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Full Paper
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EFFECT OF TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION ON Article history
Received
EXISTING PILE IN SAND 18 January 2018
Received in revised form
Siti A’idah Mohammad Asma’ona, Aminaton Martob, Siti
Accepted
Norafida Jusoha, Houman Sohaiea

aFacultyof Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

bMalaysia-Japan *Corresponding author
International Institute of technology, Universiti
aidahasmaon12@gmail.com
Tekkologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

Graphical abstract Abstract

Recent developments in a country have indirectly heightened the need for
underground exploration, especially on tunnelling works. Tunnelling induced
ground movement and thus influence the movement of existing structure. This
study focuses on the tunnel-soil-pile interaction by performing a physical modelling
test. Volume loss, tunnel depth and type of soil is kept constant while the variable
was the location of the pile. The construction of tunnel significantly affected the
surface settlement of sand. In greenfield condition, the shallower the tunnel, the
higher the surface settlement occurred. In the presence of pile, the surface
settlement occurred are larger compared to the greenfield condition depending
on the location of the pile. The closer the pile to the tunnel, the smaller the surface
settlement induced above the tunnel crown. Tunneling induced pile movements;
the axial movement variation is more pronounced with the location of the pile while
it was insignificant for lateral movement.

Keywords: Tunnel-Soil-Pile Interaction, Greenfield Condition, Pile Movement, Ground

Surface Settlement, Tunneling

Abstrak
Perkembangan pembinaan dalam sesebuah negara pada masa kini secara tidak
langsung telah meningkatkan keperluan untuk menggunakan ruang bawah tanah
terutama pada kerja terowong. Pengorekan terowong akan mempengaruhi
pergerakan struktur yang sedia ada. Maka, kajian ini bertumpu kepada interaksi
antara terowong-cerucuk-tanah yang akan dilihat melalui model fizikal makmal.
Sepanjang ujikaji dijalankan, nilai yang tidak berubah ialah jumlah kehilangan
tanah, kedalaman terowong yang dibina, serta jenis dan ketumpatan tanah yang
digunakan. Manakala yang dibiarkan berubah ialah lokasi terowong daripada
cerucuk. Pembinaan terowong menyebabkan enapan pada permukaan tanah
berlaku. Dalam keadaan ‘greenfield’, semakin cetek pengorekan terowong,
semakin tinggi enapan yang berlaku. Dengan kehadiran cerucuk, enapan
permukaan tanah adalah lebih rendah, bergantung pada kedudukan pembinaan
terowong daipada cerucuk. Semakin hamper terowong dengan cerucuk sedia
ada, semakin kecil enapan permukaan tanah yang berlaku di atas bumbung
terowong. Pengorekan terowong akan menyebabkan pergerakan cerucuk; variasi
pergerakan enapan cerucuk dapat dilihat dengan jelas apabila terowong dibina
dalam jarak yang berbeza dari cerucuk manakala pergerakan sisi terowong tidak
menunjukkan perubahan yang jelas

Kata kunci: Interaksi Terowong-Tanah-Cerucuk, Keadaan Hijau, Pergerakan

Cerucuk, Enapan Permukaan Tanah, Pembinaan Terowong

© 2017 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved

78:1 (2016) 1–5 | www.jurnalteknologi.utm.my | eISSN 2180–3722 |

2 Siti A’idah et al / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78:1 (2016) 1–5
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Speedy development of big cities nowadays has
given rise to the construction of tunnel as it can be
used for different purposes such as to accommodate
transport, electricity, water supply and sewerage to
name a few. The construction of tunnel makes use
the available underground spaces when on the
ground surface has already compact with building
and highway. Design and method of construction
for the tunnel will usually vary depending on the
function of the tunnel to be construct and the on-site
soil characteristic. Such differences can be seen
especially in the design of big tunnel because the
bigger the tunnel size, the higher the degree of
interaction between soil and tunnel. Tunnel design
also deals with the size of a tunnel, in which it must be
sufficient enough to accommodate to its respective
function. To comply with the function and the
agreed design, construction of tunnel sometimes can
be closed to the existing structures underground such
as utilities or foundation of a building. A large
structure such as the foundation of a building can
eventually be affected by the tunnel construction,
be it the movement of the surrounding ground, the
pile or the building itself. It is important to understand
and analyses the effect of tunnelling before, during
and after the construction so that hazard can be
minimized and risk mitigation can be prepared
beforehand. Major constraints that cannot be
avoided during tunnelling is the settlement of the
ground surface due to the soil movement.
A lot of studies were conducted to investigate the
interaction between tunnel-soil-pile in understanding
the behaviour of this interaction. A different
approach was used include empirical, analytical,
numerical, physical modelling and full-scale field
approach. The most preferred method is the
physical modelling of the test are repeatability and
boundary condition can be set depending on the
required conditions. Recent research with regards to
physical modelling was conducted by Sun and Liu
(2014), where it presents an experimental
investigation of internal soil deformation ahead of a
tunnel boring machine by using transparent sand
and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques.
This study will focus on the physical modelling
approach on the tunnelling effect to the ground
surface settlement. Prediction of ground settlement
is considered as highly significant in the design of
tunnels located in urban areas. Another focus will be
on the effect of tunnelling to the movement on
underground structure, in this case, the pile
foundation. Movement of existing pile are means by
its pile head settlement and the lateral movement.
By using a reduced scale of physical models, the
mechanism of ground and the existing pile
movements subjected to the tunnel excavation can
be analysed. The testing of the physical model will
be conducted at D03, Geotechnical Laboratory,
Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM. The advantages
are that the tests can be repeated with planned
variation and that the model can be observed
continuously, which is not generally possible in the
full-scale test, where infield it is hard to repeat and
requires more time frame.
The construction of underground tunnels basically
gives more advantages, especially because there
were already many large structures on the surface,
which limits the space for its need. Consequently,
construction of tunnel underground can actually
affect what’s already beneath. In this issues, the
effect of tunnelling on pile foundation is one the
aspect that being studies recently (Chiang and Lee,
[1]; Dias and Bezuijen, [2]; Raja, [3]). Laboratory
physical modelling has been a choice for many
researchers when dealing with the effects of tunnel
excavation due to reduced scale factor applied.
In construction, soft clay is easily susceptible to the
stability and settlement problem due to its physical
properties. This deposit tends to face construction
problem of insufficient bearing capacity, excessive
post-construction settlement and instability on
excavation forming (Che Mamat [4]). Soft soil has
characteristic of high compressibility, low shear
strength and low permeability. Clay, sand and silt
are a general type of soft soil. The nature is
dependent on the compositions and properties that
present in the mineral thus, each type of soft soil can
have slightly different characteristic.
Aoyagi [5] notes that in cohesionless soils, the
strength is governed by frictional properties. There
will be a rapid reduction in ground strength and an
increase in soil deformation with the removal of stress
on the side of the tunnel. This is supported by recent
research, Leca and New [6] said the rate of ground
deformation is faster in cohesionless soil than a
cohesion soil due to additional long-term
deformations as a result of pore pressure change.
Tunnelling will influence ground deformation due to
changed fluidity and mechanical properties of the
disturbed soil (Jiang and Yin [7]).
Stability and rigidity of the ground and tunnel are
the important constraints when excavation is made
in soft ground. To control the stability, for a face to
be able to continue function in it determined cross
section after passing the required location. Review
of Fargnoli et.al. [8] from previous researchers
highlighted the importance of having a face support.
It is because pressurised face tunnelling tends to
restrict ground movements developing ahead of the
tunnel face. Importance of analysis on requirement
of face support is agreed by Mohammadi, et. all, [9]
in which, he explained that surface upheaval can be
the result of high face pressure occur whereas low
face pressure leads to sudden collapse of the face
and ultimately settlement of the surface. Installation
of shield during tunnelling literally help to pushed and
hold the surrounding soil thus preventing the cave-ins
of the ground, in which the shield is made up from
iron or steel cylinder (Fargnoli et.al., [8]).
To clearly understand the ground surface
settlement behaviour due to tunnel construction,
3 Siti A’idah et al / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78:1 (2016) 1–5
observations are made under a greenfield condition.
It is the condition without the presence of any other
structure. Ways of determining can be in the form of
field observation, numerical analysis or physical
modelling. In which, all of this testing procedure can
provide a reliable data and measurement.
From Figure 2.14, it illustrates the advancement of
the tunnel gives an effect in transverse and
longitudinal direction. For both settlement trough,
the Gaussian profile can be adopted for the
empirical analysis of the settlement. The graphical
analysis of the settlement is shown in Figure 2.15. The
parameter i (trough width) correspond to the size of
the trough, which depends on the type of soil and
tunnel construction technique (Bilotta, [10])
Figure 1 Longitudinal and transverse settlement in
greenfield condition (Attewel et.al., [11])
(a) Transverse settlement trough
(b) Longitudinal settlement trough
Figure 2 Transverse and longitudinal settlement
A great deal of previous research into tunnel
excavation has focused into its effect to the
surrounding structure, focusing to the tunnel-soil-pile
interaction. Piles, without doubt, are sensitive
towards tunnelling activities, as mentioned by
Marshall and Haji [12]), existing pile could risk in the
reduction of their end-bearing capacity and shaft
friction resistance due to the displacements and
ground stress redistributions that occur during
construction of the new tunnel.
The tunnel-pile interaction in sand include the pile
behaviour in terms of pile head settlement, pile
lateral movement, axial forces and also bending
moment induced. Tunnelling in presence of pile
gives different settlement on the ground surface
when compared in greenfield condition.
Ground movement due to the construction of a
tunnel in most cases lead to further settlement and
tilting to nearby existing pile foundation (Ng et al.,
[13]). Interaction of tunnel-soil-pile has been
previously encountered by means of field
observation. A jack system was installed in the shaft
basement and operated in response to a precise
levelling system focused on avoiding differential
settlement along the structure. The inclinometer is
another instrument commonly used to measure the
lateral soil movement and lateral pile deflections
occur in pile. In a study by Raja [3], the comparison
between field observation and FEM analysis was
made, indicate the different lateral deflection on the
field and by software analysis, shown in Figure 2.18.
Figure 3 Lateral Pile Deflection from case history
(Raja, [3])
A study conducted by (Marshall and Mair [14]),
using a physical modelling approach under
centrifuge condition, it was found that the
magnitude of displacement of the pile in the position
directly above the tunnel crown is increased
substantially after 0.9% volume loss. This results
somehow relate the relative pile–tunnel position to
the volume loss at which large pile displacements
occurred. Meguid and Mattar, [15] focus on the
finding towards tunnel lining response in his research,
but they also found that the piles in the close vicinity
of the tunnel did experience an increased stress level
due to the stress redistribution around the excavated
tunnel.
2.0 METHODOLOGY
The methodology of this study will cover four
phases of work, where it eventually gives output on
the ground surface settlement and pile movement
induced by tunnelling using laboratory physical
modelling. The analysis of this output fulfilling the
4 Siti A’idah et al / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78:1 (2016) 1–5

objectives of the research. All the test conducted in

this study have been carried out at D03,
Geotechnical Laboratory at Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia.
Preparation of material and equipment used in
physical modelling include testing on the physical
properties of sand, model of the box, tunnel, and pile
and also the setup of the apparatus.
Preparation of physical model was based on
research done by Sohaie [16]. Model box with a
dimension of 60 cm length x 60 cm width x 50 cm
height was used to illustrate the underground
condition for the tunnelling work, as shown in Figure
3.3. Previously, similar approaches in using the
concept of the box were adopted by Juneja and
Dutta, [17] in their study of ground loss prediction. To
avoid the influence of boundary condition, Sohaie
[16] suggests that the dimension of the box must be
four times of the tunnel diameter from the area
excavated.
Figure 3.4 Sand hopping for the relative density of
50% (medium sand)

The tunnel shield diameter which represents the

Figure 4 Model box used in physical modelling test
The box was placed under a sand hopper and
sand is poured and collected into the model box
with controlled relative density. It is poured until sand
reach the depth of required cover-to-diameter ratio
(C/D). Dry pluviator system varies the density by
changing the drop height and flow velocity. This
system consists of a sand hopper, shutter, fixing
device, diffuser system and soil collector (Sohaie,
[16]), in which the sand hopper is moved manually
over the soil box area (Figure 3.4). Trial and error
calculation was done to determine the respective
distance from the sieve and sand surface in order to
maintain 50% relative density of sand.
casing of a tunnel, have bigger diameter than the
tunnel lining by 1.2 mm diameter. This is where the
casing method is being applied. In this small-scale
model, simulation of volume loss that occurs due to
tunnelling was applied through the casing method. It
is introduced by Meguid and Mattiar [15] as an
appropriate method, where it controlled the ground
volume loss induced by the process of pulling out the
tunnel shield in 1g condition. Tunnel Boring Machine
(TBM) is the real application of this tunnelling method.
Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6 represents the schematic
and actual tunnel and its shield respectively. The
difference in diameter of the tunnel and its shield
give a constant volume loss of the tunnel throughout
the test. Tunnel and tunnel shield was placed inside
the box and sand is poured until it covered the
tunnel with a respective Cover to Diameter (C/D)
ratio.
Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the tunnel diameter

For the pile, it was made from hollow aluminium

tube with a length of 20 cm, 0.9 cm external
diameter and have a thickness of 0.8mm. A strain
gauge is attached at 8 points along the pile to assess
data for the movement of the pile, shown in Figure
3.7. In this study, it implies that pile existed before the
tunnel construction. Thus, the pile was located at a
5 Siti A’idah et al / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78:1 (2016) 1–5

horizontal distance of 50mm (1D) and 100mm (2D) With the completion of the setup of instruments,
from tunnel axis. construction of the tunnel was simulated by the
Granular material which is a medium sand type is pulling out of the barrel by an electric motor. An
used in this testing and laboratory physical modelling average speed of 0.13 cm/sec over 6 consecutive
is carried out under 1g. The effects of the boundary minutes was provided by the pulling out system of the
can be negligible suggested by extended the model electric motor. It is to simulate the real excavation
dimensions at least 4 times of tunnel diameter from rate of about 0.12 m/hr. Tunnelling was progressively
the excavation area. The equipment for dry carried out until the shield is completely out from the
pluviation method, this method consists of a sand box. Data obtained was read and recorded by the
hopper, shutter, diffuser and a model box to collect Data Logger throughout the tunnelling process.
the sand poured. During the pulling out process of tunnel shield, the
During the pluviation process, the pile will be overburden soil is allowed to move into the tunnel
placed to the location and distance accordingly. centre with a fixed volume loss. This volume loss that
Pile with the dead load above it fixes within tunnel occurs during tunnelling was controlled by the casing
influence zone and in a straight position. The sand method present in the study, it specifically gives a 5%
box afterwards being set up with the Linear Variable of volume loss. Figure 3.10 shows the whole test
Differential Transducers (LVDTs) that afterwards system.
connected to the data logger. The setup of LVDTs is
shown in Figure 3.8. A total of three LVDT To measure
the soil settlement profile, LVDT was placed at
ground surface following method by Lam et.al., [19].
One LVDT was placed on the pile laterally to look for
the pile head settlement and another one was
placed on the pile head for the determination of pile
axial deformation.
Testing was carried out in four conditions. Test no.1
and test no.2 were under greenfield condition where
each test varies in the value of cover to diameter
ratio. For test no.3 and no.4, the pile was embedded
into the sand at distance of 1D and 2D from tunnel
centre, where D is the diameter of the tunnel. Soil
settlement profile was determined from the data Figure 7 Whole system of the physical modelling
obtained through LVDTs which were placed at test
ground surface (Lam et.al., [18]) and at pile lateral
and axial movement determined from the LVDTs
positioned at above and lateral side of the pile. 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 3.9 (b), (c) is the schematic diagram that
illustrates the position of pile set for the physical The results presented afterwards will relate to the
modelling testing. surface settlement in greenfield condition and with
the presence of the pile.

4.2.1 Longitudinal Surface Settlement

The results shown in Figure 4.1 were obtained at the

centre axis to the tunnel centre throughout the
excavation process. Based on the result, a graph of
longitudinal surface settlement (mm) was plotted
against the longitudinal length of the tunnel. The
data were normalized with respect to the diameter
(D) of the tunnel. The x-axis is the length of the tunnel
where the direction of tunnelling is towards the
positive part of the graph. It can be shown from the
graph that as the tunnel advance, settlement
occurred and this settlement dramatically increased
when Y/D is between 1 – 2 and it becomes almost
steady after Y/D = 3. Marto et al. [19]) stated that
the point of this sudden increase of settlement is
where the critical point located. Before this point, it is
Figure 6 Schematic diagram for physical modelling the best time to install the support. In engineering
test practice, Wu and Lee [20] mentioned that to prevent
collapse, a tunnel must be supported immediately
knowing that the critical point of the settlement.
6 Siti A’idah et al / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78:1 (2016) 1–5

Different cover to diameter C/D ratio resulting in a

different value of surface settlement induced. With
the same relative density, which is medium dense
sand, the higher C/D ratio gives a lesser settlement.
Disturbance during excavation work causes the
rearrangement of the particles. Different settlement
occurs is the result of different particle size distribution
of the sand in different C/D ratio. After passing
through of the tunnel shield at respective monitoring
part, the soil particles started to consolidate and thus
decreased the value of settlement occur (Chen et
al. 2011). Abdullah, (2015) obtained the same trend Figure 9 Transverse surface settlement with different
of the settlement with respect to different C/D ratio. cover to diameter ratio
This indicates that the depth of the tunnel and the
surface significantly affect the amount of settlement 4.3 Ground Surface Settlement with Pile Existence
occurs.
From Figure 4.3, it interprets the ground settlement
occurs in greenfield condition and with a presence
of pile, for the cover to diameter ratio of 3. The
maximum ground settlement was measured after the
completion of tunnel excavation process, where it
almost reach the steady-state condition at the end
of tunnelling work. The surface settlement was higher
in the location of pile located far from the centre of
the tunnel. The presence of pile contributes to the
reduction of surface settlement as the pile resist the
sand movement and when the tunnel excavates
near to the existing pile, the ground settlement occur
are lesser than in greenfield condition. It can be
observed that the maximum ground settlement was
Figure 8 Longitudinal surface settlement with
0·72% happened in greenfield condition whereas, it
different cover to diameter ratio
gives 0.58% ground settlement in the presence of pile
1D from the tunnelling work. According to Basile [21],
4.2.2 Transverse Surface Settlement
the presence of piles increases the soil stiffness,
thereby reducing the induced ground movements.
The transverse surface settlement was obtained
This was demonstrated numerically in research done
from the maximum surface settlement occurs at
by Mroueh and Shahrour [22].
three different location from the tunnel axis. Based
on Marto et al. [19] in their research, the highest
settlement of vertical movement occurred was
above the tunnel centre, which is the tunnel crown.
With this expectation and with respect to the
Gaussian distribution curve, the maximum surface
settlement occurred at the centre of tunnel axis, as
shown in Figure 4.2.
In this direction, a behaviour of the soil settlement
decreased from the tunnel crown to the ground
surface and to the invert of the excavation face
(Chen et al. 2011). The obtained results show that
shallow tunnel (C/D=2) has a higher value of
settlement than deeper tunnel (C/D=3) but they give
only a small narrowing magnitude of the settlement Figure 10 Comparison of surface settlement in
trough from C/D=2 to C/D=3. Larger settlements greenfield and in presence of pile
tend to cause a narrower trough width, as
mentioned by Wu and Lee [19]. An analytical
solution suggested by Pinto and Whittle [20] 4.4 Axial Settlement and Lateral Movement of
explained that the very narrow settlement trough the Pile
sand is due to the dilation of free or partially-draining
soils, in which it gives a significant influence on the Tunnelling induced settlement of the pile. As it
ground movement when undergoing tunnel located within the influence zone of the tunnel, the
excavation. rearrangement of sand due to the tunnelling caused
the pile to settle together. Previous researchers
7 Siti A’idah et al / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78:1 (2016) 1–5
(Abdullah and Taha, [23]; Sun and Liu, [24]; Sohaei et.
al., [15]) have come up with this zone of influence in
which the angle of failure zone in the sand is 45° +ϕ/2
and the influence zone has been divided into three
zones: I, II and III. The most affected area will be in
Zone I, followed by Zone II and Zone III. Figure 4.4
explains schematically in the affected area of the
influence zone with the location of pile tested in this
modelling.
Figure 11 Influence zone with respect of different
location of pile
Mroueh and Shahrour [22], summarized that the
magnitude of tunnelling-induced forces depends
mainly on the distance of the pile from the tunnel
centre and the position of the pile tip regarding the
horizontal axis of the tunnel. It can be observed from
Figure 4.5 and 4.6, maximum axial settlement and
maximum lateral movement occurred when the
existing pile located near to the tunnel, which is the
excavation work was in distance of 1D. It gives an
axial and lateral movement value of 0·38% and
0.15% of the tunnel diameter respectively.
Figure 4.5 indicates that as a tunnel being
constructed near to the existing pile, axial settlement
induced was higher compared to when it is far from
the pile. In this case of study, the 1D distances give a
settlement of 0.38% while 2D distances between a
tunnel and an existing pile give a settlement 0.22%. A
review from Abdullah and Taha, [23] indicates that
the vertical load of the pile near the excavation was
decreased with the tunnel excavation, while the
vertical load of the rear pile was increased with the
tunnel excavation. Thus, it supports why in this study,
the axial settlement value is higher with respect to
nearest tunnel distance from the existing pile.
Figure 12 Pile axial displacement with respect to
different distance of tunnel from existing pile
As for the lateral movement of pile shown in Figure
4.6, a comparison made is based on the settlement
induced across the time for excavation. Distance of
tunnel excavated from the existing pile does not
greatly affect the lateral movement of the pile, as
the values are 0.13% and 0.15% for 2D and 1D
distances between tunnel and pile, respectively. It is,
however, the nearer pile is more affected due to
tunnelling. The influence zone of tunnelling has a big
influence in the lateral movement of the pile (as
schematically shown in Figure 4.4). For the 2D
distance of tunnel and pile, the pile toe located
outside the influence zone and thus decrease the
transfer of stress from the tunnel to the pile toe, giving
a less disturbance for lateral movement of a pile.
Figure 13 Pile lateral movement with respect to
time
In a 1g physical model performed by Meguid and
Mattar [16], they stated that the reduction in the
lining stresses contributes to the increase of stresses
transferred to the nearby piles, as the stresses
generally redistribute during tunnelling works. The
same concept is applied in this study where the
tunnelling affected the axial and lateral behaviour of
nearby pile compared to the pile located far i.e.
outside the influence zone. It highlights that the
interaction between tunnel-soil-pile gives more
significant value when the tunnel and existing pile is
located at a distance of one diameter of a tunnel
constructed or less.
4.0 CONCLUSION
The research aimed at determining the effect of
tunnelling on existing pile in sand, focusing into the
settlement of ground surface and pile movement
8 Siti A’idah et al / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 78:1 (2016) 1–5
through the physical modelling test. The result
obtained and the observation made in this study
draws some conclusions. In general, tunnelling close
to the existing pile effect the ground surface
settlement and also affect the pile movements. The
followings are the conclusions obtained from this
study:
1. The construction of tunnel significantly affected
the surface settlement of sand. In greenfield
condition, the shallower the tunnel, the higher
the surface settlement occurred. In the
presence of pile, the surface settlement
occurred are larger compared to the greenfield
condition. However, the closer the pile to the
tunnel, the smaller the surface settlement
induced above the tunnel crown.
2. Lateral movement induced by tunnelling shows
insignificant variation with the location of the pile
from the tunnel centre. For tunnel diameter (D)
of 50 mm, the location of the pile at 1D and 2D
gives only about 0.13%-0.15% of tunnel diameter.
3. Variation in axial movement is more pronounced
depending on the location of the pile. At 1D
from the tunnel centre line, the settlement of the
pile is 0.38% while it was 0.22% of tunnel diameter
at 2D.
The maximum settlement of ground surface
obtain can be an indicator of the performance of
tunnel excavation in sand. Normalization technique
by using dimensionless tunnel diameter and length of
the pile can be a great help in predicting the tunnel
induce movement in pile. From the observation and
results obtained, it is hoped to raise an important
question on the integrity of the existing pile thus help
in highlighted the importance of taking precaution in
performing any underground works.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the Malaysia
Ministry of Higher Education and Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia for the opportunity given in undertaken the
research work using the Research University Grant
scheme no. Q.J130000.2522.06H60.
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