CONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: ENABLING LAWS

Dr. Balvinder Singh,

Guru Ramdas School of Planning, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 (Punjab) (India)
Email:balvindergndu2003@yahoo.co.in

(ABSTRACT)
The word “Heritage” is getting importance since the last two decade as for as India is concerned. It
has acclaimed recognition in the Venice Charter, the text of which begins with highlighting the
relevance of heritage and the responsibility to protect it for future generations. Heritage encompasses
varied aspects. In other vocabulary, it is classified into two parts i.e. (i) Tangible heritage (ii)
Intangible heritage. The Tangible is one that can be touched where as the Intangible cannot be
touched.
Various Charters such as International charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments
and Sites,1964 Venice Charter), International Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and
Urban Areas 1987(Washington Charter ), International Cultural Tourism Charter 1999 and Charter for
the Conservation of Unprotected Architectural Heritage and Sites 2004 in India have highlighted both
these aspects.
In spite of the above International guidelines, still out of more than 3000 historic towns/cities in India
not even a single has got been presented for getting the World Heritage City status. But most of these
cities are changing fast due to various reasons prominent absence of legislation or poor enforcement
of legislation and other priorities of development or redevelopment. No doubt, India is a country
having maximum laws, but the problem seems of the poor enforcement. If we refer our Constitution,
heritage legislation is another area which is essential integrated component for the conservation. In
addition, various legislations at the central and state level are there, but they lack the enforcement
spirit in most of the cases.
The paper will try to identify the existing legislation in India related to architectural heritage
conservation on the one hand and will also explore the lessons to be learnt from important British
legislation.

1. INTRODUCTION
Heritage is a very broad term. It encompasses varied aspects. It is often defined as 'What We
Value' or ‘What We Wish’ to pass on to future generations. Heritage resources provide living
communities with a sense of continuity with previous generations. They are important to
cultural identity as well as to the conservation of the cultural diversity and creativity of
humanity (HSRC, 2004). The dictionary meaning of Heritage is "the evidence of the past
such as historical sites and the unspoiled natural environment, considered as the inheritance
of present day society and anything that has been transmitted from the past or handed down
by tradition” (Collins English Dictionary & Thesaurus, 2003). Heritage can be defined as
something that is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts,
mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present with that selection
being dependent on contemporary requirements (Graham, 2002). Heritage is broad concept
and includes the natural as well as the cultural environment. It encompasses landscapes,
historic places, sites and built environment as well as biodiversity, collections, past and
continuing cultural practices, knowledge and living experiences (International Cultural

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Tourism Charter, 1999). In this way, it is evident that heritage covers both Tangible and
Intangible aspects. The scope of paper includes the relevant legislation for the built and
natural heritage in the form of buildings, areas and historic settlements on the one hand and
historic landscape, scenic sites on the other hand.

The personality and character of a city is the result of centuries of growth in the course of
which new elements are constantly juxtaposed with the older ones. Old buildings and older
areas of the city should be looked upon as assets rather than liabilities because they represent
the history of communities, embodying their culture, traditions, and way of life through urban
patterns. City is a complex receptacle for maximizing the possibilities of human interaction
and passing on the contents of civilization. In its finest incarnation, the city is liberating, it is
a special environment for making persons; brings who were more fully open to the realities of
the cosmos, more ready to transcend the claims of tribal society and custom, more capable of
assimilating old values and creating new ones, of making decisions and taking new
directions, than their fellows in more limited situations (Mumford, 1961). In this way, cities
depict the dynamic aspect of life inter-twined with function and culture. While referring
international charters such as Athens (1931), Venice (1964) and Washington charter (1987), it
has been noticed that the conservation movement progressed from individual monument to
urban areas and whole towns. But from these charters or guidelines, planners have not got
the required benefits. Washington charter also known as Charter for the Conservation of
Historic Towns and Urban Areas is considered to be a landmark for integrating conservation
with the urban planning through the concept of conservation areas/heritage zones. But for
achieving this integration, legislation plays an important role. It has been noticed that these
guidelines have not been much referred in case of India as the legislation still devoid of some
of the relevant features.

While medieval cities of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries usually had Irregular Street
patterns and heavy outer walls, and the city used to grow within the confines of the walls. The
population was small, there was space in the towns, but as the population increased the
buildings got packed more closely and the open spaces got filled (Gallion and Eisner, 1969).
From ancient to modern times, their existed enclosed settlements. Walls could only be
crossed by entering the appropriate city gate and were often supplemented with towers. In the
middle Ages, the right of a settlement to build a defensive wall was a privilege, and was
usually granted by the so-called right of fortification. The practice of building these massive

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walls, though having its origins in pre-history, was refined during the rise of city states, and
energetic wall-building continued into the medieval period and beyond.

Thus, walls around the cities were erected basically for protection from invaders. In addition
to this, the circulation or the street pattern (Labyrinth) was such that the enemy may be
confused as and when entered in the walled city. These walled cities enclosed/ensconced the
typical way of life of the inhabitants, their value system, social customs, and social
cohesiveness. Similar components, having impact on spatial patterns cannot be found in
modern planned cities (Lynch 1987). But the pressures on these historic walled cities greatly
influenced the land use, spatial patterns, and lifestyles thereby disturbing the character of
such cities. Shankland (1975) finds there is a considerable danger to the spatial patterns of the
walled cities with later changes. The dangers are palpable unless the changes or extensions
are carefully planned. Unfortunately, new urbanizations have suffered from the demise of
traditional values and have been overly influenced by western ideologies, most often poorly
applied. These are not merely poorly applied, but with rudimentary knowledge of what
guided the ‘imported’ philosophy in the first place.

2. HERITAGE LEGISLATION:
There are more than 3000 historic towns in India. Most of these cities have their core areas of
strong architectural and urban character which depicts their way of life. These areas have
been places of life, values, culture and many social components which are missing in new
towns of today. This enhances the relevance of legislation. Heritage legislation is another area
which is an essential integrated component for heritage conservation. It is a general feeling
that conservation is not possible without legislation and regulations. But it is a fact that
legislation cannot conserve buildings or areas but can play an important role from their
demolition. The legislation which provides the foundation for conservation policy, finance
and controls has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years, reflecting the change in
the attitude towards the heritage buildings of the past. In addition, building bye laws help to
achieve orderly development of an area, as they act as tools to regulate coverage, height,
building bulk and architectural design. They are mandatory in nature only if enforced strictly.
There are still many small and medium sized towns/cities which do not have building bye
laws and are facing problems of excessive coverage and haphazard development thereby
disturbing the heritage character of the old historic areas. The Town and Country Planning
Organization has evolved Modal Building Bye-laws (2004) for the guidance of the state
governments, local bodies and development authorities to facilitate their effective role in

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enforcing strictly the implementation of Master Plans as the twelfth schedule of the 74 th
constitutional amendment Act, 1992 empowers them for the same. A big question arises: Do
we really need legislation? Or do we need strict enforcement of the existing laws? The paper
is an effort towards this direction. It will review briefly the existing laws related to
conservation in India in general and the state of Punjab in particular. An effort has also been
made to look into the British legislation related to conservation and town planning.

2.1 Constitution Of India

All the laws whether, be they central or state, draw attainability and validity from the
constitution of India. While referring the constitution of India, it has been observed that
various provisions are there, related to the protection of the heritage but again are we aware
of these provisions? Or have these been considered in the planning process? Here it becomes
pertinent to look into the provisions in the constitution of India:

Article 49 of the constitution states that “It shall be the obligation of the State to protect
every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law
made by Parliament to be of National Importance, from spoliation, disfigurement,
destruction, removal or export, as the case may be.” Similarly Article 51-A about the
Fundamental Duties makes out that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to value and
preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.” The three lists categorically highlights
the responsibilities of the Centre and the States as stated in the lists:
a. Union List- List I: Entry No. 67 of the Seventh Schedule “Ancient and historical
monuments and records and archaeological sites and remains, declared by Parliament by
law to be of National importance.” Accordingly, the Ancient Monuments and
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, The Indian Treasures Troves Act, 1878 and
the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act,1972 and the rules under these Acts were enacted.

b. State List- List II: Entry No. 12 of the Seventh Schedule pertaining “Libraries,
museums and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State; ancient and
historical monuments and records other then those declared by Parliament by law to be of
national importance.” Accordingly the various Acts passed by the State legislatures
specific to each state.

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c. Concurrent List- List III: Entry No. 40 of the Seventh Schedule pertaining to
“Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by the Parliament by law to
be of national importance.” Entry No. 17-a and 17-b of the Seventh Schedule pertaining
to List III (Concurrent List); “Forests” and “Protection of wild animals and birds”
respectively. The Forests Act governs the forests. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, governs
the sanctuaries and national parks. The large areas of these forests, sanctuaries and
national parks also have built heritage (particularly, monuments, archaeological sites and
remains) besides the natural heritage that is so integral a part. The protection and
conservation of this heritage should be responsibility of the authorities entrusted with
their management.

Article 243-G:“Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.-Subject to the

provisions of the Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow the Panchayat
with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions
of self government and such law may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and
responsibilities upon Panchayats at the appropriate level, subject to such conditions as
specified therein, with respect to
a. The preparation of plans of economic development and social justice;
b. The implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice as may
be entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters in the Eleventh Schedule”.

Among the subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule are “Sr. No. 21 Cultural activities” and
“Sr. No. 29 Maintenance of community assets”
Most states have either amended their Panchayati Raj Act or brought in fresh legislation in
accordance with the 73rd amendment in the constitution.

Article 243 W, "Powers, authority and responsibility of Municipalities, etc.-Subject to the

provisions of the Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by a law endow;
a. The Municipalities with powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to
function as institution of self government and such law may contain provisions for the
devolution of powers and responsibilities upon Municipalities, subject to such conditions
as may be specified therein, with respect to the preparation of plans for economic
development and social justice - the performance of functions and the implementation of

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 schemes entrusted to them including those in relation to matters listed in the twelfth
Schedule.
b. The committee with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to
carry out the responsibilities conferred upon them including those in relation to the
matters listed in the twelfth Schedule.

Among subjects listed in the Twelfth Schedule are:

Sr. No. 1: Urban planning including town planning;
Sr. No. 2: Regulation of land use and construction of buildings;
Sr. No. 3: Planning for economic and social development;
Sr.No.8: Urban forestry, protection of environment and promotion of ecological aspects;
Sr. No. 13: Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.

The laws concerning the municipalities and the committees can thus be amended by the State
Legislatures to address the concerns pertaining to the Preservation and Conservation of the
Natural and Built heritage of urban areas. It may be pointed out that ultimately the
implementation of the provisions of the constitution and laws framed therein for the
conservation of the cultural heritage, whether they are Central laws or the State laws, takes
place at the level of Panchayat or the Municipality and these institution of self government do
this by adopting regulations or Byelaws. The Regulations for the conservation of Heritage
Towns, precincts/zones and buildings are essential. For the rural areas, the Panchayats have to
be helped by framing simple implementable model building byelaws.

2.2 THE LEGISLATION

Most of the states have accordingly, enacted laws for the protection and conservation of the
architectural heritage. Specific laws which are most useful for the protection of the cultural
heritage are related to “monuments and archeological sites of regional and national
importance” (Annexure I) and the laws related to the “town and country planning” (Annexure
II).
Under the first falls the ‘Ancient Monuments Protection Act of 1904’ amended in 1951 and
1958. The latest amendment is made in 2010 and is popularly known as The Ancient
Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains Act, 2010, the aim of which was to protect
monuments, archeological sites and remains of national importance only. However this act
lays stress on monuments and sites of national importance which were declared as “protected

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monuments” but at the same time it is only concerned with monuments and sites that have
been in existence for 100 or more years or more. The act has been amended and wide powers
have given but due to shortage of finances as well as staff, it is just trying to protect them
from further injury and decay and not doing much for their conservation or for that matter of
the surroundings (Figure 1 & 2).

Figure 1: Protected Monument of National Importance Serai Amanat Khan

Figure 2: Mughal Period Bauli: Neglected Monument of National Importance

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It also invested the executive with sufficient legal authority in regard to the monuments in
private ownership and the archeological Survey of India was founded. Similarly most of the
states also have similar Acts (Annexure I) which is helping for the protection of the
monuments of regional importance. Take the case of Punjab, the act is known as “The Punjab
Ancient and Historical Monuments, Sites and Remains Act, 1964. Under this a department of
Cultural Affairs, Archeology and Museums has been established and given the responsiblity
for the protection of monuments of regional importance.

The second and most important is the state town and country planning acts (Annexure II).
Under which comprehensive development plans or popularly known as master plans have got
legal backing in ensuring the planned growth of urban areas or regions. This is the only
legislation which can provide a framework of conservation at area/city level. This legislation
is largely enabling Act which gives powers to prepare statutory plans on which are based
specified land uses and zoning and sub division regulations. Most acts elaborate the master
plan through zonal development plans. Both these levels combined offer the two dimensional
framework for planned growth which incorporates conservation and enables the preparation
of projects for the implementation. Some states cater directly to project preparation within the
framework of city level master plans. These are generally called town planning schemes and
sometime action area plans. Such plans are for an unlimited range of projects from sub
division lay outs, group housing, commercial or other forms to revitalization of areas around
monuments. Envelop controls for specified areas could also be prepared. In addition, general
and special controls in terms of maximum floor area ratio and heights, minimum set- backs,
building lines, on and off street parking, façade controls and the like could be specified
(Ribeiro, 1989). The historic towns are having the concept of row housing with the courtyard
which presents a gorgeous streetscape. But the existing building bye laws do not permit row
housing, rather it requires setbacks especially front set back in case of a building is
reconstructed. In most of the cities, building bye laws require three to five meters front set
back, from the existing building line, depending on the width of the street. This is disastrous
as with this, many historic streetscapes have already been lost in historic towns/cities (Figure
3, 4 & 5).

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Figure 3: Building Bye Laws Affecting the Streetscape: Hall Bazaar Amritsar

Figure 4: Building Bye Laws Affecting the Streetscape: Hall Bazaar Amritsar

9
 Figure 5. Lost Streetscape due to Front Setback: R. S. Tower Hall Bazaar Amritsar

For this, there is need to evolve special building bye laws for historic towns. This is
specifically needed in core areas where the street line is one of the major components of their
special character, where a building on a designated street line, needs reconstruction after
damage due to any reasons such as fire or collapse due to continuous rains. In addition, for
maintaining the streetscape, a very important technique of conservation known as
refurbishment can be applied. With this technique, the façade of the building is kept intact,
thereby protecting the streetscape. The control mechanism, the projects, the zonal plans and
the comprehensive development plan could be adjusted and updated as and when required.
Thus a flexible statutory framework for conservation does exist through the state town and
country planning legislation (Ribeiro, 1989).
In the State of Punjab a very important legislation namely "The Punjab Regional and Town
Planning and Development Act, 1995 (amended, 2006) had been enacted with the objective “
to make provision for better planning and regulating the development and use of land in
planning areas delineated for that purpose, for preparation of Regional Plans and Master
Plans and implementation thereof; for the constitution of a State Regional and Town Planning
and Development Board, for guiding and directing the planning and development processes
in the State; for Constitution of a State Urban Planning and Development Authority, Special
Urban Planning and Development Authorities and New Town Planning and Development
Authorities, for the effective and planned Development of planning areas; and for
undertaking urban development and housing programmes and schemes for establishing new

10
town; and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto” (Act, 1995). Interestingly, in
the first chapter of the Act "Preliminary" definitions of various terms such as 'agriculture',
'amenities', 'building'. 'building operations', 'chief administrator', commercial use',
'development', 'erect or re-erect', 'master plan', 'Planning agency', etc. have been given. But
important terms related to the concepts and techniques such as Conservation, Preservation,
Restoration, Repointing, and Refurbishment have not been included. Moreover, the concept
of 'listed buildings' and 'heritage zones' is also missing.

No doubt, some amendments have been made which need re-evaluation in the light of the
increasing importance of heritage conservation. It has incorporated Heritage site that includes
buildings, artifacts, structures, areas, precincts of historical or aesthetical or architectural or
educational or scientific or cultural or Environmental significance and those natural
features of environmental significance or scenic beauty as may be declared as such by the
Competent Authority by a notification” (Act, 1995).

On the whole it is a useful legal tool as with this the master plans and regional plans have
become legal documents. Conservation should be an integral part of these plans. Further,
merely having town and country planning legislation, will not serve the purpose of protecting
the rich architectural heritage of towns and cities in this country, the more important is to
understand the concept of conservation and thereby integrate it in the process of urban and
regional planning. This demands two things:
First, is the consideration of in depth understanding of heritage zones/conservation areas in
the comprehensive development plans. This is still missing as for as the state of Punjab is
concerned as has been noticed in the draft master plans of Amritsar as well as of Patiala
prepared recently. Second, emphasis should be on the strict enforcement of the existing
legislation. It is evident that still most of the system, be it legislation, education or
administrative system, based on British system, therefore it seems necessary to look into the
experience of British legislation related to conservation and planning.

3. BRITISH EXPERIENCE:
In Britain, conservation is a very popular word and this is the reason that enough progress has
been noticed there. People have become conscious of the value of their heritage. While
tracing the history of the legislation for the protection of heritage in Britain, it has been
noticed that the various pressures lead to the evolvement of a system of valves and defenses

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that span across central and local government, statutory agencies, private charities, trusts and
amenity groups. These bodies were having various powers and inducements. They were also
responsible for the conservation to an extent because they used to operate against a legal
background and within a legal framework (Ashworth, 2007). The various laws governing
conservation in Britain include:
National Parks and access to the countryside Act, 1949; Local Government Act, 1962;
Civic Amenities Act, 1967; Countryside Act, 1968; Transport Act, 1970; Town and country
Planning Act, 1971; Town and Country Planning (Amendment) Act, 1972; Ancient
Monuments and Archeological Areas Act,1979; Town and Country Planning Act,1990;
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act,1990.
In addition to the above laws, certain planning guidelines also issued by the Department of
Communities and Local Government (DCLG), earlier known as Department of Environment
(DoE). Thus planning policy guidance (PPG) includes;
PPG 9, 1994: Guidance on nature conservation and land use planning;
PPG 12, 1992: Covers the preparation so development plans by local authorities including the
role of environmental assessment in plan preparation;

PPG 15, 1994: Explains the role of the planning system in the protection of the historic
buildings, conservation areas and other elements of the historic environment;

PPG 16, 1990: Advises on assessing the archeological implications of development and early
consultation with SMRs in assessing the impact of planning applications;

PPG 20, 1993: Sets out policy for the coastal areas and gives guidance on the heritage coast.

The above makes it clear that in Britain conservation is backed by strong legislation as well
as strict enforcement. For protecting the buildings, the first step is to identify and then after
selection, listing is to be done. Listing was first sanctioned by the Town and Country
Planning Act of 1944. Later on Town and Country Planning Acts of 1947 to 1971 refer in the
same terms to list of buildings of special architectural or historic interest (Dobby, 1978).
Once placed on such a list, no building can be demolished without the express consent of the
secretary of state, but can be altered to some extent, depending on the category of which it
falls. This listing procedure was a bit cumbersome and lead to the enactment of the Town and
Country Planning Act of 1968. It was this Act, in which, the concept of Listed Buildings
Consent (LBC) was introduced, thereby replaced the older legacy of the ancient monuments
law, the building preservation order which was recognized as ineffective. Further, the section
55 and 56 (section 54 to 58 are related to buildings of special architectural or historic interest)

12
of the Town and Country Planning Act of 1971, did not allow to demolish, alter or extend a
listed building in any manner, which would affect its character as a building of special
architectural or historic interest, without first obtaining Listed Building Consent. If any
alteration or addition is made by the owner illegally, the authority had the power to prosecute
and imprisoned up to a year with an unlimited fine. Moreover, the local authority had the
power to carry out urgent and important repairs for conservation of the unoccupied listed
buildings. This has been extended in the conservation areas also by the Town and Country
Planning Act of 1974 on the directions of the secretary of the state. Thus, this has become a
statutory obligation on the part of the owners to maintain their buildings. This provision did
not exist in 1967 Act and only for listed buildings in case of 1971 Act.

Another important lesson to be learned from that of the British system is the concept of
conservation areas or also known as concept of Heritage zones. It was the civic amenities Act
of 1967 which introduced the concept of the conservation areas and also defined it as “areas
of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable
to preserve or enhance.’ Further, the Town and country Planning (Amendment) Act 1972
transformed the position by enabling LPAs, under section 8, to controlled the demolition of
unlisted buildings in conservation areas and the secretary of the state, on the advice of the
Historic Buildings Council, under section10 to make available conservation grants or loans in
outstanding conservation areas (Dobby,1978). In this way Britain has progressed much as for
as the laws related to conservation of individual buildings or areas is concerned as is evident
from the spirit to protect their historic buildings and areas. Even an effort was made in the
late 60’s to protect the character of historic towns. For this, four towns namely Bath, Chester,
Chichester and York were selected and consultants were appointed for their detailed studies.
This has further been proved by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act
of 1990. In addition to these acts, various conservation interest groups also played their
pivotal role in the conservation of heritage. To name a few, are Society for the Protection of
Ancient Buildings (SPAB, 1877), National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural
Beauty (1895), Ancient Monuments Society (1924), Georgian Group (1937), Council for
British Archeology (CBA, 1944), Victorian Society (1958), and The Conservation Society
(1966).

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In this way, it can be stated that the British conservation aspect of planning law has grown at
a fast pace with needed updates. The special powers have proved successful to a great extent
for the protection and conservation of traditional character and environment in Britain.

4. CONCLUSIONS:
No doubt, conservation related legislation plays an important role in the protection of built
heritage, but at the same time various other issues cannot be ignored such as strict
enforcement, political will, public awareness and participation. It must be pointed out here
that there is need to learn from the British experience especially from their Acts related to
Town and Country Planning as well as of listed buildings and Conservation Areas. At the
same time, conservation should be considered as an integral part of urban and regional
planning process. In other words, the comprehensive development plan or more popularly
known as Master Plan must incorporate in detail the concept of heritage zone/conservation
area as well as the heights of buildings, especially in case of core areas. Here it is important
to mention the example of Kuala Lumpur City Development Plan where a complete chapter
has been devoted to each Heritage zone and height controls. Similarly, in Singapore
conservation has become an issue for urban planning as Yuen investigated a changing
approach to cultural heritage in Singapore. He finds that in previous decades, urbanisation
and urban planning resulted in vast destruction of built cultural heritage in order to restructure
the city but now “heritage conservation is celebrated as a key theme for making the city more
livable” (Yuen, 2006). Thus, it is evident that urban and regional planning and conservation
related legislation is an important tool for achieving protection of built and natural heritage of
our historic towns and cities. Thus the questions raised in the beginning got answered, i.e.,
legislation is needed as an important legal tool. At the same time, strict enforcement of
legislation is equally important.

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UNSECO A Report on the Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural
Heritage. Paris, UNESCO, 2003.

Yuen, B. (2006) "Reclaiming cultural heritage in Singapore", Urban Affairs Review, 41 (6),
830-854.

ANNEXURE – I

ACTS RELATING TO CONSERVATION OF ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND REMAINS IN INDIA

1. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 2010.
2. The Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.
3. A.P. Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act,
1960.
4. Assam Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1959.
5. Gujarat Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1965.
6. Jammu and Kashmir Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1977.
7. Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 1951.
8. Madras Ancient and Historical Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Remains Act,
1966.
9. M.P. Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1964.
10. Maharashtra Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1961.

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11. Mysore Ancient and Historical Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Remains Act,
1962.
12. Orissa Ancient Monuments and Preservation Act, 1956.
13. Punjab Ancient and Historical Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Remains Act,
1964.
14. Rajasthan Monuments, Archaeological Sites and Antiquities Act, 1961.
15. U.P. Ancient and Historical Monuments & Archaeological Sites and Preservation Act,
1957.
16. West Bengal Preservation of Historical Monuments and Objects and Excavation of
Archaeological Sites Act, 1957.

ANNEXURE – II

ACTS RELATING TO TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING IN INDIA

NOTE: Titles of all acts are not mentioned except that of Punjab State.

1. Town and Country Planning Acts.

2. The Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act, 1995 (Amended,
2006).
3. Other Development Authority Acts.
4. Delhi Urban Art Commission Act, 1973.
5. Urban Improvement Acts.
6. The Punjab Town Improvement Act, 1922.
7. The Punjab Development of Damaged areas Act, 1951...
8. Various Municipal Acts.
9. The Punjab Municipal Act, 1911.
10. The Punjab Municipal Corporation Act, 1976.
11. Various DCR (Development Control Rules), Building Bye-laws and Regulations.
12. Municipal Corporation (Erection and Re-erection of Building) Bye-laws, 1997.

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