C ALCULUS (MAL 100)

TANMAY SARKAR

Department of Mathematics,
Indian Institute of Technology Jammu.

Real Numbers
Email: tanmay.sarkar@iitjammu.ac.in

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

P ROBABLE NUMBER DISTRIBUTION
Minor I - 25 marks,
Minor II - 25 marks,
Major - 50 marks.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

P ROBABLE NUMBER DISTRIBUTION
Minor I - 25 marks,
Minor II - 25 marks,
Major - 50 marks.

Q UESTIONS
What is Calculus?

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

P ROBABLE NUMBER DISTRIBUTION
Minor I - 25 marks,
Minor II - 25 marks,
Major - 50 marks.

Q UESTIONS
What is Calculus?
What is the real number set R?

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

P ROBABLE NUMBER DISTRIBUTION
Minor I - 25 marks,
Minor II - 25 marks,
Major - 50 marks.

Q UESTIONS
What is Calculus?
What is the real number set R?

N UMBERS
Set of Natural numbers,
Set of Integers,
Set of Rational numbers.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

√
2 is an irrational number.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

 √
2 is an irrational number.
Geometric interpretation of real numbers.

A LGEBRAIC PROPERTIES
a + b ∈ R, ∀a, b ∈ R,
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c), ∀a, b, c ∈ R,
∃0 ∈ R s.t. a + 0 = a, ∀a ∈ R,
for each a ∈ R, ∃(−a) ∈ R s.t. a + (−a) = 0,
a + b = b + a, ∀a, b ∈ R.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

 √
2 is an irrational number.
Geometric interpretation of real numbers.

A LGEBRAIC PROPERTIES
a + b ∈ R, ∀a, b ∈ R,
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c), ∀a, b, c ∈ R,
∃0 ∈ R s.t. a + 0 = a, ∀a ∈ R,
for each a ∈ R, ∃(−a) ∈ R s.t. a + (−a) = 0,
a + b = b + a, ∀a, b ∈ R.
a · b ∈ R; (a · b) · c = a · (b · c), ∀a, b, c ∈ R;
∃1 ∈ R s.t. a · 1 = a,
1
for a 6= 0, ∃ a1 ∈ R s.t. a · = 1,
a
a · b = b · a, ∀a, b ∈ R,

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

 √
2 is an irrational number.
Geometric interpretation of real numbers.

A LGEBRAIC PROPERTIES
a + b ∈ R, ∀a, b ∈ R,
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c), ∀a, b, c ∈ R,
∃0 ∈ R s.t. a + 0 = a, ∀a ∈ R,
for each a ∈ R, ∃(−a) ∈ R s.t. a + (−a) = 0,
a + b = b + a, ∀a, b ∈ R.
a · b ∈ R; (a · b) · c = a · (b · c), ∀a, b, c ∈ R;
∃1 ∈ R s.t. a · 1 = a,
1
for a 6= 0, ∃ a1 ∈ R s.t. a · = 1,
a
a · b = b · a, ∀a, b ∈ R,
a · (b + c) = a · b + a · c, ∀a, b, c ∈ R.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

O RDER PROPERTIES OF R
Relation ‘<’
1 If a, b ∈ R then either a < b, or a = b, or a > b.

2 a < b and b < c =⇒ a < c.

3 a < b ⇒ a + c < b + c, ∀a, b, c ∈ R.

4 a < b and c > 0 ⇐⇒ ac < bc, ∀a, b, c ∈ R.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

O RDER PROPERTIES OF R
Relation ‘<’
1 If a, b ∈ R then either a < b, or a = b, or a > b.

2 a < b and b < c =⇒ a < c.

3 a < b ⇒ a + c < b + c, ∀a, b, c ∈ R.

4 a < b and c > 0 ⇐⇒ ac < bc, ∀a, b, c ∈ R.

(R, <) is an ordered field.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

C OMPLETENESS PROPERTY OF R

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is an upper bound of S if

x ∈S ⇒ x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

C OMPLETENESS PROPERTY OF R

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is an upper bound of S if

x ∈S ⇒ x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S.

` is said to be a lower bound of S if

x ≥ `, ∀x ∈ S.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

C OMPLETENESS PROPERTY OF R

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is an upper bound of S if

x ∈S ⇒ x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S.

` is said to be a lower bound of S if

x ≥ `, ∀x ∈ S.

S is said to be a bounded set if it is bounded above as well as bounded

below.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

C OMPLETENESS PROPERTY OF R

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is an upper bound of S if

x ∈S ⇒ x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S.

` is said to be a lower bound of S if

x ≥ `, ∀x ∈ S.

S is said to be a bounded set if it is bounded above as well as bounded

below.

E XAMPLES
S = {1, 1/2, 1/3, ...}.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

C OMPLETENESS PROPERTY OF R

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is an upper bound of S if

x ∈S ⇒ x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S.

` is said to be a lower bound of S if

x ≥ `, ∀x ∈ S.

S is said to be a bounded set if it is bounded above as well as bounded

below.

E XAMPLES
S = {1, 1/2, 1/3, ...}.
S = {x ∈ R : 1 ≤ x ≤ 2}.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

L EAST U PPER BOUND (LUB)

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is said to be Supremum of S if
( A ) x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S,
( B ) given ε > 0, ∃s1 ∈ S s.t.

u − ε < s1 ≤ u.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

L EAST U PPER BOUND (LUB)

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is said to be Supremum of S if
( A ) x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S,
( B ) given ε > 0, ∃s1 ∈ S s.t.

u − ε < s1 ≤ u.

LUB AXIOM
Every non-empty subset of R that is bounded above has a least upper bound.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

L EAST U PPER BOUND (LUB)

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is said to be Supremum of S if
( A ) x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S,
( B ) given ε > 0, ∃s1 ∈ S s.t.

u − ε < s1 ≤ u.

LUB AXIOM
Every non-empty subset of R that is bounded above has a least upper bound.

T HEOREM
Let S ⊂ R, S 6= φ and S is bounded below. Then S has an infimum.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

L EAST U PPER BOUND (LUB)

D EFINITION
Let S ⊂ R. Then u is said to be Supremum of S if
( A ) x ≤ u, ∀x ∈ S,
( B ) given ε > 0, ∃s1 ∈ S s.t.

u − ε < s1 ≤ u.

LUB AXIOM
Every non-empty subset of R that is bounded above has a least upper bound.

T HEOREM
Let S ⊂ R, S 6= φ and S is bounded below. Then S has an infimum.

E XAMPLE (C OMPLETENESS AXIOM FOR Q!)

√
A := {r ∈ Q : 0 ≤ r ≤ 2}.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

A RCHIMEDEAN PROPERTY OF R

T HEOREM
If x, y ∈ R and x > 0, y > 0, then ∃n ∈ N such that

ny > x. (0.1)

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

A RCHIMEDEAN PROPERTY OF R

T HEOREM
If x, y ∈ R and x > 0, y > 0, then ∃n ∈ N such that

ny > x. (0.1)

P ROOF .
Suppose for every k ∈ N, ky ≤ x. Let

S := {ky : k ∈ N}.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

A RCHIMEDEAN PROPERTY OF R

T HEOREM
If x, y ∈ R and x > 0, y > 0, then ∃n ∈ N such that

ny > x. (0.1)

P ROOF .
Suppose for every k ∈ N, ky ≤ x. Let

S := {ky : k ∈ N}.

S is bounded above. S 6= φ and y ∈ S.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

A RCHIMEDEAN PROPERTY OF R

T HEOREM
If x, y ∈ R and x > 0, y > 0, then ∃n ∈ N such that

ny > x. (0.1)

P ROOF .
Suppose for every k ∈ N, ky ≤ x. Let

S := {ky : k ∈ N}.

S is bounded above. S 6= φ and y ∈ S.

By LUB axiom of R, sup S exists. Let sup S = b. Then ∃p ∈ N such that

b − y < py ≤ b,
⇒ (p + 1)y > b.

Contradiction.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

D ENSITY PROPERTY OF R

P ROPERTIES
1 If x, y ∈ R with x < y , then ∃r ∈ Q such that

x < r < y. (0.2)

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

D ENSITY PROPERTY OF R

P ROPERTIES
1 If x, y ∈ R with x < y , then ∃r ∈ Q such that

x < r < y. (0.2)

2 If x, y ∈ R with x < y , then ∃ an irrational number s such that

x < s < y. (0.3)

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

D ENSITY PROPERTY OF R

P ROPERTIES
1 If x, y ∈ R with x < y , then ∃r ∈ Q such that

x < r < y. (0.2)

2 If x, y ∈ R with x < y , then ∃ an irrational number s such that

x < s < y. (0.3)

Extended real numbers!

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

S ETS IN R

T YPES OF SETS
1 Intervals,
2 Open sets,
3 Interior points,
4 Closed sets,
5 Limit point of a set

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

S ETS IN R

T YPES OF SETS
1 Intervals,
2 Open sets,
3 Interior points,
4 Closed sets,
5 Limit point of a set

T HEOREM (B OLZANO -W EIERSTRASS T HEOREM )

Every bounded infinite subset of R has atleast one limit point in R.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

S ETS IN R

T YPES OF SETS
1 Intervals,
2 Open sets,
3 Interior points,
4 Closed sets,
5 Limit point of a set

T HEOREM (B OLZANO -W EIERSTRASS T HEOREM )

Every bounded infinite subset of R has atleast one limit point in R.

D EFINITION (C OUNTABLE S ET )
Let S ⊂ R. S is said to be countable if there exists a bijective mapping
f : N → S.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS

R EFERENCES

1 Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus – Kenneth A. Ross.

2 Calculus: Early Transcendentals – James Stewart.
3 Mathematical Analysis – S. C. Malik and Savita Arora.
4 Thomas’ Calculus – G. B. Thomas, M. D. Weir, and J. R. Hass.
5 Introduction to Real Analysis – Robert G. Bartle, and Donald R.
Sherbert.

TANMAY S ARKAR MAL 100 C ALCULUS