GENERAL SCIENCE REVIEWER
1st Quarter
2013-2014
SCIENCE PROCESSES
Observe- to use one or more of the five senses
to gather information; different (measuring)
tools and equipment are also used to make
observations.
Qualitative observation- gathering information
and/or describing the objects/things using the
five senses; description of objects; Ex. The blue
book is new and smooth. It is very thick.
Quantitative observation- gathering
information using measuring tools and
equipment; properties that can be measured; Ex.
The mass of the book is 100 g. It is 30 cm long
and 25cm wide.
Collect Data- gathering information about
observations and measurements in a systematic
way; tables and charts are used to systematically
collect data
Predict- to say what is going to happen in the
future, often on the basis of present indications
or past experience
Experiment- a test, especially a scientific one,
carried out in order to discover whether a
hypothesis is correct; testing the hypothesis
Measure- something used to figure quantity:
something used to determine a quantity; mass,
volume, length
Communicate- giving or exchanging
information verbally, orally/and or in writing;
enables an individual to express ideas, feelings
and needs to others
Infer- making an early conclusion based on
certain observations; to come to a conclusion or
form an opinion about something on the basis of
evidence or reasoning
Hypothesize- It is a tentative conclusion or
answer to a specific question raised at the
beginning of the investigation; educated guess
about the answer to a specific question
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Solution- a mixture of two or more components;
has 1 color, 1 phase, 1 layer, 1 form all
throughout; a solution consists of two
components called the solvent and the solute.
Generally, the component present in small
amount is called the solute; the solute and the
solvent dissolve in each other. Usually the
solvent is the component present in greater
amount. Ex. sugar solution- sugar is the solute
and water is the solvent
Suspension- a mixture of 2 or more
components, has 2 or more phases, 2 or more
layers; some particles settled at the bottom,
some float Ex. Water and oil, gravel and sand
Colloid- looks like a solution but the particles
are bigger than of the solution, Exhibits Tyndall
effect- (scattering of light; scattered particles
block the light; beam of light is visible) Ex.
Starch solution, paint, paste/glue
Homogeneous mixture- a mixture which has
only one phase, solution is a homogeneous
mixture; Ex. Water and salt
Heterogeneous mixture- a mixture which has
two or more phases, suspension is a
heterogeneous mixture; Ex. Halo-halo
Solubility- there is a maximum amount of solute
that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at
a certain temperature
Saturated solution- the solution that contains
the maximum amount of solute dissolved by a
given amount of solvent; if you add more solute
to the solvent, it will no longer dissolve. The
solution has reached its saturation point; the
presence of an excess solid which can no longer
dissolve is evidence that the solution is saturated
Unsaturated solution- when it contains less
solute than the maximum amount it can dissolve
at a given temperature; has not reached the
saturation point yet
Supersaturated solution- beyond the maximum
capacity; very temporary condition, when the
solution is heated and cooled or disturbed
crystallization may occur
Concentration- describes the relative amounts
of solute and solvent in a given volume of
solution
Concentrated- When there is a large amount of
dissolved solute for a certain volume of solvent;
more solute less solvent
Dilute- A solution that has a small amount of
dissolved solute in comparison to the amount of
solvent; more solvent less solute
Mixture- combination of two or more
components; can be separated by physical
means: filtration, evaporation, distillation,
decantation, sieving or using magnets; may be
solid, liquid or gas; may be homogeneous or
heterogeneous
Pure Substance- a pure form of matter, cannot
be divided into simpler form by ordinary means;
element and compound
Element- simplest form of matter; indivisible;
atom is the smallest unit of element
Compound- combination of two or more
elements; can be separated but not by ordinary
means; electrolysis (a process to separate the
components of water from each other through a
passage of electric current) molecule is the
smallest unit of a compound
Metal- appears to the left of the dark ziz-zag
line on the periodic table. Most metals are solid
at room temperature.
Luster- Shiny;
Ductile- can be drawn into wires like copper;
Malleable- can be hammered into thin sheets;
Conductor; High Melting point; Dense ; can
corrode or form rust
Non-Metal- occur to the right of the dark zigzag
on the periodic table. Although Hydrogen is in
family 1, it is also a nonmetal. Many nonmetals
are gases at room temperature; Dull; Brittle;
Insulator; Low melting point; Less dense
Metalloid- Metalloids can be found clustered
around the dark zigzag line that separates metals
and non-metals. Metalloids (metal-like) have
properties of both metals and nonmetals; solids
that can be shiny or dull; conduct electricity
and heat better than nonmetals but not as well
as metals; malleable and ductile
Periodic Table- it tells about elements;
elements are arranged in columns which are
called family or group-they have similar
properties; elements are also categorized into
rows called series or periods- they do not have
similar properties
Acid- Turns blue litmus paper to red; Tastes
sour; Corrosive; Harmful or fatal if swallowed
Strong irritant to eye, skin and mucous
membrane; pH 7 below (Red pH paper- strong
acid)
Base- Turns red to blue; Tastes bitter; Slippery;
Causes severe eyes and skin damage and burns;
Fatal if swallowed; pH 7 above (blue/purple pH
paper-strong base)
Physical property- Property that can be
specified without reference to another substance
and that can be measured without causing a
chemical change
Intensive property- Properties regardless of the
amount; does not depend on the amount of an
object, whatever the amount is the property is
still the same; Color, Taste Boiling point,
Freezing point, Melting point,
Density- amount of mass per volume of an
object; denser sinks, less dense floats
(D = m/v)
Extensive property- Properties which depend
on the amount of an object; bigger object has
bigger amount, smaller object has smaller
quantity; Volume, Shape, Size,
Diameter, Mass, Length, Height, Weight
Chemical property- Ability of a substance,
either by itself or with other substances to
undergo a change into new substances
Physical Change- changes in the physical
appearance only, the composition is still the
same, can return to its original state; no new
substance is formed
Chemical Change- Changes in the physical
state; cannot return in its original state; new
substance is formed;
Evidences of chemical change- Change of
color; Evolution of smoke/gas; Increase in
temperature
Additional Concepts:
Water Displacement method- used to measure
the volume of irregular object. The volume of an
irregular object is equal to the final volume of
the water with the object minus the initial
volume of the water without the object.
Independent variable- manipulated variable;
As the scientist changes the independent
variable he observes what happens; variable that
affects the dependent variable. Ex. The effect of
fertilizer in okra plant. The fertilizer affects the
plant.
Dependent variable- responding variable;
variable that is affected by the dependent
variable; the variable that is observed. Scientist
focuses his or her observation on it, to see how it The plant to be used. (okra plant only)
responds to change made to the independent The amount water/ fertilizer. (same amount)
variable. Ex. The effect of fertilizer in okra
plant. The okra plant is affected by the Steps in Scientific Method
fertilizer. (Observe)
Examples: Formulate a problem
How much water flows Gather data
-Opening of faucet: independent Hypothesize
- amount of water flowing: dependent Test hypothesis/Experiment
Growth of plant Interpret/analyse data
- type of fertilizer: independent Make Conclusion
- height of the plant : dependent (Verification)
Recommendation
Controlled variable/Constant- the variable that Publish
is the basis of the experiment; something that
will always remain the same in your experiment;
unchanged
Examples:

Good Luck!

Prepared by: Marian Grace C. Toribio

General Science Teacher