < Fo
x = acos(mt-cp), a= -
00
---------
v
w21)2 + 4 132 w2

(a) Mean power developed by tbe force over one oscillation period
re FO a sin cp 1 .
= T = FO a w sm cp
2
ro 13 m2 ro f3 1
1n < w_ m (
= 002 )2 + 4 JJ2 002 =
:o -
2
(1)
)2
+ 4132
(b) Mean power < P > is maximum when m = 000 (for the denominator is then minimuir
Also
<.P >max = --
Fo
4 m f3
4.92 Given f3 = m0/ r¡. Tben from the previous problem
<.P > = Pomo 1
-- . -----..----

1m
1 (: -ro) +4-
Wo
Tl2
2
 53

At displacement resonance ro =Vw - 2 f3

2

<.P >res =FJ w

.--- 1
------- = Ft w 10
-----,----,----
11 m 4
ú) -2Jf+-1-/-
4 4w 11 m
0
oor-\) 4 4¡ 4

+
4
2

2 2 F.02 T) 2
= --- F. 0 l)..L.-_= l]- 2
4 T) m 000 1 4m w0 T)2 _ 1
2 +1
T) - 2
wbile <.P >max FiTJ ·
=4 m
· w
0

<.P >max - <.P >,e., 100 01

Thus = 70
<.P >mu 112 - 1

4 93 •• • 2 Nm cos ro t
, Toe equation of the disc is <p + 2 í3 <p+ 000 <p -= /

Toen as before <p - Q?m cos ( ro t - a )

Nm
wbere <p - -----.....--------- tan=
m- I [ ( 00 _ 002 )2+ 4 (32 002] v2 ,
(a) Work perfonned by frictiona) forces
T
- -f N, d rp where N, = - 2 / f3 <p • - f 2 í3 / 2 dt = - 2 n: í3 ro/ <p;
o
2 2 2 2
_= n:/ <p! [ ( 00_ 00 ) + 4 f3 ro ]1/ sin a 2
= - n:N,,. <p,,. sin a
(b) The quality factor
x n: ...-¡ --- íl2-
00
00 v 00
_ í32
1 4w 2 w02 4 2 0)2 }
1/2
2 2-
Q = ,.,=, T= 2 = ( ro - 002 ) tan a = 2 tan a {
2
( mo - oo ) ((O _ ú)2 )2

= 1_ { 4 (1)2 wir c-p; tan2a }1/2 since

w2 • oo2 N,,.
0 +¡cosa
2 tan a N,2,,cos 2 a <p,,.

1 4 ro2 ro /2 cp; .2 }112

= --- -- 2 ---sm a
2 sin a { N,,,, •

2 1 2
1 ¡2 <p;, (
= -· -- { 4 00 oo2 N,,. cosa) +1-cos 2 a } /
2sin a 1.V2"' / <p,,,

4/<p,,. 2 }1/2 1 j l' 2J<p,,.ro2 )2 il/2

-1 j
¡
l.
=--
1 a
2sin 4¡22
N m<p!
oo+
4
N,,. oo cosa+ cos a - 1 = 2 sina N,,. +cosa
54

4.2 ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS

4.94 If the electron (charge of each electron = - e ) are shifted by a smdu distance x, a net + ve
charge density (per unit area) is induced on the surface. This will result in an electric field
E • ne xl e0 in the direction of x and a restoring force on an electron of
ne2x
Eo
..
Thus mx ----
..ne 2
or X +--x =0
m e0

T.h1s.g1ves ro =- Vr:!:!.-..:!:;_- = 1.645 X 1016 S- 1 .

P m e0
as the plasma frequency for the problem.
4.95 Since there are no sources of emf in the circuit, Ohm 's 1 law reads
q_• -L di
e dt
where q = change on the capacitor, / = ; = current through the coil. Toen
<Í !! 2 2 1
d t 2 + COqo = o' Wo = L e .
Toe solution fo this equation is

From the problem V m = q'" . Then

C
I = - COo e Vm sin ( COo t + a )
and V = Vm cos ( w 0 t - a )
2 ¡2 2
V + 2 2 = Vm
COo C

or /2 =
V 2 + Le y2
m·
2
By energy conservation -1 L J2 + n...:i_ = constant
2 2C
Wben the P.D. across the capacitor takes its maximum value V'"' the current / must be zero.
1 2
Thus "constant" = C V
2
2
L I + y2= Vm2once agam.•
Hence
e
 68
4.9, After the switch was closed, the circuit satisfies
-L g_J_ • !L
dt ·e
or J2
+ q • O q • C V,. cos 000 t
dt
where we have used the fact that when the switch is closed we must have

V• 2 • V,., "1 • O J• at t • O.

Thus (a) "1 •,,_ COo roo

I • C V,. sin t

• -V. vf sinmot

(b) The electrical energy of the capacitor is -fe a cos 2 000 t and of the inductor is
lLr2 · .2
1 a Sin O>ol•
2
The two are equal when
3t
COo t = -
4
At that instant the emf of the self-inductance is
di
-L- dt • V,.cosroo.t • V,,,/V2

4. ,7 In the oscillating circuit, let

q - q,,, cos O) t
be the change on the condenser where

ro2 • Lle and C is the instantaneous capacity of the- condenser (S = arca of platcs)
e0 S
.C=-
y
y = distance between the plates. Since the oscillation .frequency increases r¡ fold, the quantity
0)2 - y
t:0 S L
changes T) fold and so does y i.e. cbanges from y0 initially to T)2 y0 finally. Now tbe P.D.
2

across the condenser is

q,,, yq,..
V• -cosoot = -- cosoot
e EoS
and bence the electric field between the plates is
E = q,,. cos ro t
e0 S
 Thus, the charge on thc platc being q,,. cos ro t, thc force on the plate is
¿_
F • -cos rot
2

S
• E0
Since this force is alway1 positive and the platc is pulled slowly we can use the average force
-F ¿
- -
2E0S

and work done is A•F ( ti2Yo -Yo) • (112 - 1 ) tfn.Yo

2 E0 S

But q2,,,Yo • q2,,, • W the initial stored energy. Thus •

2 E0 S 2 C0
A • ( 112 - 1 ) W.
4.98 The cquations of tbe L - C circuit are
d C1V-f I¡dt C2 V-fl2dt
L dt (Ji+/>• C1 • C2
1 1
Differentiating again L ( 11 +12) = - -11 • - -12
C1 C2
C2
Then I1- e C1 e I' I2- e e I,
¡- 2 ¡+ 2

or I • /0 sin ( roo t + a )

where
2 1
roo• L (C i + C2 ) ( Parta )
2 :n;
e, f
(Hence T • - • 0.1 ms)
Wo
At t•0,l•0soa•0
I •1
0sin ro0 t
The peak value of the current is / 0 and it is related to the voltage V by the first equation
Ll • V- f /dtl(C¡ + C2)
t
1
or + L ro0 l O cos ro t = V -e
0 e f 1 sin w 0 0 t dt
1 + 2 o
(The P.D. across the inductance is V at t • O)
1 lo
- V + - - - · - ( cos w0 t -1)
C1 + C2 ro0

Hence 10 ( C1 + C2) o>o V - V V C¡ +C2

L • 8.05 A
 57

4.99 Initially q1 • C V0 and q2 .. O. After the switch is closed change flows

and we get
q1 + q2 = e Vo
(1)
1l_ +L di_ q2 .. D
e dt e
Also / = q1 = - q2• Tbus
L i + ZI = O
e
.. 2 2 2
Hence / + 000 / • 0 OOo • L C ,
e e
Toe soloution of this equation subject to
I = O at t = O
is / = / 0 sin 000 t .
lo
Integrating q1 • A-- cos co0 t
roo
lo
q 2 = B +- cos w0 t
roo
Finally substituting in (1)
A -B 2/o
e - -w- cos roo t + L lo ú>o cos Wo t - o
0C
C V0
Thus A•B•--and
2
C V0 10
--+- - o
2 Wo
C V0
so q 1 = - - ( 1 + cos 000 t )
2
C V0
q 2= - - ( 1 - COS Wo t)
2
4.100 Toe flux in the coil is
cl,(r) .. {g,o , <O
t>O
I

f ldt
Toe equation of the current is -L d/ = _o_ (1)
dt C
Thi1, mean that d2/
LC- 2 1=0
dt
o r with COo -
2
 1
Le I (
sin r + a)
w0
=

1
0
58
lo
Putting in (1) - L 1 0 ro0 cos ( ro0 t + a ) = - -C [ cos ( ro0 t + a ) - cos a ]
Olo
This implies cos a • O 1 = ± 1 0 cos 000 t . From Faraday's Jaw
d<b dl
E• --- L-
dt dt
ointegrating from t = - E to - E where E ......... O

<b = L 1 0 with + sign in /

<b
so, 1 = L cos oo0 t .

4.101 Given -V = V,,. e

- ' cos ro t

(a) The phrase 'peak vaJues' is not cJear. The answer is obtained on taking I cos e.o t 1 = 1
:n:n
i.e t = -.
O)

dV
(b) For extrema dt = O
- cos u> r - oo sin ro t = O
or tan ro t - - /ro

i.e. ,,,r - n :n: + llm- (-ro·)l

4.102 The equation of tbe circuit is

2
Ld Q + R + Q = O
2
dt dt C
where Q = charge on tbe capacitor,
This has tbe solution Q = Q,,. e- , sin( oo t + a)
where A. R ,.,.... ..I oo2 A2 002 1
"' = 2L ' VJ =V o- "' ' o = L C.

Now 1 = = O at t = O
dt
so, Q,,. e
- 1
( - sin ( ro t + a ) + oo cos ( ro t + a ) ) = O at t = O

Tbus ·
oo cos a = .A., sm a or a = tan -1 f3
O)

Qm Qm .
Now Vm = C V0 = P.D. at t = O = C
and sm a
V 2

Vo = sin a
vm
=
V ro
0)2 + 2
=
Wo
= Y1 - 2
/w = 1 - R C
4L 2
 59
4.103 We write
-dj • I • 1,. e- 111 sin ro t

0 l -Pt+ iwt
(gm means imaginary part)
- om ,,. e
Then
e-pi+ i0>1
Q • gm 1,,, " .
- t' + 1(1)

e-l H+ i0>1

Q • gm 1,,, ,,-,ro
A .

(P+ iro)e-fh+i0>t
• gm 1,,, 2 2
f3
+ O}
1 - fh P sin ro t + w cos ro t
• me
p2 + O}
2

_ p, sin ( ro t + 6 ) 1.. ro
= l ,,.e .J , tanu=A.
V p2 + 002 t'

( An arbitrary constant of integration has been put equal to z ro.)

Thus

V = Qe • 1,. e e
- P' sin ( ro t + l>)

V(O) • 1,,, C sin6 • I,. C " ro

0}2 + p2

4.104 / • 1m e
- P' sin ro t

A •
t'
.!_
2L'
<•\.- • -
-u
¡-:¡-
V -te '
W • ,Y 005 - f}2
l=-q,q• charge on the capacitar
_ p I sin ( ro t + 6 ) ta 1.. ro
Toen q• I ,,.e ..J , nu•"'ii""·
V o?+ f32 1-'

Thus WM • !. L / e
- 2
P' sin 2 ro t
2
2 2 2
IJ e- ' sin ( ro t + ()) L1 2 I
W ----------- = !!!_ e- tl sin 2 ( ro t + 6 )
E • 2C ú)2+ ¡32 2
60

d - , .
Current is maximum wben -e s mrot = 0
dt
Thus - p sin ro t + ro cos ro t =-= O
or tan ro t • • tan 6

i.e. rot•nx+6
2 2
W.v= sin ( co t ) • s in 6 • 1
and hence
WE s in2 ( ro t + 6 ) s in2 2 6 4 cos2 6
- 1 ----- 1 -L 2
---5
L
4p / ro
2
4p 2
LC R 2
CR2 •

(WM is the magnetic energy of 1he inductance coil and WE is the electric cncrgy ot tl
capacitor.)
ClearJy

Q = fJT
,t
or -- ,t

QT
Now so t• QT
,t

• Q In!) • 0.5 ms
:rtV

Current decreases e fold in time

1 2L 2L . •
t • - • - scc • -RT osC111ations
p R

---
2L ro
R 2n:
2
i_Y- V-
1 4
• _f_ - - R • L - 1 -= 15.9 oscillations
,w;R LC 4L2 211: R2C
,t (O

Q • flT • 2 fl
(l)
:. ro • 2 p Q , p• Q .
2

Now or ro • -;::======
roo

V 1+ -
1

4Q2
-

1
so X 1()() % • - - X 1()() % • 0.5%
8Q 2
 R
r ---e
At t = O current through the coil = R E
+r
E
P.D. across the condenser = R
+r
(a) At t = O, energy stored = W0

- ! L(R: ,f ! c(//,f
12
= ! E2 (L + eR ) = 20 mJ.
+ 2 (R + ,)2

(b) The current and the change stored decrease as e-tR/2L soenergy decreases as e-tR/L

:. W = W0 e-tR/L = 0.10 mJ.

n nv ro Y ro - fi2
-- - -- --
PT ti 2P 2P
roo ... , 2 roo
or -•v1+4Q
fi
or fi • --;::===2
Vl+ Q
Now W • w.o e -2 1
.
Thus energy d cercases T) times m
-!!.!fli.
scc.
2
Yl + 4 Q 2 Qln
- In T) ---- • !l scc. • 1.033 ms.
2 ro0 2xvn

In a leaky condenser
V
4.!J...J-1' where / ' = R • leak current
dt

Now V = !L = - L di = - LE_ ( + V)
C dt dtdt R

• -L --_!:_
dt2 RCdt
.. 1 dQ 1
or q+RCdt+Lcq•O

Toen q = qm e- 1
sin ( ro t + a)
62

(a) a. =
t-'
1
2R e'
roo2 • _1_
Le '
ro • V roo2 - a. 2
1-1

ro .,.. 1 1
(b) Q - • RC V LC- 4R2C2

- !..V4CR2 _ 1
2 L

Given V - V,,. e- Jl, sin ro t, ro • roo T << 1

Energy loss per cycle
Power Ioss • T

• 1 e v,2. x 2 p
2
2
( energy decrcases as W0-e tl' so loss per cyclc is W0 x 2 Ji T)

Tbus <P> - ! e v:2 x R

2 "' L
R• 2<.P> L
or v.2 e
"'
Hence
1 -
Q • R V
IL
=
-fc
V f 2 v,: .
<P> • 100 on puttmg the vales.

Energy is lost across tbe resistance and the mean power lass is
1
<P > • R <I 2 > • R I,,2. = 0.2 mW.
2
This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations.
RCV2
4.114 <.P > • L "' as in (4.112). We get < P > - 5 mW.
2

4.115 Given q = ql + q2
11 = - 'h , 12 • - f/2

L 1 1 = R/2 = - R _e
Thus C L i/1 + ( q1 + q2 ) • O
R C q2 + q1 + q2 -= O
. gq =A e iwt
+iwt
Pu ttm 1 q2 • B e
( 1 - w2 L C )A+ B= O
 63

A+ ( 1 + i roR C )B • O
A solution exists. only if
( 1 - ro2 L e ) ( 1 + i ro R e ) - 1
or i ro R C - ro2 L C - i ro3 L R C 2 = Q
or L R C 2 ro2 - i roLC - R C = 0
ro2 -• r 1 --1-• O
RC
LC
i ... I¡ 1 'A
ro= 2R e± V Le - 4R2 c2 • 't' ± roo

Tbus q1 = ( A1 cos ro0 t + A2 sin w0 t ) e- ' etc.

ffio is the oscillation frequency. Oscill tions are possible only if roi > O

i.e.
1 e
4 R < L.
2

4.116 We.have . I,
L1 / 1 + R1 / 1 = L 2 1 2 + R2I2

= _ fldt
I
e e====-
I • 11 + 12
Toen diff e rentiating we have the equations
.. .
L1 C ] 1 + R1 C /1 + ( /1 + /2) = Ü
.. .
L2 C J 2 + R2 C 12 + ( /1 + /2) =0
Look for a solution
/1 • A1 ea t' 12 = A2 ea t
Toen ( 1 + a.2 L 1 C + a R1 C) A 1 + A2 = O
A1 + ( 1 + a 2 L2 C + a R2 C ) A2 =O
Tbis set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if
2
( 1 + a L 1 C + a R1 e;:') ( 1 + a 2 L2 C + a R2 C) = 1
or 3 2 L 1 R2 + L2 R1 L 1 + L 2 + R1 R2 C R1 + R2
a
+a LL + LL C + L1 L C = O
1 2 1 2 2

This cubic equation has one ;eal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We
require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of
thc equation
a 2L C + a R C + l = O
64
Toe general solution of this problem is not easy.We look for special cases. If R1 = R2 • O, tbei
L1L2
R • O and L •L L . If L1 • L2 • O, the-n
1+ 2

L = O and R R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) .These are the quoted solution but they are misleading.
We shall give the solution for small R1 , R2 . Toen we put a = - f3 + i ro when f3 is small

We get ( 1 - oi L 1 C - 2 i f3 ro L 1 C - fC 1 + i ro R1 C )

2
( 1 - co L2 e- 2 i f3 ro r 2 e - r,/2 e + i ro R2 e ) = 1
2
(we neglect r, & f3R1 , f3 R2 ). Toen
2 2 2 L1 + L2
( 1- (J) L1 e) ( 1 - (J) L2 e) - 1 => co - L1L2e

1 1'f L • LiL1
. l w1'th ro2 • LC
T.h1.s 1s I"denttca + L2
t •
2

also ( 2 f3 L1 - R1 ) ( 1 - ro2 L2 C ) + ( 2 f3 L2 - R2 ) ( 1 - oi L2 C ) • O
. . R R1Li + R2L[ R1Li + R2L[
Th1s g1ves f3= 2L = 2L1L2 (L1 + L2) => R = (L1+ L2 )2.

1
1n o• !e
!... + Ld + R, I l= +

For the critica) case R - 2 -v7i

Thus LC i:i + 2 V LC q + q-O
Look for a solution with q a eª'
a=-VL1 C.
An independent solqtion is t eª ' . Thus

q = (A+ Bt) e-,/VLC,

At t • O q • C V0 thus A • C V0
Also at t•Oq•l•O

o = B -A-
vlC
Bz vov"f-L
 85

dn Tr - 'c L -,/ .¡-j;"c

Thus finally I- dt
.::..i- "º V 7' e

1
- V Le (cTT
"º+ v.-'c)
oVf - /VLC t e

• _ t e-,/"LC
L
The current has becn defined to increase the chargc..Hcnce the miaus sign.
The current is maximum when

dt•-Y
di yo e-t1v!c ( 1-dt c) -o
This gives t • ./LC and thc magnitudc of thc maximum current is
Vo _ JC
1 /mu J • -¡ V t •
Toe equation of the circuit is ( I is the current)
di
L dt + RI • V,..cos rot

From thc thcory of diffcrcntial cquations

I • lp+lc
where /p is a particular integral and le is the complemcntary function (Solution of the
differential equation with the RHS = O ). Now
-tR/L
1e• 1co e
and for /p wc writc lp • I,,. cos ( ro t - cp )
Substituting wc gct

Thus

Now in an inductivc circuit J • O at t • O

becausc a current cannot change suddenly.
V,..
Thus leo • - --;:::==== cos (í)
VR2+ ro2 L2
and so
66
Here tbe equation is (Q is charge. on the capacitor)

CQ + R dt • V,., cosrot

A so]ution subject to Q • O at t • O is of the fonn (as in the previous problem)

Q = Q,,. [ cos ( ro t - tp ) - cos ip-e t/Re ]
Substituting back

C Q,,. cos ( ro t - . ( ro t - -cp)

-cp) - ro R Q,.. sm

- v. coscot
• V,,.{ cos cp cos ( ro t - cp ) - sin ipsin ( ro t - ip ) }
so Q,.. =- C V,,. cos cp
ro R Q,.. • V 111 sin cp
Tbis leads to
CV _

Q,,. - 'V 111

, tan cp • ro R C
l+(ooRC)2
Hence

1-
dQ
- =
V,,. [- sin ( ro t - cp ) + c s2 cp e - ,1Re l
dt
V (role)'
R2+ smcp

Toe solution given in the book satisfies / • O at t • O. Then Q • O at t • O but this

will not satisfy the equation at t • O. Thus J - O, ( Equation will be satisfied with J • O
only if Q • O at t = O)

With our J,

Toe current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle

-r¡o¡L-
-1
q, - tan

Now L = J!o n 2 :TC a 2 l, l = Jengtb of the solenoid

p·2:TCan·l
R• , 2b = diameter of the wirc
:TCb 2
1
But 2bn • 1 b • - :.
2n
2 2
µ n ! :TCa · 2 :TCv 1
Toen q> = ta'f\-l 0-------x :TC--
p ·2nanl 4 n2
J1o
1 --- n2 a V
= tan-
4pn ·
 67

HercV • V,.. cos ro t

I • 1,.. cos ( ro t + cp)

where

Now

Thus the current is abead of tbe vo)tage by

cp - ta-n 1 ro! e - tan -1 V( v. )2 -1 - 60·

Rlm

,
f Idt
Herc V• IR.,- ·_o
. 1 e. .'
or - ,....... R 1 - ---
R I +e I = V = - ro V0 sin ro t
Ignoring transients, a so)ution has the form 1
I = J 0 sin ( ro t - a) o------------------
l
ro R 10 cos ( ro t - a ) + sin ( ro t - a ) • - ro V0 sin ro t

• - ro V 0 { sin ( ro t - a ) cos a + cos ( ro t - a ) sin a }

so R /0 • - V0 sin a
lo 1
- - - V 0 cos a a = re + tan- ( ro R C)
roe -
Vo
lo = ---:;;::;::====

,/ R2+( wlcf
I • 1 0 sin ( ro t- tan- l ro R C - n;) = - / 0 sin ( ro t - tan- l ro R C)
,
lo
Then - 1
f
Q • o I dt • Q0 + ro cos ( ro t - tan- ro R C )

It satisfies Vo ( 1 + cos ro t) = R 1 +
68
1
if Y0 ( 1 + cos co t ) • - R10 sin ( co t- ta-n co R C )
Qo lo 1
+ C+ coCC06(cot- tan- coRC)

Thus Qo • CVo
and !.J,_ • Yo/ fu( co R C )2
coC V0 ro R C checks
R 10 = - 1;:::====
V
+ ( coR e)
, Q
2

Hence V • Vo
• V0 + -;::::====cos ( cot- a)
e ...¡ 1 + < co R e )2
Vo V0
(b) - =
Tt v + 2
1
or T}2 - 1 • co2 (R C )2
e co R e)
or Re - V T}2 - 1 / co - 22 ms.

ct1rrent

VR 0 Curr ent
(a) (b)
coL - _l_
roe
(b) tan cp • R • -ve

2 1
as ro <LC

4.124 (a)

1
roL - - -
(b) tan <p ... R e
00 ., <p •- 60º

Current Jags behind the voJtage V by <p

 69
1,,.
(e) Ve • C • O· 65 kV
00

VLIR • 1,,. Y R 2 + o} L 2 • O· 5 kV

4.125 (a)

._,.... _
=
Y ( ro R C ) + ( ro 2

V,,.
2
L C - 1 )2
V(:i- 1 f +4
2
, h ro

- ;::::===========
V( ro
(J)
2
_
1+ ) 2
0>0
2

+
roo
2- itroo4
2
This is maximum when 2 1 R 2 2
oo •roo-213 •--
L
roL }cf L

V
(b) VL - lmroL - vm ;;=======
2
R + ( roL-

--V.===== = -- =====================
V,,.L

R_2 (L- _1_)2

oi e
V L2- _! (2Le -R2)+ 1
+
=- = = = = = = = = =:; ; ;===========
(J.)2 (J.)2 (04 c2

v ( 3 c - ( L - c )+L2-
f (L- CR2f 2

This is maximum when

1
-L--CR 1 2

oo e 2
1 1
or 0)2 -
LC- .!..c R
2 2 1-
2--:r
2 2
2
roo roo
ro
- O)

(J.) - 2 t32
or
ro .. oo- 2 Y 2 •
70

4.126. VL• I,,, ,/ R2+ m2 L 2

V,,. V R2 + ro2 L2
--========
,/ R2+ ( mL- role f
for a given ro , L , R , this is maximum when
1 1
-C • coL or C - - 2 - • 28.2 µF.
co co L
V V R2+ ro2L2 ------
For that C, VL • - - •VV1+ (roLIR)2 - 0.540 kV
R
1 V,,. V,,, roL
At this C V. • - - • -- • .509 kV
e roC R R
4.127
o ú o o I -11
o o o o I
o Poor Cond o .=
o o o o
o o o ,o
I'
We use the complex voltage V • V,,, e;.,'. Then the voltage across the capacitor is

(/-/').1
,r e
and that across the resistance R I ' and both equal V . Thus
V . .
I' •. R
!!!..e'°'' ' 1- I' • iroCV,,, e'°''

Hence

I =R
vm (1+ iooRC) e'•
. t

Toe actual voltage is obtained by taking the real part. Toen

I • "' Y 1 + ( ro R C )2 cos ( ro t + 'P )

Where tan <p • ooR C
Note _. A condenser with poorly conducting material (dielectric of high resistance) be
the plates is equvalent to an an ideal condenser with a bigh resistancc joined in p
between its plates.
 71

L d/1 f l¡dt L d/2 I

1 d t+ C =- 12 dt
0
d/2
L2- = -L12-
dt
d /1
dt
from the second equation
e Lr @1 f 1

L2I2 • -L12I1 , L12

Then
( L1 - - 2)
L12 ··
/ 1
/1
+ - • O
L2 C
Thus the current oscillates with frequency
1

Given V • Vm cos ro t
I • 1,,. cos ( ro t - cp ) L,R
wbe¡::e I
Vm V
Im • ---;=======
y'R,+ ( OJL - rolcf
Tben,
f I dt I,,.sin ( ro t - cp)
Ve• C • wC
\t"'
• -;:;;=== ===== sin ( ro t - cp )
V ( 1 - ro2 L e )2 + ( ro R e )2
As rcsonancc thc voltage amplitudc across thc capacitor

• v. • V,. • n V,.
RC l CR
..Jr e ,
L 2
So -•n 2
CR ,

Now Q = y'_f 2
! -
CR 4 4

For maxim.um current ampJitude

vm
Im • ;;;;========
y' R2+ ( wL
,
- _1_)2
wC
\
72

1
L • - 2- V,.
and then I,,,o • R
ro e
I,,,l) v.
Now

So
1l
-V 1+ (n-
( wR C )2
1 >2

n- 1
ro R C • -;:::::::==
v 112- i
Now -V 1)2- 1 - !.
Q • V( V( l
L )_
CR
2

2
4
•
roRC
1 )_
2
l
4 (n- 1)2 4

At resonance

and V,,,
Now V,,,
======== - ;:::;:=======
V,,.

-- V
nR

f
R2+ ( wiL-
1
c
001
V R 2
+ ( "'2L- W:c f
1 2
Then ro 1 L - - - • ../ n - 1 R
ro1 e
w2 L - _!_ • + Y n 2 - 1 R (assuming c.oi > w 1 )
O½C
2 2
roo 000 ... J 2 R
or 00¡ - - • - O½ + - • - V n - 1-
ro1 toi L
002
0
or ro1 + ro2 =
00¡
( ro1 + ) => ro0 :a: V ro1 ro2
and ro2 - V n2 - 1 RL
m1 •

- R --002- -001
iL 2V n2 2
- 1

and Q= V ro _ ! = V( n-
1 ) ro1 002 _ !

4 l 4 ( O½ - 001 )2 4
 73
4.13.2 Q • -e.o roo
• - for low damping.
2p 2p
Im Rl,,,
Now V2 = -;:======== ,l,,,= current amplitude at resouance
,,/ R2 + ( ooL - role
rol_ R
or

Thus f
e.o- --± L

e.o • roo ::t:

•

f\
::t: 2(3

roo
So A ro • 2 f3 and Q • A ro .

4.133 At resonance ro • roo

V,,,
f
Toen 1,,, ( ll roo) = --:¡;:;·========;;;
,,/ R2 + ( rt oooL - rt a!o e
V,,. V,,,

4.134 Toe a.c. current must be

l • 10 ...f2 sin ro t
Toen D.C. component of tbe rectified current is
T/2

< I' > • f 1 V2 sin w t dt

0
o
:lt
1
= 10 V2 -
2 1t o
f sin 8 d O

loV2
=--
1t

Since the charge deposited must be tbe same

loY2 1t to
10 t0 = --r
1t
or t = V2
Toe answer is incorrect.
74
t
4.135 (a) I ( t) • I 1T O t<T
/(t± T)• J(t)
Now mean current
J1 T
2

t T /22
<I >• T 11T dt • 11 • / 1/ 2
o T
Then 11 • 210 since < l > • 10 •
Now mean square current < / 2 > 1o.

1412• J T
- 4/J
-dt -
,2
o T 72 3
o
2/o
so effective current • V3 .

(b) In this case / • l¡ 1 sin e.o t 1

T

and lo • f l¡ 1 sin e.o t I dt

o
2x "

11t I JI sin 8 1 d 8 .. J sin 8 d 8

1 -- 211
,t
•
2
So o o
11
•21tlo
Toen, mean square current • < / > • f si n
;
1lt L2
T
e.o t dt
2 2
4
o
1'2 12
0
• - x -
1 J 2,-;

sin2 8 d 8 • -
1'2 120
-
4-
21t 8
o
1t/o
so effective current • {s .

v;
4.136 pd.c. = -R

p -
v? R
-;:==== v;IR ....
- ---- Pd.c.
o
a. e. VR 2+ OJ2L 2 2
i/ R + o ,2L
2
l+( Lr
 75

Thus roL • Vl}- 1

R
R
or ro = -
L
vri-1
R
v • -- VT) - 1 • 2 kH of on putting the values.
21r.L

or Ro • V6 2
- Xi
XL
Toe tan 8 • -;::===
..¡z.2 -xl
2
So COS<p=
'V Z
b
-Xi ...f
=V¡_ (XL)
b
2

tp- cos-
1
V (i 1- f- 37°.

The current lags by <p behind the voltage.

y2 - 2 --
also P • VI cos <p • - -../ Z - Xi • .160 kW.
z2
4.138 p= y2(R + r )
( R + r )2 + ro2 L2
This is maximum when R + r • ro L for
y2 y2
P=------------------ 2
(
R+ r+ R roL )2 [ V R + r - roL ] + 2 roL
+r VR+r
y2
Thus R a: ro L - r for maximum power and Prrwc roL . •
2
Substituting the values, we get R = 200 Q and Prrwc = .114 kW.
V 2R
4.139 P = 2
R 2 + (XL - Xc)
Varying the capacitor does not cbange R so if P increases n times
Z • V R 2 + ( XL - Xc ) 2must decreases Yn times
R . ,- .
Thus cos <p = Z mercases v n times

:. % increase in cos <p = ( 'Vn - 1) x 100 % = 30.4%.

76
V 2R
4.140p - 2 2
R + (Xi.- Xc)
1
At resonance XL • Xc <Oo • ,-;-;:: •
vLC
Power generatcd will decreasc n times whcn

(XL- Xc>2 - ( mL- mlC f- (n- l )R

2

ro2 -- R
or ro - -2 • :t Vn - 1 - • :t Vn - 1 2 p.
ro L
Thus ro2 + 2 V n - 1 f3 ro - ro = O
2
(ro+ V n - 1 f, ) • ro + ( n - 1) f, 2
or
roo
-= Vl + ( n - 1) (3 2
/ :t: V n - 1 f}/ ro0

(taking only the positive sign in the first tenn to ensure positive valuc for ro .)
COo

Now

Thus
COo
-V 1+
(1
n-
+4Q2)
1
:t v n- 1 1v 1 + 4 Q 2

For large Q
,¡ en - 1 ,¡ en - 1
- 2Q - 2
Q X 1()() % • 0.5%

4.141 We have

2 2
2 2 2 2
so V¡ ) , R1 +
(R + R1)2 + XL • ( V R XL • V¡R
(V )
2
R
Hence R 2 + 2RR1 = 2 ( V 2 - V22 )
Vi
2
or R •
R (V - V 2 - V 2)
1 2 1
2 V12
 77
V R 2 V1
2
V/ 2

Heat generated in the coil - ; 2

- -2 X R1 - -2 X R (V2 - V2 - v.2 )
(R1 + R2) + XL R R 2 V12 1 2
2 2 2
V - V1 - V2
1111
2R - 30 W

4.142 Here / 2 • ; , V • effective voltage

V
I
11 - --;:===
V R + xf 2

R
and l = V V(R + R1)
2
+ xf• V V
L1R
R v 2
R1 + xf Reff
Rq¡is the impedance of the coil & the resistance in parallel.

Now l -
2 2
12 _ R
2
2
+2RR1 _
(fi) + 2RR 1

li R¡+ Xi 12 R + Xi
2

12 - lJ:- it 2RR1

li • R 2 + Xi
Now mean power consumed in the coil
= / 2 = V2 R1 2 12 l{ -
-
if 1 2 2 2
=
1 R1 • 1 2 R. = R ( / - /1 - 12 ) 2.5 W.
R2 + XL2 2122 2

4.143 1 1 1 -+z.oeo=
=1 1+ iroRC
h = R+ 1 R R
iro e
IZ 1• R •40Q
Y 1 + ( wRC )
2

(a) For the resistance, the voltage and the current are in phase. For the coil the voltage is ahead of
the current by less than 90°. Toe current is obtained by addition ·beca use the elements are in
parallel.

---------- - axis of
Volta9e

(a) (b) Ii ,r
78

(b) le is ahead of the voltage by 90°.

(e) The coil has no resistance so IL is 90° behind the voltage.

trc

(e)
Wben the coil and the condenser are in parallel, the equation is
dfi I [idt I
L dt + RI¡ • C • V,,.cos rot

I =Ji+ 12 11 Iz
iml

and
= ( 1 · C) V, = [ R- i roL + i ro C( R
2 2 2
) ]
I
R . L + l ro "' e ÍO>1 2 2 2+ ro L v. ,,. e
+iro R +roL
V,,.
Tbus, taking real parts / • Iz ( ) I cos ro t - cp )
00

1 [ R 2 + { ro C ( R 2 + ro2 L 2 ) - ro L }2 ]
where
1 ( ro ) 1= ( R2 + ro2 L2 )í72
ro L - 'º C (·R 2 2 2
L )
tan cp = - + ro
and -
R
(a) To get the frequency of resonance we 1nust define what we mean by resouance. One
definition requires the extremum (maximum or minimum) of current amplitude. The other
definition requires rapid change of phase with cp passing through zero at resonance. For
the series circuit
1
roL- -
roe
and tan cp =
R
 79

1
both definitions give oi • L C at resonance. In the present case the two definitions do
not agree (except when R • O ). The definition that has been adopted in the answer given
in the book is the vanishing of phase. This requires
C ( R 2 + o.>2 L 2 ) • L
2

- Lle - ; 2 - ro?... ro,.. - 31.6 X 10 rad/s.

1t 1t
Note that for small R , <p rapidl y changes from • - to + as ro passes through
2 2
O>,a from < rora to > ro,a .

(b) At resonance

so/ = effective value of total current = V CLR = 3.1 mA.

V -'c
similarly IL - _¿::::=- vV - - o.98 A.
YLIC L

le - mCV - VL
ye R 2 C2
- L 2 • 0.98A.

Note :- Toe vanishing of phase (its passing through zero) is considered a more basic
definition of resonance.

We use the method of complex voltage

V - TvToe io>I
v; iu>t Ic
oe . cuv e imt
Toen le = 1
= iw 0
V e L,R.
iro e
l =
v. eimt
_o
L,R R+iroL
_ V. R - i ro L + i ro C ( R 2 + oi L 2 ) iut
I • Le+ IL,R- o 2 2 2 e
R +w L
Toen taking the real part

Yo"R 2 + { ro C ( R 2 + ro 2 L 2 ) - w L } 2
I • ---------------------------------------------------- cos ( ro t - <p)
R2+ro2L2
roL-roC(R 2 + ro 2 L 2 )
where tan <p = ---------
R
80
From the previous problem
R2+002L2

z = ===========
VR 2
+ ( ro C ( R 2 + ro 2 L 2 )- ro L )
2

R2+ oo2L2
= ;::=====================================
2 2 + 2ro L ) ( 1 2- 2 oo L C2 ) +2 ro C
2 ( R2 +2 oo
2 L ) v(R
VR2+002L2 VR2+002L2
= = ;::::::::========
;::::=- 2 2 2 2 2
2 oo 2 L C ) + oo C ( R + oo L ) V 2 2
1 - oo 2 L e ) + ( oo R e) (
(a) We have
=============
Put
d <I>
E • -
•
d t • oo ct> sin ro t • L I +
v(l- 0

l = lm sin ( oo t- cp) . Toen

RI

oo <l> 0 sin oo t = oo <l> 0 { sin ( oo t - cp ) cos cp + cos ( oo t - cp ) sin cp }

= L Im oo cos ( oo t - cp) + R lm sin ( oo t - cp)
so R Im = ffi <l> 0 cos cp and L Im = <l>0 sin cp
00 <l>o oo L
or l = -;:========== and tan cp = - •
m 'VR2+oo2L2 R

(b) Mean mechanical power required to maintain rotation = energy loss per unit time
T 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 oo <l>o R
=T f RI
o
dt = 2 Rlm = 2 2
R +oo L
2 2

-+
We consider the force F12 tbat a circuit 1 cxerts un anotber closed circuit 2 :-

-+
Ji72 = f 1, d "i;x B12 ---+

in l. = µ0 11 d 11 x r12 --
Here B12 = magnetic field at the site of the current element d 12 dueto the current 11 flowing

-+ -+ -+
4 n: J ri2

where r12 = r2 - r1 = vector. from current element d- 11 tó the current element d 1-+2

--+
Now

F12 = -
ff /112
d 1-+2 x ( d- 11 x ·-r12 )
= -4
µ0 ff d - 11 (d - 12• - r12 ) - ( d-1 1
3
4 n: r12 · d -1 2) r- 12
 1112
-
3
n: 7 12
In the first term, we carry out the integration over d 1-r; first. Then
 81

because

Thus F12 =-
4 3t
ff !¡Ji d,;. di;'f
r12

Toe integral involved will depend on the vector athat defines the separation of the (suitably
chosen )centre of the coils. Let C1 and C2 be the centres of the two coil suitably defined.
Write
- -- ---
r12 = r2 - r1 • P2 - P1 + a
where -p-1 ( p2 ) is the distance of d- 11 (d- 12) from C1 (C2) and- a stands for the vector C-1-+C 2 .

Toen

and
- - [ µºJJ d4·d½l
F12 = Va fil2 -
4 TC r12
I

Toe bracket defines the mutual inductance L12 • Thus noting the definition of x

<Fx > = aaLx <f

12
1 /2 >

where < > denotes time average. Now

/i • locos w t • Real part of 10 eiwt
d/2 d/1
Toe current in the coil 2 satisfies R 12 + L2 dt = - L12 t d
-iwL12 iwt
or .l2 =R .L lo e ( in the complex case )
+lW 2

taking the real part

w L12 mLu
/2 =- 2 2 2 ( m L2 cos m t - R sin oo t ) = - -;:::==== /0 cos ( m t + cp )
R + w L2 ...jR2 + 002 L2 't

Where tan cp = -L R . i.aking ti.me average, we get

O) 2

.
The repulsive nature of the force is also consistent with Lenz's law, assuming, of comse, that
L12 decreases with x.
82

4.3 ELASTIC WAVES. ACOUSTICS

4.1S0 Since the temperature varies linearly we can write the temperature as a function of x, which
is, the distance from the point A towards B.
T2-T1
i.e., T • T + x, [O< x < l]
1
1
72
hence, dT = ( ; Ti ) dx (1)
In order to travel an elemental distance of dx which is at a distance of x from A it will takc
a time
dx
dt - _,-; (2)
av T
From Eqns (1) and (2), expressing dx in terms of dT, we get
d l ( ldT )
t- arr Tz-T1
Which on integration gives

or,

21
Hence the sought time t • ------
( Y'i;
+V'i;)
4.151 Equation of plane wave is given by
; ( r , t ) = a cos ( ro t - k- r) , where 'Te• i called the wave vector
V
I\

and n is the unit vector normal to the wave surfacc in the direction of the propagation of
wave.

P (x y.,i )
1

;, "n"'

z
 83

or, ; ( x , y , z ) • a cos ( ro t - k% x - ky y - kz z )
.
• a cos ( ro t - k x cos a - k y cos f:l - k z cos y )
Thus ; ( x1 , y1 , z1 -, t ) = a cos ( ro t - k x1 cos a - ki>71 cos '3 - k z1 cosy)
and s( x2 , y2 , z2 , t ) = a cos ( ro t - k x2 cos a - k y2 cos - k z-i cos y )
Hence the sought wave phase ifference
(J)2 - q>¡ • k [ ( Xi -'X2) cosa.+ ( Y1 - Y2) cos '3 + ( Z1 - Z2) COS y]
or A q> • 1 q>i - «J>d • k 1 [ ( x 1 - x 2 ) cos a + ( y1 - y2 ) cos fJ + ( z1 - z2 ) cos y ] 1

- ;r-o ¡ [( X¡ - X2) cos Cl + ( Y1 - Y2 ) cos '3 + ( Z1 -q ) cos y ] 1

4.152 The phase of tbc oscillation can be written as

et,= rot-k-r
When the wave moves along the x-axis
4> • ro t - kx x (On putting /c, • kz • O).
Since the velocity associated with this wave is v1

We have

Similarly

Thus

4.1!3 The wave equation propagating in the direction of +ve x axis in medium K is give as
; - a cos ( ro t- kx)

So, s • a cos k ( v t - x ) , where k • ro and, v 'is tbe wave vclocity

V

In the refrence frame K' , the wave velocity will be ( v - V) propagating in the direction of
+ve x axis and x will be x'. Tbus the sought wave equation.
; • acosk[(v-V)t-x']

or, ; • a cos [ ( ro - : V) -t h' ] • a ros [ ro t ( 1 -:

1
)- kx' ]

This follows on actually putting

;=f(t+ax)
in tbe wavc equation él;
- 1- a2;
ax2 v2 rJ t 2
(Wc have writtcn tbe one dimensional form of the wave equation.) Tben
.!.. f" ( t + ax ) • a 2 f" ( t + ax )
v2 .
84
so the wave equation is satisfied if
1
a - ::t-
v'
That is the physical meaning of the constant a .

Toe given wave equation

; • 60cos(1800t- 5·3x)
is of the type
; = a cos ( ro t- kx), where a = 60 x 10- 6 m
ro • 1800 per sec and k - 5·3 per metre
2n
As k•- so A•- 2,.;
;_, k
(J.) (J.)
and also k • - so v • - = 340 mis
V' k

(a) Sought ratio = ªA = ª2nk = 5·1 x 10-s

(b) Since ; • a cos ( ro t - k x )

!s. • - a ro sin ( ro t - k x )
éJ t
So velocity oscillation amplitude

u or vm • a ro • 0·11 mis (1)

( t ),,.

and the sought ratio of velocity oscillation amplitude to the wave propagation velocity

= Vm = 0·11= 3·2xlo-4
V 340

(e) Rclative defonnation = : ; • a k sin ( oo t - kx)

So, relative defonnation amplitude

-(:;)._•ale • ( 60 x 10- 6 4
x 5·3 ) m • 3·2 x 10- m (2)

From Eqns (1) and (2)

( il)
dX
"'
• ak • ª
00

V
. ! (E.S)
V éJt
"'
Thus ( )
éJX
- ) , where v • 340 mis is the wave vclocity.
!V ( éJt
"' "'
(a) Toe given equation is,
; = acos(oot-kx)
 85

So at
; • a coskx

Now, • - a ro sin ( ro t - k x )
dt

and - a ro sin kx, at t • O.

Also, ; • + a k sin ( ro t - k x )

and at t = O,

; - - a k sin k x .

Hence ali the graphs are similar having different amplitudes, as shown in thc answer-
sheet of the problem book.

(b) At the points, where -. O, the velocity direction is positive, i.e., along + ve x - axis in
the case of longitudinal and + ve y- axis in the case of transvel'l'ie wavcs, where is
positive and vice versa.

For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book.

In the given wave equation the particle's displacement amplitude = a e- 1"

Let two points x1 and x2 , between which the displacement amplitude differ by 11 • 1 %
So,
or
or In ( 1 - T] ) - y X1 • - Y Xi

or,
Jn ( 1 -11)
X2-X1 • -
y

So path diffcrence = - ln ( 1 -1))

y
2
and phase differencfJ • Ax x path difference

= - 2 1t In( 1- !l) • 2 TJ =
1t 0·3 rad
).. y A·y
Let S be the source whos, position vector relative to the reference point O is Since
intensities are inversely proportional to the square of distanccs,
88

lntensity at P (11 )
Intensity at Q ( / 2 ) -
- Jf
where d1 • PS and di • QS.
But intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude.

So, 2
ai • .;i or a 1 d1 • aidi • k(say)
ª2 ªi
k k
Thus d1 • - and 4i, • -
ª1 ª2
/\

Let n be thc unit vector along PQ dirccted from P to Q.

_,. I\ k"
Then PS • d1 n - -n
ª1

-+ le "
and SQ •din=-n I\

ª2
From the 1riangle law of vector addition.
-+ -+ -+ .... k,. ....
OP + PS • OS or r1 + - n = r
ª1
.... I\ ....
or a1r1+k n • a1 r (1)

Similarly (2)

Adding (1) and (2),

........
....ª1 '1 + "2 '2
Hence r • -----

(a) We know that the equation of a spheric.al wave in a homogeneous absorbing medium
of wave damping coefficient y is :
a I 0 e -yr
• ---cos(rot-kr)
r
Thus particle's displacement amplitude equals
a,0 e-yr
r
According to the conditions of the problem,
a'o e-yro
at r = r0 , a0 :a: (1)
ro
,-yr
and when r • r, - - ªº r
(2)
 87

Thus from Eqns (1) and (2)

( r- r:0 ) To
el = rJ-
T
or, y ( r - To ) = In ( l] r0 ) - In r
In l] + In To - In r In 3 + In 5 - In 10 1
or, y= = --------------------------- 0·08m-
r- r0 5
, -yr
aOe
(b) As;= --
cos(rot-kr)
r
a'oe-yr
So, at • - T ro sin ( ro t - k r )

a,
Oe
-yr
(O
( ).a r

rlut at point A,
a' O e -yr
r - -ao ll
a0 2 x
-
6
ªo ro 50 X 10- 22
(*L
3
So, X 2 X X 1•45 X 10 = 15m/s
= -- -
fl fl 3 7
(a) Equation of the resultant wave,
1; = l;1 + = 2 a cos k ( y; X) cos { ro t - k ( xz+ y) }•

• a' cos { ro t - k ( x + Y) } , where a' • 2 a cos k ' ( Y ;x )

2
Now, the equation of wave pattem is,
x + y • k, (a Const .)
For sought plots see the answer-sbeet of the problem book.
For antinodes, i.e. maximum intensity
cos k(y-x) • :t 1 • cosnx
2
2nx
±(x-y)=-k-=n>..
or, y•x:tn>..,n•0,1,2,
Hence, the particles of the medium at tbe points, lying on the solid straight lines
( y • x ± n >.. ) , oscillate with maximum amplitude.
For nodes, i.e. minimum intensity,
cosk(y-x)• O
2
k(y-x) (2 l)x
or, ± 2 = n+ 2
88
or, y • X ± ( 2. n + 1 ) A./2 ,
and hence the particles at the points, lying on dotted lincs do not oscillatc.

(b) When the waves are longitudinal,

For sought plots see the answer-shect of the problem book.

- 1 Sl
k ( y-x ) • cos - - cos- 1 -;2
a a

or, s1-;;•cos{ .
k(y- x)+cos -1 -s¡2;}
• -S;2cos k( y - x ) - sm
ºk( y - x )' sm ( cos -1S
--2;¡\)
• -
s2 cos k ( y - x ) - s.1n k ( y - X )
(1)
a a2
from (1),
if sin k ( y - x ) • O sin ( n ,w; )
;1 • ;2 (- 1t
thus, the particles of the medium at the points lying on the straight lines, y • x ±n )..
2
will oscillate along those lines (even n), or at right angles to them (odd n).

Also from (1),

,t
if cosk(y-x) •O• cos ( 2 n + 1 )
2
;{ •
2 • 1- ;22/ a2, a cuele .
a

Thus the particles, at the points, where y • x ± ( n ± 1/ 4 ) A , will oscillate along circles.
In general, all other particles will move along cllipses.

The displacement of oscillations is given by • a cos ( ro t - k x )

Without loss of generality, we confine ourselves to x • O. Then the displacement maxima
occur at co t = n :1t• Concentrate at ro t = O • Now the eneigy density is given by
w =- p a 2.co2 s in2 co t at x • O
2
T/6 time later (where T • n: is the time period) than t • O.
ro
2 2.2:1t 3 2 2
w • p a ro sin - • - p a ro • w0
3 4
1 2 2 2wo
Thus <w > .• p a ro • - - .
2 3
 89
The power output of the source much be
4 ,r, P 1 0 • Q Watt.

The required flux of accoustic power is then : Q - C

4,r,
s
Where '2 is the soJid angle subtended by the disc enclosed
by the ring at S. This solid angle is
So flux 4> = lo lo # (1-
'2 • 2 ,r, (1 - cos a)
'btf :r)
Substitution gives 4> • 2 Il x 30 [1 - l l ,. µ W • 1.99 µ w.

y:-:¡ 1
4

Eqn. (1) is a well known result stich is derived as follows; Let SO be the polar axis. Toen
the required solid angle is the area of that part of the surface a sphere of much radius whose
colatitude iss a.
a

Thus C• f 2 it sin 8 d 8 • 2 it (1 - cos a).

o
From the result of 4.162 power flowing out througb anyone of the opening

=
h/2
2 -
PV (l
)
R 2+ ( h/2 )2

= ; ( l- V 4R:+ h 2)

As total power output equals P, so the power reaching the lateral surface must be.
• P - 2p· ( 1 - h ) - Ph - O· 07W
2 V 4 R 2 + h2 V 4 R 2 + h2
We are given
• acoskxrot
so !asx .• - a k sin k x cos ro t and S • - a ro cos k x sin oo t
ut
Thus ( ; ), • 0= a cos k x , ( ; )•, v 2 = - a cos k x

( éJ X),• O
• a k sin k x , ( : !) • - t• T/2
a k sin k x
90

(a) Toe graphs of ( l;) and ( ;) are as shown in Fig. (35) of the book (p.332).

(b) We can calculatc the density as foJlows :

Takc a parallelopipcd of cross section unity and lcngth dx with its cdges at x and
x+dx.

After thc oscillation the edgc at x goes to x +!; ( x ) and the edge at x + d x goes to
x+dx+;(x+dx)
= x +d x +; ( x ) + il
éJx
dx . Thus the volume of the element (originally dx) becomes

(1+}:)dx
and hencc the density bccomes p•
Pao f: •
1+
éJx

f On substituting we get for the density p ( x ) the curves shown in Fig.(35). referred to
above.

(e) The velocity v (x) at time t = T/4 is

E s_ ) • -arocoskx
( éJt t • T/4

On plotting we get the figure (36).

Given ; =- a cos k x cos ro t

(a) The potential energy density (per unit volume) is the energy of longitudinal strain. This
is
2

wp • ( stress x strain ) • E ( :; ) , ( :; is the Jongillldinal strain)

2
wp • E a2 ¡¿. s in k x cos2 ro t

But ro2 E 2 2
-
k2
=-
p or E k = p ro
1 p a2 e.o2 s.m2 k x cos2 ro t
Thus wP •
2

(b) The kinetic energy density is

2
2 2 2 2
• p( ) • pa ro c os kxs in ro r.
 91

0n plotting we get Fig. 37 given in the book (p. 332). For example at t • O
1 2 2 • 2
w • wp + wk • p a ro si n k x
2
and the displacement nodes are at x • :t "íc so wc do get the figure.
2

4.16' Let us denote the displacement of the elements of the string by

- a-sin kx cos ro t
since the string is 120 an long we must have k-120 • n ff
If x1 is the distancc at which the displacement ,amplitude f1rst equals 3·5 mm tben
a sin k x1 • 3·5 • ásin ( k x1 + 15 k )
1t -15 k
Toen k X1 + 15 k - 3t - k X1 or k x1-
2
One can convince ourself that the string has the form shown below

· 1·5
7-5 15 15 15 15

It shows that k x 120 = 4 3t, so k • -1ct m -1

30
Thus we are dealing witb tbe tbird overtone

Also k x1 =
• so a • 3·5 V2 mm • 4·949 mm .

14. '7 We bave n • ; y[;• ; ,/'fJ

1 1
Where M • total mass of tbe wire. W!ien tbe wire
is stretched, total mass of thc wire remains constant. For the flfSt wire the new lengtb
• l + Tti l and for the record wire, the length is l + Tt21. Also T1 • a ( Tti /) where a is a
constant and T2 = a ( TJ2 l ). Substituting in the above formula.
1 .../ ( a Tt1 l ) ( l + Tt1 l)
V¡=
2 ( l + 111 l)
V M

1 .. / ( a Tt2 l ) ( l + TJ2 l )
V2 =
2 ( l + TJ2 l)
V M

• V2
V¡
= y
1 + fll
1 + T)2
fl2 •
T)¡
1 + 1')2
1 + T)¡

V2 =
v1
y Tl2(1 + TJ1 ) =
Tl2 ( 1 + T)2 )
y O· 04 ( 1 + O· 02 )
O· 02 ( 1+ O· 04 )
= 1·4
92
Let initial length and tension be l and T respectively.

So, v1 • 12,- --vJT

In accordance with the problem, thc ncw length
35
l' • l - l x • O· 65 l
100
. Tx70
and ncw tcns10n, T' • T+ • 1· 7 T
100
Thus the new frcquency
1--rr 1 'yill
v 2• 2 lV
' 2 x O· 65 l P1

V2 .¡-:¡;;j 1•3
Hence -------2
V¡O· 65 O- 65

Obviously in this case the velocityof sound propagation

V • 2 V ( 12 - 11)

wherc 12 and 11 are consecutivc lengths at which resonance occur

In our problem, ( /i - 11 ) • l
So v • 2 v l • 2 x 2000 x 8· 5 an/s • O· 34 km/s.
(a) Wben the tube is closed at one end
V
v=
41 ( 2 n + 1 ) , where n • O , 1 , 2 , ...

340
85 ( 2 n + 1 ) • 100 ( 2 n + 1)
= x O·
4
Thus for n • O , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , ... , we get
n1 • 100 1 Hz , ni • 300 1 Hz , n3 • 500 1 Hz , n4 • 700 1 Hz ,
ns • 900 1 Hz , n6 • 1100 1 Hz, n1 • 1300 1 Hz
Since v should be < v0 • 12501 Hz, we need not go beyond Hes•
Thus 6 natural oscillations are possible.

(b) Organ pipe opened from both ends vibrates with ali harm.onics of the fundamental
frequency. Now, the fundamental mode frequency is given as
V= V/A.

or, V •V/2 [
Here, also, end correction has been neglected. So, the frequencies of higher modes of
vibrations are given by
v • n (v/2 l) (1)
 93

or,
It may be checked by putting the values of n in the equation (1) that below 1285 Hz,
there are a total of six possible natural oscillation frequencies of air column in the open
pipe.

Since the copper rod is clamped at mid point, it becomes a mode and the two free ends will be
anitinodes. Thus the fundamental mode formed in the rod is as shown in the Fig. (a).
.>,

4.171 (a) 4.171 (b)

In this case, l= A
2

So, V
0
=:i =.!_\fiyf
21p 21 e
where E = Young's modules and p is the density of the copper
Similarly the second mode or tbe first overtone in the rod is as shown above in Fig. (b).
Here l = 3A

2
Hence

2n+l -
V¡= 3v = _l_
21 21 vr
p
IEwhere n = O, 1, 2 ...
V ==
21
V
Putting the given values of E and p in the general equation
v = 3·8 ( 2 n + 1 ) k Hz
Hence v0 = 3 · 8 k.Hz, v1 = ( 3·8 x 3 ) k Hz, v2 = ( 3·8 ) x 5 = 19 k Hz,
v3 = ( 3·8 x 7 ) = 26·6 k Hz, v4 = ( 3·8 x 9 ) = 34·2 k Hz,
v5 = ( 3·8 x 11) = 41·8 k Hz, v6 = ( 3·8) x 13 k Hz= 49·4 k Hz and
V7 = ( 3·8) x 14 k Hz> 50 k Hz.

Hence the sought number of frequencies between 20 to 50 k Hz equals 4.

Let two waves 1 = a cos ( ro t - k x ) and 2 = a cos ( ro t + k x ), supcrpose and as a result,

we have a standing wave (the resultant wave ) in the string of the form
= 2 a cos kx cos ro t .
According to the problem 2 a = ªm·
94
Hence the standing wave excited in the string is
• a,,. cos kx cos ro t (1)

or, • - ro a,,. cos kx sin ro t (2)

So the kinetic energy confined in the string element of length dx, is given by :
2

dr-!(7m)(*)
or, dT• 1 (m dx)
2 1
• 2 ro t
a,2,. ro2 cos2 kx sm

m a2 ro2 2
dT= "' s in2 rot cos2 ; ..,'Jt x dx
21
Hence tbe kinetic energy confined in tbe string corresponding to the fundamental tone

T•
I
2 2

dT • m a "' 00 s in rot
2
J ).12

cos2 2"A.tr, x dx
21
o

Because, for the fundamental tone, lengtb of the string l • ;

1 2 . 2
lntegrating we get, T • 4 m a,2,.ro sm oot

Hence the sought maximum kinetic energy equals, Tmax = ! m a! ro2 ,

because for Tmax, sin2 oot = 1

(ii) Mean kinetic energy averaged over one oscillation period

2 ,t/(1)
J s in 2
ootdt
<T> = f Tdt-= !.ma2 ol o
J dt 4 m
f dt
o

or,

We have a standing wave given by the equation

- a sin k x cos oot
;¡ 'j::. • k .
So, = - a ro sm x stn ro t (1)
ª'
and • akcoskx cosoot (2)
 9S

The kinetic energy confined in an element of length dx of the rod

2
2 2 2
dT • (pSdx)( ; ) • p S a2 m sin rot sin k x dx

So total kinetic energy confined into rod

).12

T• f dT • ! pS a2 m2 sin2 mt f t o
sin 2
2
xdx

T _ n:S a2 ro2 p sin2 rot

or, (3)
4k
The potential energy in the above rod element

dU -
Jau - - J lj

wbere F • ( pSdx)-:-:-1
a2;
F1 d;, a,
o
or, F¡ = - ( p S dx ) ro2 ;
¡

so, dU • 002 p S dx J; el;

o
or, dU• p 00 SS
2 2
dx• p ro2 S a2 cos 2 rot s in2 k x dx
2 2

Thus the total potential energy stored in the rod U = J

)./2
dU

or, U • pm
2
; S a cos mt
2 2
J t o
sin 2 2
x dx

22 2
U = npSa 00 cos ro t
So,
4k
To find the potential energy stored in the rod element we may adoptan easier way. We know
that the potcntial energy density confined in a rod under elastic force equals :
1 . 1 1 2
Un = ( stress x stram ) = a E = Y E
2 2 2
2
1 2 2 1 p ro 2
·2PVE•27E

=!. ( ax )
2 k2
2
=
1
2
p a 2 o>2 cos2 rot cos2 k x
96

Hence the total potential energy stored in the rod

vi
U =f Uv d V = f pa
2
ci cos2 co t cos2 k x S d x
o
2
= n: p S a 2 w cos2 w t
(4)
4k
Hence the sought mechanical energy confined in the rod between the two adjacent nodes
- 1t e oo2 ª2 s
E= T+ U - 4k
Receiver R1 registers the beating, due to the sound waves reaching
directly to it from source and the other due to the
reflection from the wall.
Frequency of sound reaching directly from S to R1
vs-R =v0- V-
when S moves towards R1
l V-U

and vs' _ R = v0 _v_ when S moves towards tbe wall

1 v+u
Now frequency reaching to R 1 after reflection from wall
V
vw-R = v0 - - , when S moves towards R1
1
v+u
' _R = v
and vw -- V , when S moves towards the wall
0
l V-U
Thus the sought beat frequency
/l. V = ( Vs-Rl- Vw-R¡) or . ( v' w-Ri- Vs-R¡)
v
= v - - v - v 2 Vo v u 2 u Vo = 1 Hz
0 - 0 - = ---2 2 • --
v-u v+u v - u v

Let the velocity of tuning fork.is u. Thus frequency reaching to tbe observer due to the
tuning fork that approaches the observer
v, = v0 -- V [ v = velocity of sound ]
v-u
Frequency reaching the observer due to the tunning fork that recedes from tbe observer
V
V
11
= V --
OV+u
1 1
So, Beat frequency v - v" = v = vv(-
0 -_ - - )
v-u v+u
2 v0 v u
or, V=
v2-u2
2 2
So, VU + ( 2 V Vo ) U - V V= Ü
 97

Hence
- 2 V Vo ± ...¡ 4 V V 2 + 4 v2 V 2
u- 2v
Hence the sought value of u, on simplifying and noting that u > O

Obviously the maximum_ frequcncy will be heard when the source is moving with maximum velocity
towards the receiver and mínimum frequency will be heard when the source recedes with
maximum velocity. As the source swing hannonically its maximum velocity equals a e.o.
Hence
V V
V - Vo --- and V ....:n - Vo ---
max v-aro .... v+aro
2
So the frequency band width Av • Vmax - vmin • v 0 v( 2 a )
v -a ro2
or, ( Av a 2 ) ro2 + ( 2 v0 v a ) ro - Av v 2 • O
- 2 Vo v a ± 'V
4 v v 2 a 2 + A v 2 a2 v 2
So, ro=------2--a-------
Av
On simplifying (and taking + sign as ro -. O if Av -. O)

ro - v vo
(V 1 +( Av )
2
_
1)
Ava v0

lt should be noted that the frequency emitted by the source at time t could not be received at the
same moment by thc receiver, becousc till that time the source will cover the distancc
! w t 2 and the sound wave will take the further time ! w t 2/v to reach the receiver. Therefore

the frequency noted by the receiver at time t should be emitted by the source at the time
t1< t . Thercforc

t¡ + ( W tt/ V ) • t (1)

and the frequency noted by the receiver

V
V• Vo (2)
· V+ W t1

Solving Eqns (1) and (2), we get Vo

V• / • 1 · 35 kHz.

V 1+ 2 t
V
9B
(a) When tbe observer receives the sound, the source is closest to
him. It means, that frequency is emitted by the source
sometimes before (Fig.) Figure shows that the source
approaches the stationary observer with velocity vs cos
0.
Hence the frequency noted by the observer
s'- :t.-- ..

= 8)
e t
'
V Vo ( V - V COS
'I
(1) ' II
• vo( v - T:I ros 8) • 1 - ;:,.,. e
x Vl 2 + x 2 x v, '\J
But -sv .. v , So, ,¡l 2+x 2 = -v = TJ o
or, cos 0 = r¡ (2)

Hence from Eqns. (1) and (2) the sought frequency

V = Vo • 5 kHz
l -TJ2

(b) When tbe source is right in front of O, the sound emitted by it will not be Doppler shifted
because 0 = 90º. This sound will be received at O at time t = .!_ after the source has
V

passed it. Toe source will by then have moved abead by a distance vs t = l r¡. Toe distance
between the source and the observer at this time will be l Vl + r¡2 = 0.32 km.

Frequency of sound when it reaches the wall

, v+u
V -v--
V

wall will retlect the sound with same frequency v'. Thus frequency noticed by a stationary
observer after retlection from wall

v" = v' _v - , since waJI behaves as a source of frequency v'.

v-u
,, v+u v v+u
Thus, v =v--·---=v--
v v-u v-u
'),.,,"= A u A11
v-u
or, V- or - -= --
v+u A v+u
A" V - U 2U
So, 1--=l---=--
A v+u v+u
Hence tbe sought percentage11 change in wavelength
A- A 2u
= r,,1 x 100 = -- x 100 % = 0.2% decrease.
v+u
 99

Frequency of sound reaching the wall.

V Vo(V U)
s (1)

Now for the observer the wall becomes a source of frequency v receding from it with velocity u
Thus, the frequency reaching the observer

v'- V (-V ) -
v +u
Vo (
v)+u
[Using (1)]

Hence the beat frequency registered by the receiver (obsetver)

, 2 UVo
/iv • v 0 - v • -- • 0.6 Hz.
v+u
Intensity of a spberical sound wave emitted from a point source in a homogeneous absorbing medium
of wave damping coefficient y is given by
I - !. p a2-e 2
Y' o>2 v
2
So, Intensity of sound at a distance r1 from the source
11 1/2 p a 2 e- 2Y "i oi2 v
=2=
'1 '1
and intensity of sound at a distance r2 from the source
2 1/2 p a 2-e 2Y' 2 oiv
= J2 / r 2 = ------...-----
'2
1 11 h
But according to the problem
Tl -;f • -;J
n ,2
So, ---
• 1

,¡
l .

or,

(a)Loudncss icvel in bells = log fo. (1 0 is tbe theshold of audibility.)

I
So, loudness level in decibells, L • 10 log
10
lx..
Tbus loudness level at x = x1 = Lx = 10 log
1
10
lx.¡_
Similarly Lx.¡_ - 10 log lo

lx.¡_
Thus L JCi - L %1 • 10 log r %1
100
l/2pa2002ve-2yx2
or, lOlog ----------- = L + lOlog e- 2y (x z- x > 1
1/2 p a2 ú)2 V e -2 y Xi Xi

LXz = Lxi - 20 y ( x2 - xi) log e

Hence L' = L - 20 y x log e [ since ( x2 - x1 ) = x ]
= 20 d B - 20 x O· 23 x 50 x O· 4343 d B
• 60dB-10dB • 50dB

(b) Toe point at which the sound is not heard any more, the loudness level should be zero.
Thus
L 60
O = L - 20 y x log e 300m
or x = 20 y log e= 20 x O· 23 x O· 4343=

(a) As there is no damping, so

2
J 1/2 p a 002 v/ r
Lr0 = 10 log To = 10 log ----:--2-:2 -- = - 20 log r 0
-'
1
1/2 p a 00 V
Similarly Lr = - 20 log r
So,

or, Lr = Lr 0 + 20 log (7r)o = 30 + 20 x log 2lO0 = 36 d B

(b) Let r be the sought distance at wbich the sound is not heard.
So, L = L + 20 log ro = O or, Lr = 20 log or 30 = 20 log
r ro r o r0 20

r ( 312)
So, log10 = 3/2 or 10 = r/20
20
Thus r = 200V10 = O· 63 Km.
Thus for r > O· 63 km no sound will be héard.

We treat the fork as a point source. In the absence of damping the oscillation has tbe form
Const.
-- cos ( ro t - k r )
r
Because of the damping of the fork the amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with
the retarded time (i.e. the time at which the wave started from tbe source.). Thus we write
for the wave amplitude.
= e- (r-;)
Const.
r
- (,+ - ) - (,+ - ) p p+clp
e e
This means that -
-= ----

x+dr
 101

rB
( 't rB-'A
--) ln-
rA = 0.12. s-1
e- V
Thus or = ,.._
rn - 'A
"t+---
v
(a) Let us consider the motion of an element of'the medium of thickness dx and unit area of
cross-section. Let 1; -= displacement of the particles of the medium at location x. Then by
the equation of motion
pdx;° = -dp
where dp is the pressure increment over the length dx
Recalling the wave equation
•• 2 ¡/t
; =V
ax 2
we can write the foregoing equation as
;l2 t
p v2 dx = -dp
ax
2

Integrating this equation, we get

A p = surplus pressure = - p v2!x5. + Const.
O

In the absence of a deformation (a wave), the surplus pressure is Ap = O. So 'Const' =

O and
2 a 'j:
Ap=-
p
v.
ax
(b) We have found earlier that

r
w = wk + wP = total energy density

w1 = ; p ( wP= ; f!
E (: = ; p v2 ( :

lt is ea&y ,,, see that the space-time average of both densities is the same and the space time
!f
average of total en rgy density is then

Toe intensity of the wave is

2
J = V <W > = < ( > Ap >
pv

Using < ( A p ) > = 12 ( A p ),,.

2 2
we get
J ( A p );.,
2p v
102
The intensity of the sound wave is
I = ( A p );. = ( Ap );.
2pv 2pv)..
Using v • v A, p is the density of air.
Thus the mean energy flow reaching the ball is
-.,.._.- .,../
R 2/ = R 2( Ap );_
re re 2pv)..

1t R 2 being the effective arca (arca of cross section) of the hall.

Substitution gives 10.9 mW.

p . . ( Ap );_
We have
4x r 2- mtens1ty- 2p v
A )
( p,,.
/pvP
or V

.v 3
1·293 kg/ m x 340 mis x 0·80w
2 re x l ·S x l ·S m2
-V 1·293 x 340 x ·8 ( kg kg m
2xx1·5x1·5
; 3 m s-
1
1
)
2

- 1 -s 2
• 4·9877 ( kg m )= 5 Pa .
( Ap ),,=
. 5 X 10-S
p
(b) We have Ap = - p v 2
ax
( A p ),,. = p v2 k ;,,. = p v 2 x v ;,,.
( Ap )m 5
m•a•---- . •3µm
2 3t p V V 2 3t X 1•293 X 340 X 6()()
6
S,,,• 3 X lQ
- • 18()f} X l0 - 6 • S X l0 - 6
).. 340/600 34
Express L in beis. (i.e. L = 5 beis).
Toen the intensity at the relevant point (at a distance r from the source) is : J0•1 cf
Had there been no damping the intensity would have been : e 21 ' 10•1<.f
Now this must equal the quantity
p
where P = sonic power of the source.
41C ,2'

Thus p
2
-= e 2 'Y' J 0 •1rf
4ñ r
or P • 41t r 2 e 2Y' / 0 •1 cf • 1.39 W.
 103

4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. RADIATION

The velocity of light in a medium of relative pennittivity E is }; . Thus tbe change in

wavelength of light (from its value in vaccum to its value in the medium) is

' A 'A, = e/ .f; - E.. • E_ (- - 1 ) = - 50 m.

V V V VE

From the data of the problem tbe relative pennittivity of the medium varíes as
ª1
E {x) • E1 e-(%/l)ln 22

Hence the local velocity of light

81
C C -ln-
X

v (x) • -_,;::::== • -- e2l tz

V E(X) y¡;_
l l 21
X

Thus the required time t • f v :

- I e
- -!
n
-
21 22

o o
81
- 1-In-
dx = _,--
•
- e 2 Ez +1
------
C 1 E¡
2 / In E2
-- 21
e
"7;_ - E1v°E;
In -
E2

Conduction current density = o E

D 1.spI acement current d enst.ty • aD
-a-t • E Eo - -
aE
•
at E
Ratio of magnitudes • Q • te • .i ro E Eo-
2, on puting the values.

- -
Ct) E Eo }dis
·,, ¡\

4.192- - éJB éJH

VxE•-ar•-floa,

= V cos ( oo t - k' r1 x - - E,,. = "/ex E,,. sin ( oo t - k- r)

At
aH
-
- -- • -
r = O
,cxE,,. .
-- Slllffi t
at
So integrating (ignoring ., constant) and

-
H=
xE,,. - 1
coscktx ck
104

4.193 As in the previous prob_l.em-+

-
H = -kxEm cos ( w t - K:"r •t =J -Em " cos ( k x-wt)
µ0 ro e

= -Vr;;-
-::- Em" COS ( k X - W t )
µo
Thus

{a) at t = -+
O H = -V/T-:o:--" Em "
cos k x
µo

(b)at t = t0 , -H= -V/T-:o:--" Em " cos ( k x - w t0 )

µo

4.194 'i;ind == f E· tfr= Em l ( COS <.o t - COS ( <.o t - k l)

= - 2 E l. sin -rol . sm( ro t - -rol)
m 2c 2c

Putting the values Em = 50 m V/m,· z = ; metre

wl 2nvl 1t X 10S 1t
----= = -
e e 3 X 108 3

= 50 m V ( - sin; ) sin ( ro t - ; )

-
E = = - 25 sin ( ro t + ; - ) = 25 cos ( ro t- ; ) mV
4.195 "j E ( t,-x)
-
B = k" B ( t1X)
-=
and -
Curl E = k" aE=
ax
_ aB
at
_ k aB
at
so
aE aB
ax at
Also

"
aB
and -+
Curl B =- j - so
ax
--
4.196 E = Em cos ( ro t - "J?. rj then as before
- _ /To" --
V - -k-X- Em
;-+
H = cos ( ro t - ,e· r J
k
 105

so

4. I,7 E = Em cos ( 2 n: V t- kx)

Thus < idis >rms = < iL > 1/2

• V2 1t Eo v E,,, - 0.20 mA/ m2 •

2
as in (196). Tbus < S" > = 3.3 µ W/ m

4.198 For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196)

<S>=l -V ¡-;:;:; E ,,2. al ong the d"rre.ction of propag.ation.

2
Hence in time t (wbicb is mucb longer tban tbe time period T of tbc wave), tbe energy
reaching tbe ball is

--
4.199 Here E = Em cos kx cos wn:R
t x V
2
2 1- r;:;:;E,,,2 x t = 5 kJ.

From div E - = O we get Emx = O so -

Em is in tbe y - z plane.
Also
aB
- -- - VXE =- V cos k X X -
E,,, cos 00 t

-+.
ar
- -
= F"x E,. sin kx cos oo t

F"xE,,, _,.
so B - --- sin kx sin co t • B,,, sin kx sin co t
co
E,,, - _.,
Where - - and B,,. l. E,,, in tbe y - z plane.

At
At
e
--
t - O, B • O, E - E,,, cos kx
t - T / 4 E • O , B • B,,.sin k x
 - - --
106
E • E,,. cos k x ro t
- = --rxE,,. sin k x sin ro t (exactly as in 199)
H
J.lo (1)
- - - - -
E,,. x ( l?'x E,,. ) 1
S • ExH - ----- sin2kx sin2rot
Jlo O) 4

Thus Sx • ! E0 c E sin2kxsin2rot --
1
-
< s" > = o

Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W,: = C V,;

2
=- !. V. 2 Eo nR
2 "' d
(d = separation between the plates, reR 2 • area of each plate.).
V • V,,. sin ro t, V,,. is the maximum voltage
Changing electric field causes a displacement current
. = -¡¡¡
}d,s
éJD = E ,,. 00 COS 00 t
Eo

Eo ro V,,.
= d cos ro t

This gives rise to a magnetic field B ( r) (ata radial distancc r from the centre of the plate)
2 2 Eo ro V,,.
B ( r ) · 2 1t r - Jlo re r jdis • J.lo rc r d cos oo t
1 r
B • Eo J.loOOd V,,,cos oot
2
Energy associated with this field is
2 2
3 B 1 2 00 IR 2 2 2
= E0 µ0 2 2 re r r dr x d x V,,. cos ro t
= fd r
2 J.lo 8 d o
1 2 ro2 R 4 2 2
= 16 """'E O ru • d -- V.
m cos ro t

Thus the maximum magnetic energy

E2 R2
W = oJ!o ( R)2 y2
"' 16 ro d "'
2
Hence W 1
- ,,, = - Eo l.lo ( co R )2 =1 ( oocR) = 5 x 10-1s
We 8 8
The apptoximation ate va\id only if ro R << e .
 107

Here / • Im cos ro t, then the peak magnetic eneigy is

1 2 1 2 2
W,,. = LI,, . • JJo n21,, , xR d
2 2
Changing magnetic field induces an electric field wbich by Faraday's ,law is given by

E · 2 x r • - dt f- B · d S • x r 2 JJo n 1,,. w sin ro t

E = r JJo n I,,. ro sin ro t

Toe associated peak electric energy is
1 1 1r-R 4
W,: • 2 3 Eo E d r 2 = 2 Eo JJó J,,. ro sm ro t x - - d
2
1
8 2 2 . 2
2 ,. 1 (
2
2
J
Hence -Wt: • - EoJlo(roR) • - -ro R)
W,,. 8 8 e
Again we expect tbe results to be valid if and only if
00
( / ) « 1

lf the cbarge on the capacitor is Q, the rate of increase of the capacitor's energy
• .!!_(!_Q2•) QQ• d QQ
dt 2 e e Eo x R 2

Now electric field between the plates (inside it) is, E = .

xR e0
.
So displacement current • a!!Dt • Q
u 1r-R2

This will lead to a magnetic field, (circuital) inside the plates. At a radial distance r
2 1r.r H 8 (r) - 1tr
2 .Q
or H8 •
Qr .
2
1r.R 21r.R

Hence H8 (R) • R at the edge.

2
Thus inward Poynting vector = S - Q x Q
2xR xR2eo
.
Total flow = 2 xR dx S = Q d Proved
xR Eo
Suppose the radius of the conductor is R0• Then the conduction current density is
. I l pi
Je • • oE or E • 2 •
xRo xRo o xRo

where p • -l 1.s bt e res1.st1.v1ºt y.

(1
108

lnside the conductor there is a magnetic field given by

I
H·21t R0 = I or H = 2 at the edge
1tRo
:. Energy Oowing in per second in a section of length l is
¡2 l
EH x 2 'Jt R0 l • p 2
1tRo
1
But the resistance R • p
1tRJ
Thus the energy flowing into the conductor z / 2 R .

Here ne v - I/1tR 2
wbere R = radius of cross section of the conductor and n = charge density (per unit volumc)
1 2 - ¡-:¡;fj
Also m v - e U or v • V .
2
Thus, the moving protons have a charge per unit length

• n e 1tR
Vr-2;e;U-_
2 • ¡-

This gives rise to an electric field at a distance r given by

E•.!_ - r-;;-/ 21tr

Eo V 2eU
1
Toe magnetic field is H = - ( for r >R )
2 rr.r
Thus
1
S = \ 2 mu radially outward from the axis
Eo 4 'Jt r 2e

This is the Poynting vector.

Within the solenoid B = n I and the rate of change of magnetic energy

· m= ddt
=W (1 2
2 2
n l 1tR l 2) 2 2 ·
= µ 0 n 1tR 111

where R = radius of cross section of the solenoid l = length.

Also H = BI = ni along the axis within the solenoid.
By Faraday's law, the induced electric field is
2 • 2 •
E 8 21t r = 1t r B = 'Jt r n1
1 .
or E8 • nlr
2
 _109

so at the edge Ea (R) = ! nj R (circuital)

Toen S, • E8 Hz (radially inward)
. 1 2 • 2 2
and W,,, • n I IR x 2 1t R l • n 1t R l I I as before.
2
Given 'P2 > 'P1
Toe electric field is as shown by
the dashed lines (---- ···· --- ). <f,
Toe magnetic field is as sbown
( 0) emerging out of the paper.
,, o o o j

-+ -+ -+
S • E x H is parallel to the wires
and towards right.
Hence source must be on the Jeft.

Toe electric field (---- .) and the magnetic field (H .) are as shown.
Toe electric field by Gauss's theorem is like
A
Er = -r

Integrating cp - A In '- 2 o
r

so

V
Toen E•--
'
2
-
rln
r1
I
Magnetic fie)d is Ha=- --
2xr
Toe Poynting vector S is along the Z axis and non zero between the two wires
( r1 < r < r2 ) • Toe tot l power flux is

=
I IV
--
, 21tr ln-
1
--· 21trdr
2 '2
'1
= IV

As in the previous problem

V0 cos ro t 10 cos ( ro t - cp )
E,•---- and Ro•------
r2 2,ir
rln'1-

Hence time averaged power flux ( along the z axis ) = ! V0 10 cos cp

110
1
On using <cosoot cos(oot-q>)> • cosq>.
2

Let n be along the z axis. Then

Sin • E1" H1, -E1, H1"
and
Using the boundary condition E 1 , • E2 , , H1 , • H2t at the boundary ( t • x or y) we see
that

P · a IP::::-\.i when
2
I

p_.• I e-r_• .• I _. e I
¡ •r• •·-
-em m-r-•--
' ' m• ' ' m ' '
'
e¡ e
if - • - • fixed
m; m
d2
But -
2
I m¡ r;• O for a closed system
dt
Hence p - o.
1.212 p = l
4 3t Eo
2 2 2 2
1p
1 - ( e 00 a ) c os e.o t
1 2 1 e2ro 4 2
Thus < P > • -- - - ( e 002 a )2 x - • a • 5.1 x 10- 15 W.
3 3
4 1t Eo 3 e 2 12 n e0 e
1.213 Here
e
.:..¡. e 2q l
p • - x force • .
m mR
2 2
4 1tEo q) _L
2

Thus p. 1 ( e
( 4 3t Eo ) 3
mR 2 3 e 3•

.214 Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In
that region, we can write

and apply the previous problem's formula

Tbus AW 1 2 00( .!J!!.:2.. )2 dt

... (4nEo)3 J? m (b2+v2t2)2
(the integral can be taken between ± 00 with little error.)
112
4.217 P is a fixed point at a distance / from the equilibrium position of the particle. Because
l > a , to first order in the distance between P and the instantaneous position of the particle
is still l. For the first case y = O so t = T/ 4
Toe corresponding retarded time is t ' • ! -

Now j," ( t ' ) • -

2
00 a cos ro ( !-! ) • - 00 a
2
sin :
1

001
For the second case y • a at t - O so at the retarded time t' • -
e
••
ro
co
s-l
Thus y(t,)•-r a
2
c
Toe radiation fluxes in the two cases are proportional to ( ·j, ( t ' ) )2 so
2 rol b . .
-SS1 • tan - • 3 .06 on su sti tutl on.
2 e
Note : Toe radiation received at P at time t depends on tbe acceleration of tbe charge at the
retarded time.

4.218 Along the circle x • R sin w t , y • R cos e.o t

where w = ; . If t is e parameter in x ( t ) , y ( t ) and 1

t' is the observer time t'hen
t , = t + _l-_x ( t_._)
e
o p
where we have neglected tbe effect of tbe y--cordinate
which is of second order. Toe observed cordinate are -V- ,. .
x'(t') = x(t), y'(t') = y(t) 2

Then
dt'
... ft.
dt' dtd't
dt = -
wR
1--cos cot
sin w t
-----
-cox
1-
-vx/R
1-
cR
e e

and = !!!_!!_(-V x/R)

dt' dt 1 _!_l
cR

1
2
v (vc-R
R l.)
=--- =-----
1-
cR

This is the observed acceleration.