1.0 Abstract 5
2.0 Acknowledgement 6
3.0 Introduction to the New PAM Centre 7
4.0 Methodology 8
5.0 Limitation of Study 9
6.0 Fire Protection System 10
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature Review
6.2.1 Active Fire Protection System
6.2.1.1 Fire Detection And Alarm Systems
6.2.1.2 Fire Control System
6.2.2 Passive Fire Protection System
6.3 Active Fire Protection System (in PAM Building)
6.3.1 Fire Detection System
6.3.1.1 Optical Heat Detectors
6.3.2 Fire Alarm System (Automatic and Manual)
6.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Bell
6.3.2.2 Fire Emergency Light
6.3.2.3 Manual Call Point
6.3.2.4 Fire Alarm Control Panel
6.3.2.5 Fireman Intercom System
6.3.2.6 Fireman Switch
6.3.3 Fire Fighting System
6.3.3.1 Fire Extinguisher
6.3.3.2 Dry Riser and Dry Hydrant
6.3.3.3 Hose Reel System
6.4 Passive fire protection system (in PAM Building)
6.4.1 Fire Doors
6.4.2 Fire Rated Building Material
6.4.2.1 Precast Concrete
6.4.2.2 Masonry
6.4.3 Compartmentalization
9.3.4 Counterweight
9.3.5 Guardrail
9.3.6 Buffer
1.0 Abstract
With the report, we were able to focus on the details and gain a better
understanding of how services function and are implemented in a public building.
The New PAM building is a great example of a modern building with services that
comply with environmental policies as it was granted the platinum certification by
the Green Building Index.
In-depth study via literature review (publications and online resources) was carried
out to aid in the research and observation process. A deeper understanding of
local regulations such as the UBBL and MS1525 would greatly help in subsequent
endeavours as students and practicing architects in the future. It is hoped that this
research and report would serve as a basis for further understanding the intricacies
of the Malaysian regulatory environment.
2.0 Acknowledgement
The group would like to extend its utmost appreciation to the following individuals
who have actively assisted throughout the group’s journey in completing this
project.
First and foremost, our gratitude goes out to our tutor, Mr. Azim, who had provided
the group with immense support, including having the patience to put up with our
antics, all the way from day one up until the completion of the project.
Our appreciation also goes out to Ar. Sateerah Hassan for carefully designing the
module to be as beneficial as it is to our learning development. We have indeed
gained a lot from the experience over the short period of time.
The New PAM Centre, located on Jalan Tandok in Bangsar is the current head
office of Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia. It was designed by Mohd Heikal Hasan of
HMA & Associates and completed in 2016. The building is striking in its liberal use
of raw finishes and clever spatial organisation on a limited land area.
Noted for its Platinum certification for Green Building Index, the New PAM Centre’s
minimalist, grid design promotes passive strategies in fulfilling the requirements of
fire safety and ventilation. Some of the features that afforded the building its
Platinum certification include a rainwater harvesting system that is used for
irrigation and flushing purposes, a 25 kWp photovoltaic system to make use of
solar energy, and a vertical greenery to maximise use of the limited space.
The interior is industrial, constructed of exposed brick walls, flat concrete slabs and
hidden steel columns. The exposed mechanical and electrical routes provide clear
indication of the services within the building, facilitating an easy investigation of the
types of services employed in the design.
4.0 Methodology
The group embarked on the project with the intention of conducting a thorough
study of the services implemented at the New PAM Centre building in Bangsar.
The project was carried out in multiple phases, namely literature review, site visit
and observation as well as data recording and reporting throughout a period of 4
weeks.
The group was then divided to work on the respective topics, in preparation for the
site visit. The group visited the site on two occasions, with more thorough research
done during the second visit. We were assisted by Mr. Adi, the Facilities Manager
on the intricacies of the systems in place.
With data collection done, the group then compiled all data on cloud storage for
ease of access. The data was analysed and shared amongst group members
during the drafting and writing of the report.
During the initial visit to the site, the tour guide that was supposed to give us the
tour of the services in the building was double-booked, and attended to students
from another university. Our group was forced to conduct our own observation
without the guidance of an experienced facilities manager. However we managed
to accumulate photos that were eventually used in the preparation of the report.
Another limitation would be the lack of published drawings (plans and sections) of
the PAM Centre, possibly due to the fact that it is a relatively new building. This
issue forced us to manually trace the photo of the fire-escape plan in the building
to produce the floor plans.
Fire Protection refers to the safety measures and precautions conducted to prevent
or delay the aftermath of a potentially destructive fire, reducing the impact of
uncontrolled fire which safeguards the safety and property of people. It is the study
and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially catastrophic fires. It
involves the study of the investigation and suppression of fire and its related
emergencies, as well as the research and development, production and testing.
In structures, the owner and operators are responsible for the maintenance of their
facilities in accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws, including the local
building code that is in effect when an application for a building permit is made.
Building inspectors check on the compliance of a building under construction with
the building code. Upon the completion of construction, a building must be
maintained in accordance with the current fire code, which is enforced by the fire
prevention officers of a local fire department. In the event of fire emergencies,
firefighters, fire investigators, and other fire prevention personnel are called to
mitigate, investigate and learn from the damages of a fire. The purpose of fire
protection is to prevent building occupants and properties from coming in the line
of casualty by the result of a fire breakout. It aims to avoid the fire spread from one
building to another. The two types of fire protection systems are active and passive
fire protection systems.
This refers to fire protection systems that are on a full-time duty and hands-on
approach to extinguishing or controlling the spread of fire. They can be operated
either manually or automatically. Other systems are designed for early fire
detection and evacuation of the building, alerting the necessary authorities in the
event of a fire or even the suppression and control of the smoke and fire rather
than fighting it.
extinguish a fire.
In accordance to the law, every building needs to have a passive fire protection
system. It is the first line of defence in a building which provides safety for the
users during an evacuation from a building during a fire emergency. Passive fire
protection measures are intended to contain a fire in the fire compartment of origin,
thus limiting the spread of fire and smoke for a limited period of time, as
determined the local building code and fire code. Passive fire protection measures,
such as fire stops, fire walls, and fire doors, are tested to determine the
fire-resistance rating of the final assembly, usually expressed in terms of hours of
fire resistance (e.g., ⅓, ¾, 1, 1½, 2, 3, 4 hour). A certification listing provides the
limitations of the rating.
As the name suggests, passive fire protection remains inactive in the coating
system until a fire occurs. There are mainly two types of PFP: intumescent fire
protection and vermiculite fire protection. In vermiculite fire protection, the
structural steel members are covered with vermiculite materials, mostly a very thick
layer. This is a cheaper option as compared to an intumescent one, but is very
crude and aesthetically unpleasant. Moreover, if the environment is corrosive in
nature, then the vermiculite option is not advisable, as there is the possibility of
water seeping into it (because of the porous nature of vermiculite), and there it is
difficult to monitor for corrosion. Intumescent fireproofing is a layer of paint which is
applied along with the coating system on the structural steel members. The
thickness of this intumescent coating is dependent on the steel section used. For
calculation of DFT (dry film thickness) a factor called Hp/A (heated perimeter
divided by cross sectional area), referred to as "section factor" and expressed in
m−1, is used. Intumescent coatings are applied as an intermediate coat in a
coating system (primer, intermediate, and top/finish coat). Because of the relatively
low thickness of this intumescent coating (usually in the 350- to 700-micrometer
range), nice finish, and anti-corrosive nature, intumescent coatings are preferred
on the basis of aesthetics and performance.
It should be noted that in the eventuality of a fire, the steel structure will eventually
collapse once the steel attains the critical core temperature (around 550 degrees
Celsius or 850 degrees Fahrenheit). The PFP system will only delay this by
creating a layer of char between the steel and fire. Depending upon the
requirement, PFP systems can provide fire ratings in excess of 120 minutes. PFP
systems are highly recommended in infrastructure projects as they can save lives
and property.
Figure 6.3.1.1.1 Optical heat detector. Fig. 6.3.1.1.2. Optical heat detector in PAM
centre.
The fire detection system used in the PAM building, combines an optical smoke
detector and a heat detector. Optical smoke alarms (or photoelectric smoke
alarms) are able to visually detect smoke and respond rapidly to visibly
smouldering fires. They are more effective at detecting larger particles of smoke
produced by slow-burning fires and marginally less sensitive to fast flaming fires as
compared to ionisation detectors. Heat detectors, on the other hand, can sense the
increase in temperature from a fire but are insensitive to smoke. Combinations of
optical and heat alarms in one unit, such as the ones installed in the new PAM
centre, are able to reduce false alarms while increasing the speed of detection.
They are located at the hallways, offices and lift lobbies. Each room contains at
least one detector and the distance between each detector is approximately 5m,
with a minimum distance of 0.5m from walls and partitions. The detectors are also
installed with emergency lights but no sprinklers. Smoking inside the building is
prohibited so as not to trigger any of the smoke alarms.
Figure 6.3.2.1.1. A fire alarm bell. Figure 6.3.2.1.2 Alarm bell in PAM
centre.
The alarm bell is a device that creates loud alert sounds. It functions by means of
an electromagnet, consisting of coils of insulated wire wound round iron rods.
Once electricity is applied, the current will flow through the coils causing the rods to
become magnetised and attract a piece of iron that is attached to a clapper. When
the clapper hits the bell, it will create a repetitive loud ringing sound to alert the
occupants of an emergency. The main alarm bell in the PAM building is located at
the car park area, right above the fire department connection and the post indicator
valve. When the fire alarm bell sounds, it quickly directs firefighters to the right
location for connecting their hose to the hydrant.
Figure 6.3.2.2.1. Open area emergency lighting. Figure 6.3.2.2.2. Emergency light in PAM
centre.
The PAM building is also equipped with emergency lighting, like mentioned
previously. Emergency lights automatically switch on when the power supply to the
normal lighting provision fails as a result of a fire or a power cut. These lights are
required to operate fully automatically and give illumination of a sufficiently high
level to enable all occupants to evacuate the premises safely. Wordings on any
emergency lights should be legible from a distance of at least 30m under normal
lighting and emergency conditions. The two types of emergency lights used in the
PAM centre are:
- Open area lighting – provided to minimise panic and ensure sufficient
illumination to allow the occupants of a building to reach a place where an
escape route can be identified.
- Escape route lighting – provided to easily identify escape routes.
The new PAM building is also equipped with manual alarm call points. These are
designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification of a fire or
emergency condition exists, by operating the push button or breaking the glass.
Since it is manual, it requires human intervention for its activation. In this case
study, the call points are located on all storey exits and all exits to open air with
travel distance to a call point not more than 45m within the building and positioned
approximately 1.4 m above the floor.
1. The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm
panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in
the building or manually.
The fire alarm control panel in the PAM building is located in the security/ control
room. It is an addressable panel which is usually more advanced and has greater
information capacity and control flexibility. Its purpose is to monitor and control the
input devices found in the PAM centre such as:
- Detectors and sensors.
- Manual call points.
- Notification Appliances.
- Switches.
1. The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm
panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in
the building or manually.
2. If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car
or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not
any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.
3. The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation
of the fireman's switch.
4. Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to
car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with
by-law 154.
5. In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly
to the designated floor and operate under emergency power as described
under paragraphs (2) to (4).
Fireman intercom system used in the PAM centre is a two way emergency voice
communication system. It provides a reliable communication between the master
console (Fire Command Centre) and the remote handset stations. The master
control panel which is installed at the ground floor level in the security/ control
room. The intercom handset stations are located at the staircases of every level. At
the master control panel, a call alert lamp shall flash with audible signal when there
is incoming call. Upon lifting the handset, the audible signal will be silenced. The
master control panel is also equipped with a fault indicator unit to indicate the type
of fault.
1. Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square
metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a
staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to
the relevant floor or zone served.
2. The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the
Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Figure 6.3.3.2.1. A dry riser system Figure 6.3.3.2.2. A dry standpipe and fire hose.
A dry riser is an empty vertical pipe that firefighters use to connect to a pressurized
water source to distribute water to multiple levels of a building or structure as a
component of the fire suppression systems. Dry risers have to allow access to a
fire engine within 18 m of the dry riser inlet box and have to be within a
fire-resistant shaft.
In the case of the PAM building, the term "dry riser" may also refer to a standpipe,
which is intended to provide water to fire hose connections. The dry standpipe
comprises of a fire department connection, which is an external access point at
ground level through which water can be pumped from the fire department's fire
engine pump to the fire hose attachments on each floor. The dry hydrants and fire
hoses are found at the emergency staircases of each level as well as in the car
park which is a semi-open area.
Reference to UBBL 1984 (as at 2013): Installation and testing of dry rising system.
1. Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost
floor is more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire
appliance access level.
3. Dry risers shall be of minimum "Class C" pipes with fittings and connections
of sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure.
4. Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars
of pressure for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before
acceptance.
5. All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of
6.35 millimetres in 3.05 metres.
6. The dry riser shall be not less than 102 millimetres in diameter in buildings
in which the highest outlet is 22.875 metres or less above the fire brigade
pumping inlet and not less than 152.4 millimetres diameter where the
highest outlet is higher than 22.875 metres above the pumping inlet.
A fire hose is a high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardants to
extinguish a fire. Outdoors, it attaches either to a fire engine or a fire hydrant.
Indoors, it can permanently attach to a building's standpipe, such as in the PAM
building. The fire hose reels used in our case study consist of pumps, pipes, water
supply and hose reels. This whole system is placed at strategic areas in the centre
in order to ensure proper coverage of water supply throughout the entire building in
case of fire. To operate the hose, a valve is opened that allows water to flow
through the hose with a jet stream of approximately 10m from the nozzle. The
length of the hose is 45m maximum and made of reinforced rubber. These type of
hose reels are also found mainly at each floor of the emergency staircases and
also a few other strategic points in the building.
A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating used to reduce the spread of fire
and smoke between separate compartments of a structure and to enable safe
egress from a building. All fire doors must be installed with the appropriate fire
resistant fittings, such as the frame and door hardware, for it to fully comply with
any fire regulations.
All of the components of the fire door assembly must bear a listing agencies label
to ensure the components have been tested to meet the fire rating requirements
with the exception of ball-bearing hinges which meet the basic build requirements
of ANSI 156.2 and NFPA 80. The door hardware includes, but is not limited to:
Reference to UBBL 1984 (as at 2013): Fire doors in compartment walls and
separating walls.
Part VII, Clause 162
1. Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
2. Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a
fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall
specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.
3. Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having
FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified
in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.
4. Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be
protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour.
5. Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can
be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in
accordance with section 3 of BS 476: 1951.
Reference to UBBL 1984 (as at 2013): Door closers for fire doors.
Part VII, Clause 164
1. All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically
spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight
type in the case of sliding doors.
2. Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with
coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.
3. Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a
heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be
permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or
protected staircases.
Non-combustible materials are either defined as such in the building code, or have
met the requirements of a standard test.
Ignition resistant materials have passed a 30-minute flame spread test after being
subjected to an accelerated weathering cycle that consists of 12 weeks of alternate
wetting and drying exposures. Ignition resistant materials are combustible.
a wall, floor or roof. The exterior material exposed to the fire can be combustible,
ignition resistant, or noncombustible since the entire assembly contributes to the
rating. Although the fire ratings are in gauged with time (e.g., 20-minute, one-hour,
two-hour), they only represent a relative performance (i.e., a two-hour wall is better
than a one-hour wall, but they may or may not resist a given fire exposure for those
time periods). A nominal “one-hour” wall has been used as one way for a wall
having combustible siding to be used in wildfire prone area. Whereas fire
resistance information can be used to judge the ability to resist flame penetration
into the building, it does not necessarily provide information regarding flame
spread. This is especially true since this type of construction is only used when
combustible siding is used as the outermost material.
Given the use of these terms, you can rank the expected performance of
construction materials as follows:
The degree of fire resistance required depends on the type of occupancy, the size
of the building, its location (proximity to property lines and within established fire
zones), and in some cases, the amount and type of fire detection and extinguishing
equipment available in the structure. Precast concrete members are inherently
noncombustible and can be designed to meet any degree of fire resistance that
may be required by building codes, insurance companies, and other authorities.
The floors, exterior walls, columns, beams and roof in the PAM Centre are made
up of four hour fire rated precast concrete members. The change in concrete
properties due to high temperature depends on the type of coarse aggregate used.
Aggregate used in concrete can be classified into three types: carbonate, siliceous
and lightweight. Carbonate aggregates include limestone and dolomite. Siliceous
aggregate includes materials consisting of silica and include granite and
Figure 6.4.2.1.1 shows the effect of high temperature on the compressive strength
of concrete. The specimens represented in the figure were stressed to 40% of their
compressive strength during the heating period. After the designated test
temperature was reached, the load was increased gradually until the specimen
failed. The figure shows that the strength of concrete containing siliceous
aggregate begins to drop off at about 800 °F and is reduced to about 55% at
1200°F. Concrete containing lightweight aggregates and carbonate aggregates
retain most of their compressive strength up to about 1200°F. Lightweight concrete
has insulating properties, and transmits heat at a slower rate than normal weight
concrete with the same thickness, and therefore generally provides increased fire
resistance.
Figure 6.4.2.1.2 shows the effect of high temperature on the modulus of elasticity
of concrete. The figure shows that the modulus of elasticity for concretes
manufactured of all three types of aggregates are reduced with the increase in
temperature. Also, at high temperatures, creep and relaxation for concrete
increase significantly
6.4.2.2 Masonry
Figure 6.4.2.3.1 Stairs made out of hot-dip galvanized steel in PAM Centre
There are two types of fireproofing can be successfully used on hot-dip galvanized
steel; cement-bonded concrete and fire-retardant coatings Cement-bonded
concrete can be of either the dense or lightweight varieties. The dense version is
most commonly used on outdoor structural members that may be subjected to
impact, such as by vehicle bumpers. Lightweight cement-bonded concrete is most
commonly used when weight is a consideration or for areas where impact is not
likely. Moisture can penetrate lightweight fireproofing material easier than dense
material, so it is important lightweight material completely covers the area it is
applied to, and in the thicknesses recommended by the manufacturer.
Fire-retardant coatings are reactive materials and begin foaming once a certain
temperature threshold is exceeded. The foam reduces the heat transfer to the
steel, and ceramic binders further protect the steel from excessive heat. The use of
hot-dip galvanized steel is seen in the material of stairs and conduits that run
through the entire building.
6.4.3 Compartmentalization
Compartmentation is basically the division of a building into cells, using
construction materials that will prevent the passage of fire from one cell to another
for a given period of time. The most common feature of compartmentation that we
use and see on a day to day basis is a fire door. However, most building users
forget that the surrounding construction will also be fire rated. Compartmentation is
referred to in many different means: fire walls (and floors); fire separation;
protected corridors / stairs etc. All these terms carry the same meaning.
separation, with the key risk profile being that occupants may be asleep, therefore
at greater risk.
Compartmentation falls into the passive category as it doesn't typically react
or change in a fire condition and this is one of its many advantages, as a feature, it
is effectively a capital cost and can have little maintenance requirements, i.e. once
a masonry wall is in place little will change throughout its 'life', it does not need a
weekly test or a quarterly service, however, its integrity must be maintained. The
most common problem with fire separation is that it frequently needs passing
through, whether it is people (passing through fire doors) or building services,
these create openings and therefore weaknesses within the separation. Specialist
attention needs to be given to these breaches.
Firestopping is the generic term given to various components that are used
to seal openings in fire compartmentation. The method adopted will differ greatly,
depending on the type and size of the opening as well as the material that is
passing through. Other systems, such as fire dampers are used where ductwork
passes through fire walls. Technology and industry advances mean that fire
separation (if installed properly) can have an enviable success rate, however, it is
the weaknesses that must be continually considered, particularly with the constant
changing environment in buildings requiring service alterations.
Figure 6.4.3.1 Ground floor plan of the PAM Centre indicating the compartments, fire staircases
and exits
Figure 6.4.3.2 First floor plan of the PAM Centre indicating the compartments, fire staircases and
exits
Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to
that building as if the limits of dimensions specified are doubled.
7.1 Introduction
Basic ventilation system consists of two elements; a fan and a makeup supply. The
function of the fan is to pull the stale or unwanted air out of the building. This can
generally be found in kitchens, utility rooms and bathrooms. The makeup supply is
the element that delivers outside air to interior spaces of the building. The suction
by the exhaust fan creates a negative pressure that pulls air through the building
from the supply point (exterior) to the pickup point (interior).
a. Fan
b. Makeup Supply
Figure 7.2.1.2. The makeup supply delivers the outside air around the house.
https://www.indiamart.com/vidishaelectricals/
There are pros and cons of passive and mechanical ventilation. Passive ventilation
is natural, does not incur any cost to operate or maintain. However, passive
ventilation does not filter allergens and dust. It is also unpredictable and limited in
terms of control. Mechanical ventilation incurs installation, operation and
maintenance cost based on the complexity of the setup. It can be controlled and
ensures good ventilation at all times. It can also filter unwanted substances in the
air such as bacteria, dust, smoke or gases.
Spot ventilation consists of a supply, extract and balance system which can control
the times and speed of ventilation through the indoor air quality sensors and
humidistats.
The energy recovery ventilation system is widely used in countries with four
seasons. This system includes a heat exchanger, one or more fans to push air
through the machine, and some controls. During winter, the heat exchanger will
retain the heat to counter the effects of the cold incoming air.
http://www.house-energy.com/House/SupplyVsExhaust.html
https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html
http://greencomplianceplus.markenglisharchitects.com/blog/2011/01/31/new-ventilation-systems-to
days-airtight-homes/
a. Fan
b. Filter
c. Ductwork
d. Fire damper
e. Diffusers
7.2.3.1 Fan
A fan is the main component in a mechanical ventilation system, without it, the
extraction and supply process will not work. The fan drives air through an inlet duct
and supplies it to all the spaces in the building. There are three types of fans:
a. Propeller Fan
b. Axial Fan
c. Centrifugal Fan
The main function of the propeller fan is to allow for air discharge. This type of fan
usually does not require ducting or mounting on the wall. It can remove large
volumes of air, but not enough to drive the air along a duct. Propeller fans are
cheaper to install and do not produce a lot of noise. They can be found frequently
in washrooms, kitchens, or utility rooms. The fan extracts the unwanted air out of
the space for a short distance.
An axial fan consists of an impeller with a fan blade of aero foil section rotating
inside a cylindrical casing. This type of fan can usually be found in the engine of a
jet airplane. The axial fan drives the air towards a parallel direction within a shaft.
This type of system can be found in basements and tunnels. Additionally, axial
fans can also be found in a ducting system to improve the speed of air travelling
The centrifugal fan is the most powerful and efficient of all types. It can move large
and small quantities of air over a wide range of pressures. It consists of an impeller
that revolves inside a scroll-shaped casing. The air driven by the centrifugal fan
through the inlet is positioned at 90°. This fan requires a base to stand, and is
usually used in basements and rooftops of large buildings that require air supply to
larger spaces.
http://www.topaire.com.my/Propeller-Fan-Plastic-18-%E2%80%9C4-Blade/q?pid=82&doit=order
http://www.bobstevenson.com/axial-fans.shtml
http://www.fanblower.com.au/special-project-fans/very-large-centrifugal-fan/
7.2.3.2 Filter
Figure 7.2.3.3.1
http://www.aseeltd.com/ventilation-and-ductwork
Figure 7.2.3.4.1
http://www.advancedair.co.uk/products/fire-fire-smoke-dampers
The grille or diffuser is located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is
released into the room.
Figure 7.2.3.5.1
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-hvac-diffusers.htm
The mechanical ventilation in the above literature review consists of various types
of systems depending on the type and size of the building. The New PAM Centre
in Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur, is a low energy building which does not require large
mechanical ventilation system to achieve thermal comfort. It uses passive
ventilation design to reduce the dependence on mechanical ventilation and has
thus been rated Platinum by the Green Building Index (GBI). However, some
spaces still require mechanical ventilation systems for the comfort and safety of its
occupants. The mechanical ventilation system used in this building are propeller
fans and the spot ventilation system.
The PAM Centre uses extract spot ventilation in the washing area inside the prayer
room. This is due to its location which is in the basement level of the building,
meaning that it is enclosed and lacks of good airflow. This may cause a foul smell
within the enclosed space should the area remain wet. As mentioned above, this
building does not have other mechanical ventilation system, except a multi-split,
VRF air-conditioning system in the office area, meeting rooms, and halls. The
corridor of the building is ventilated passively by cross ventilation and stack effect
through the wall openings and stairwell.
The Air Handling Unit (AHU) functions to circulate clean air within a building. The
function may also include cooling and heating (in countries with cold climate).
AHUs are placed on every floor. Each AHU distributes fresh, cool air to the floor
level where it is placed. All ducts that distribute and extract air are connected to
this room.
Air handling unit consists of number of elements inside, such as fan, cooler coil,
pre filter, final filter and a motor. The most important component is the blower.
The blower is a centrifugal fan driven by a motor that pushes air from the
condenser to the ducting to distribute to all ceiling vents.
http://www.freudenberg-filter.com/air-filtration/applications/food-and-beverages/air-quality-control/
The PAM Centre uses big ceiling propeller fans located above any open spaces of
the building. The propeller fan helps to create wind to make the surrounding air
cooler, through a concept known as the wind chill effect. The fan runs
counter-clockwise, this will force the room air down to make the user feel cooler.
The giant propeller fan in the foyer of PAM Centre helps to cool the surrounding air
in the open spaces of the building. It also aids in natural ventilation. The fan
circulates the air inside the building for a comfortable atmosphere.
The PAM Centre uses a centrifugal fan to extract and drive the air in the ductwork.
The system uses a square diffuser.
https://www.krugerfan.com/index.php/en/inline/2017/02-05/61.html
7.3.4 Ductwork
The PAM Centre uses a square ductwork in the extract ventilation system as it is
more efficient to carry the air along the building with help of the centrifugal fan near
the diffuser. This will help to increase the speed of the air extraction.
7.4 Conclusion
PAM Centre uses methods of natural ventilation such as stack effect and cross
ventilation, and is efficient due to the ideal building orientation and strategic design.
The office in PAM Centre has an open concept, which only needs a regular
centralized air-conditioning and condenser to distribute the cool air. For the open
spaces, the propeller fan are used to circulate the air flow in this building. For the
basement space, extraction system used to remove heat that trapped.
8.1 Introduction
The temperature and the humidity levels of the air are maintained in order to
achieve more comfortable conditions for the occupants of the space with thermal
comfort in a building being temperatures of 20-28 degrees Celsius and a relative
humidity of 55-70%. Air regulation is also carried out in order to accommodate
specific requirements needed for industrial processes, that cannot be normally
carried out in natural external climatic conditions. Air cleanliness is another
consideration, where the movement of air, removal of dirty stale air and bringing in
fresh clean air occurs.
There are several different kinds of air conditioning systems that can be utilised
within a building depending on the building size, and function. Choosing a proper
type of air conditioning is important to ensure energy efficiency and saving costs.
An unsuitable design or improper installation of the HVAC system can cause dire
consequences and have unfavourable effects on user comfort, health and cost,
and lower the quality of air in a space.
In Malaysia, and many other countries with similar conditions, The heating element
of the HVAC (Heating, ventilation, & air conditioning) system is not required as
environmental conditions are already high in temperature and humidity. Focus
would then be redirected toward cooling down and removing humidity within the
interior of the space.
The Air conditioning system is tied to other building services, namely the electrical
supply and, for larger more complex systems, a water supply.
We have done extensive research to study the air conditioning systems within the
PAM Building, which is a brilliant example of integration between natural and
mechanical systems.
When a gas undergoes compression it will turn into a liquid at a certain point. As
this occurs, a large amount of latent heat is discharged from within the gas.
And the opposite is true when you decrease the pressure on a liquid, as it
vaporizes back into gas and a large amount of latent heat is absorbed into the
liquid.
Air conditioning systems work on a simple basic principle, where heat is removed
from from air inside a room, and the heat collected will be expelled into the exterior
surrounding air.
As mentioned earlier:
- Gases dispel heat when changed from liquid to gas under high pressure
- Liquids take in heat when changed from gas to liquid under decreased
pressure.
Evaporator
The evaporator is a coil of pipe that has low
pressure liquid refrigerant inside of it.
It provides a heat absorbing surface as the
refrigerant is vaporizing and absorbing heat.
Compressor
Refrigerant is compressed, and vapor from the
evaporator is pumped to the condenser.
Refrigerator vapor is condensed so that it will
readily change state during the next process.
Condensor
In the condenser, high pressure refrigerant vapor
releases and dispels heat through the condenser
coils. This happens as the vapor changes to a
liquid.
A great deal of heat is expelled while this state
change takes place.
Expansion Valve
It is a valve that meter liquid refrigerant into the
evaporator,
The Air cycle works by having air compressed and then removing its heat. Then
the air is expanded to a lower temperature than before compression.
There are many different kinds of Air Conditioning units that can be utilised in
a building.
These designs vary in order to fit the function and size of a variety of buildings.
Building users can choose according to whichever they see fit and whichever
meet their needs.
Window conditioning systems are the most commonly used type of system used in
smaller or single rooms and are mounted in a slot made for it in a wall of the room,
or as the name implies, in a window sill. These units are low cost and reliable as
they avoid the need to construct a centralized air system, and are removable and
portable as well.
The unit will sit in the wall, half remaining indoors and half protruding outward. A
room side, and an outdoor side. The Front panel will be the side visible to users,
The parts of the Air conditioner are the same as any other AC unit and can be
divided into 3 parts; The refrigeration components, air circulation and ventilation
components, and control system components.
Majority of these window units are older models, and disadvantages of these are
that they are less efficient, noisier due to obsolete fans and motors, and are not
aesthetic or very blocky. However, modern technology has allowed for the better
and improved models.
The Split air conditioning system has become the most popular choice of air
conditioning, and unsurprisingly so, as they are silent in operation, do not require a
need for a hole in the wall in order to mount them, and have an elegant simple
look. One outdoor unit, which is the condenser, will usually be connected to
several indoor units connected by copper tubing.
- Outdoor Unit
The outdoor unit houses the main mechanical components of the air conditioning
system such as the compressor and the condenser. In the process of the
refrigerant, a high amount of excess heat is generated.
- Indoor Unit
The indoor unit is the part of the air conditioner that most people are familiar with
and see most often. It is the component that actually cools down the room and
conditions the air. It contains the evaporator, blower fan, supply air louvers, air
filter, return air grille, drain pipe & control panel. The blower fan sucks in air from
the room which then goes through the filter and then evaporator which leads to the
air losing it’s heat and this is what produces the cooling effect.
Unlike a regular centralized system, ductwork is not required and each individual
indoor unit can be controlled independently, allowing temperature in each room to
be regulated to suit one’s needs.
Diagram 8.2.2.3.1: Multi split system showing one outdoor unit connected to 3 individual Indoor
units
Source: http://rsi24.in/air-conditioning-installation-repair-in-kamothe/
1. It uses only refrigerant as a cooling medium within the system, not using air
or chilled water.
2. Several air handler units, AHU, (indoor unit) are use on a single shared
refrigerant cycle.
3. Power consumption is lowered with partial cooling/heating loads as inverter
compressors are used.
4. Modular expansion is allowed as several more units can be fit into the same
refrigerant cycle, allowing the system to grow. Very useful for large scale
projects.
It consists of an outdoor unit, paired with several indoor units, copper refrigerant
piping, and specialized communication wiring. This system is digitized with
communication wiring consisting of a two-wired cable linking outdoo to all indoor
units.
Each indoor unit has it’s own control panel, while remote controls or centralized
controllers are also available.The VRF system is programmed by its respective
manufacturer. The system gets inputs from the user (e.g. temperature preference)
as well as from the natural external environment (outside ambient temperature),
and according to that data it implements its logic in order to get to the desired
comfort conditions, utilizing optimal power consumptions.
Types of VRF:
The New PAM Centre uses a Variable Refrigerant Flow (“VRF”) air conditioning
system that allows one outdoor condensing unit to serve multiple indoor units. This
is possible due to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant
flowing to the multiple evaporators (indoor units), enabling the use of many
evaporators of differing capacities and configurations to connect via separate Air
Handling Units (“AHU”) to a single condensing unit. The arrangement provides
each space with its own temperature controls, allowing for variations in cooling in
different zones.
In line with PAM Centre’s sustainable design strategy, the VRF system is a more
energy-efficient air conditioning solution (estimated to use 11% to 17% less
energy) as compared to conventional units at a relatively higher initial cost. The
higher cost is mainly due to the installation of longer refrigerant piping and multiple
indoor evaporator exchanges with associated controls.
The VRF system at the PAM Centre uses Panasonic’s FSV-EX system with
multiple outdoor units connected to multiple indoor units allowing the temperature
in each room to be controlled separately. An advantage of the FSV-EX system is
its ability to provide cooling even when the outside temperature reaches 52°C,
enabling reliable operation even under extreme high temperatures.
Figure 8.3 Panasonic FSV-EX system used as the VRF for the PAM Centre
With higher efficiency and increased controllability, the VRF system has
contributed to PAM Centre’s sustainable design. The design of VRF systems is
more complicated and requires additional work compared to designing a
conventional multi-split system.
The VRF system used at the PAM Centre, the Panasonic FSV-EX
uses variable speed compressors (inverter technology) with 10 to
100% capacity range, offering flexibility for zoning to save energy.
The inverter technology used is able to maintain precise temperature
fluctuations to be within ±1°F. This capability is especially important
in terms of energy conservation in a building designed with large
openings for passive ventilation such as the PAM Centre.
8.3.1.2 Environmental
The inverter technology in the VRF system at the PAM Centre reacts
to indoor and outdoor temperature fluctuations by adjusting power
consumption and compressor speed to ensure optimal energy usage.
The inverter’s energy efficiency performance smooth capacity control
allows for a comfortable environment that is also eco-friendly. Based
on tests, it was found that this technology can reduce the energy
consumption by as much as 30 to 40% a year compared to traditional
rotary or reciprocating type compressors.
8.3.1.3 Flexibility
A wide range of indoor units with varying capacity can be connected
to a single outdoor unit. This modularity allows the system to be
easily adapted to future expansions or reconfiguration of the space,
as the indoor units locations are not limited by the setup of the
outdoor unit.
DC Inverter Compressor
The function of the motor-driven compressor is to compress the
R410a refrigerant, raising its temperature and pressure so that it exits
the compressor as a hot, high-pressure gas.
Condenser
The condenser coils then take the pressurised R410a from the
compressor to dissipate the heat through the fins, extracting the heat
from the refrigerant and transferring it to the outside air.
Piping
The piping sends the cooled-off refrigerant into the indoor units and
distributed accordingly by an electronic expansion valve.
Figure 8.3.3.1.4 Example of a separation tube portion of the piping (refer to Figure
8.3.3.2)
Control Unit
The VRF outdoor unit is managed by an embedded control unit which
adjusts the DC input for the inverter compressor.
Figure 8.3.2.2.1 A Fan Coil Unit of the Cassette type installed at the PAM Centre.
Figure 8.3.2.2.2 A
wired remote
control unit for the
air-conditioning in
the control room.
The outdoor units of the VRF system at the PAM building is located on the
8th floor rooftop, together with the water supply system, rainwater harvesting
unit and photovoltaic solar panels.
Figure 8.3.3.2 Schematic showing a typical VRF connection between outdoor and indoor
units.
The outdoor units are connected to each floor via an AHU room which
controls and distributes the refrigerant to individual indoor units in office
spaces with their own temperature controls.
Figure 8.3.3.3 R410A refrigerant label on an outdoor unit at the PAM Centre.
The Panasonic FSV-EX units at the PAM Centre uses the R410A refrigerant
which is eco-friendlier than the conventional R-22, as it does not contribute
to ozone depletion. On top of its environmental benefits, the refrigerant also
allows for lower energy consumption which results in overall cost savings.
8.3.4 AHU
The Air Handling Unit (“AHU”) is necessary in the PAM Centre in order to
comply with the requirements set in UBBL 1984, Third Schedule, Clause 11
& 12 which states the minimum requirement of fresh air in indoor spaces per
occupant. The AHU at the PAM Centre is designed to work with the VRF
system for air-conditioning.
Among the benefits of integrating the VRF into the AHU include:
1) Immediate Cooling under any ambient or room conditions
2) Fast and accurate response to load changes for better comfort and
less energy consumption compared to water cooling/heating coils
coupled with chillers.
3) Better management of cooling load for medium size spaces
Supply duct
The supply duct is the output chamber of the AHU, where fresh air
exits the AHU unit to be supplied to the spaces inside the building.
Fan compartment
The fan compartment houses the blower that pushes the fresh air out
through the supply duct.
Vibration isolator ('flex joint')
Blowers can cause noisy vibration during the operation of AHU.
Therefore, a rubberised flexible joint is installed between the fan
compartment and the rest of the AHU to reduce and absorb the
vibration and noise.
Cooling coil
This section conditions the fresh air to suit the temperature needed in
the indoor spaces. This is the point where the VRF evaporator coils
are integrated into the AHU to cool the fresh outside air which will be
recirculated.
Filter compartment
Filtration is necessary to provide clean, dust free air to occupants of
the PAM Centre. Filtration is the first component placed in order in
the AHU to keep all the downstream components clean.
Mixed (recirculated + outside) air duct
Figure 8.3.4.2.1 Schematic showing (in red) where VRF piping can be integrated.
8.4 Conclusion
With an excellent passive ventilation design, the New PAM Centre is relatively cool and
well ventilated especially at the entrance foyer and office corridors. However, there is still a
need for an efficient cooling system, due to the tropical climate of Malaysia.
The PAM Centre implemented the Panasonic FSV-EX, Variable Refrigerant Flow (FRV)
system to be consistent with its green approach to design. The FSV-EX yields benefits
such as the use of an eco-friendly refrigerant (R410a), ability to control individual spaces
independently, low energy usage with the DC inverter drive and cost savings during
installation and in the long run. The modular nature of the VRF system ensures that future
expansions or modifications can be carried out with ease and at a relatively lower cost.
When coupled with an AHU, the system contributes in conditioning fresh external air inside
the building.
Overall, the New PAM Centre has taken a smart approach to air conditioning and
ventilation, which has propelled it to become one of the benchmarks in building design in
recent years.
9.1 Introduction
Mechanical transport system enables people and goods to move easier and
efficiently horizontally also vertically. It been used in many modern architectures
especially public buildings. There are three types of mechanical transportation
systems; televator, escalator and elevator.
Travelator
Travelator is a mechanical transport system that helps people to move horizontally.
This device can be easily found in airports, suitable for people who wants to walk
faster to catch their flights.
Escalator
Just like stairs but it moved by machine. This device are used in public buildings
like malls because it able to move people for non-stop.
Elevator
This vertical mechanical transport system that brings passengers from one level to
higher or lower level of the building. It can be found in many building that are
higher than 4 levels high. It also provides access for disable and elderly people to
move to different levels.
Good system is required for users comfort; quiet equipment, smooth journey, good
condition and safe at every moment. The suitable speed is between 100 to 150ft
per minutes. Fast travel will result in a nervous breakdown to the user and if it is
too slow it will cause lack of function. Elevators should be reachable in a maximum
travel distance between 150-200ft.
Type Description
Traction Elevators
Hydraulic Elevator
9.3.2 Car
Car is a platform where passengers or
goods are transported up and down to
the desired levels.
9.3.4 Counterweight
Guide rail functions are to keep the car and the counterweight. It is mounted on
both sides of the hoistway which is attached to the wheel of the car.
9.3.6 Buffer
It is placed in a room called elevator pit located at the bottom of the elevator. Its
function is to absorb the impact of the car when it fell.
Two-car elevator that is machine room-less, which arranged side by side is the
only vertical transport system that is provided at PAM building. It transports people
from ground floor to 8th floor or the rooftop which makes it one system zone
elevator. One is a normal passenger car and one is fire elevator.
A- Fire Elevator
B- Elevator
Advantages Disadvantages
-Requires less space due to the -More difficult and costly to service
needless of rooftop machine room -Parts for MRLs are more expensive
-Faster car speed and not readily available
-Reduces the initial cost of construction -Take longer time to install
-Consume 30% to 80% less power -It consumed more power on standby
while running mode
-Requires less ons
Figure 9.4.2.1 Closed elevator door Figure 9.4.2.1 Open elevator door
Consists of two power operated panels that part simultaneously with a brisk,
noiseless motion. faster passenger loading than side opening. Elevator doors are
normally opened by a power unit that is located on top of the elevator car. When
an elevator car is level with a floor landing, the power unit moves the car door open
or closed. A pick-up arm (clutch, vane, bayonet, or cam) contacts rollers on the
hoistway door which releases the door latch on the hoistway door. The power unit
opens the car door which in turn opens the hoistway door. The door rollers and
pick-up arm may be different on various elevators but they all work on the same
principle.
9.4.3 Button
Figure 9.4.3.1 Standard elevator Figure 9.4.3.2 Elevator for the disable
button
Buttons are used to select which floors the elevator car is desired to stop.
These buttons’ purpose are to open and close elevator door as well as emergency
stop. Located below or beside the floor selection buttons for the disables.
9.4.3.3 Braille
Braille plates are required by national elevator codes and are recommended for all
elevator applications. Braille plates allow the visually impaired to access crucial
information in and outside of the elevator for safe use.
Figure 9.4.4.1 Interior floor indicator Figure 9.4.4.2 Exterior floor indicator
Indicates which floors we are heading to using led screen together with speaker in the
interior. Located near the door. Floor indicator outside the elevator usually located just
above the door.
It is important to have hand rail inside the lift as one of the safety features inside
the lift. A handrail shall be provided on the car wall at the height of between
thirty-two and thirty-five inches from the floor. The surface has to be smooth and
no sharp corners. In case of emergency like lift fall, passengers have something to
hold on to prevent injuries.
Elevator pads are very thick and absorbed all the physical abuse from movers that
will create damage to the interior wall. Fire resistant pads not only used to protect
the interior of the elevator but as well as the passengers. This fabric has good
performance of corrosion resistance and high temperature fire resistance. Consists
of double layers fiber with silicon titanium coating with good insulation
performance, permittivity is 3-3.2, breakdown voltage is 20-50KV/MM that can
holds up between -70°C and 280°C. Resistance to ozone, oxygen, light, water, oil,
heat, cold and can be used to 10years of service life.
9.4.5.3 CCTV
CCTVs are installed inside elevators to ensure the security of the passengers such
as to prevent robbery and public displays of affection. In order to operate, the
CCTV camera is mounted to the car ceiling and wired to the transmitter using coax
cable. The wireless receiver is mounted on the hoistway floor aligned and pointed
upwards towards the transmitter that placed under the car. The receiver is
connected to the surveillance DVR using coax cable as well as the transmitter.
152 Openings in Lift Shafts (1)Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance
shall open one into a protected lobby unless
other suitable means of protection to the
opening to the satisfaction of the local authority
is provided. These requirements shall not apply
to open type industrial and other special
buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.
243 Fire Lifts (1)In a building where the top occupied floor is
over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance
access level fire lifts shall be provided
(3) Fire lifts shall be located within a separate
protected shaft if it opens into separate lobby.
(4) Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one
lift in every group of lifts which discharge into
the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby
containing the rising main, provided that the
fire lifts are located not more than 61 meters
travel distance from the furthermost point of the
floor.
Parking area is a space or location that is designated for vehicles to park. It can be
a garage, parking lot or just on the street. In line with technological developments,
we can see that many countries around the world starting to use mechanical
parking system. This new system brings a lot of advantages because nowadays
the percentage of car users keeps on increasing.
Mechanical parking encompasses a wide range of options all designed to increase
parking density and cut costs over traditional parking methods.
Types Description
Lift Box
Z-Park
Elepark
Round type
Figure 10.3.1 Lift Box parking system Figure 10.3.2 Lift Box parking system’s brand
PAM Building is a modern building with a limited space of parking area. It uses
mechanical parking system so that it would fit more cars into the parking spaces.
Lift Box Type of double deck parking system provides two parking levels in the
space of one. This double deck system is used by PAM building parking. The
dependent stacker parker do not require a pit. However, the lower vehicle needs to
drive out of the parking bay before the upper deck can be lowered. Safety sensors
ensure that cars are not accidentally lowered while a car is still on the ground level.
The posts of the doubledeck stackers can be shared when they are installed side
by side to save costs and precious land space.
Prior to the commencement of works every person for whom the installation of a
double-deck car park is to be carried out shall appoint an authorized person or a
registered structural engineer. Such appointed person should submit to the
building authority the proposal together with corresponding structural justification
demonstrating the stability of the mechanized car parking system and structural
adequacy of the building in which the system is to be installed.
Hydraulic double stage cylinder makes the doubledecker has a very fast lifting
speed. When the platform moves down it is powered by gravity, so there is no
electricity consumption for the hydraulic power pack. Even in case there is a
complete power failure, the upper car can still be retrieved manually with the
operation of a solenoid valve.
Advantages Disadvantages
Control Power 24 V
11. Conclusion
This report is the result of the hard work of everyone in the team, via good
teamwork and proper communication.
The project has allowed the team to observe and appreciate small details in the
implementation of building services, something we would usually take for granted.
We gained immense knowledge on the mechanism of each category of service
while at the same time gained a newfound appreciation towards the importance of
building services in our daily lives. This project has also helped us in obtaining a
first hand look at the applications of the theories we learned in the classroom.
12. References