Week 11: Review before new

After watching the video, please answer the following questions.

https://youtu.be/XHmIRCw5CLY

1. What is the probability?

2. How probability is used?

3. What are the ways a probability can be estimated?

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11.1. Parameters and statistics

11.1.1. Determine the population parameter and the sample statistics for each of the
following research questions:
a. What proportion of AGRC1023 students is taller than his/her father?
b. What is the difference between the first-year students who study and those who do not
study with regard to the proportion who pass the exam?
c. What is the mean height of the AGRC1023 students?
d. What is the mean difference in weights for the first-year students at the beginning and
end of the first semester?
e. How much difference is there between the mean height of male and female students at
the Gatton campus?

11.1.2. In each situation, explain whether the value given in bold print is a statistic or a
parameter:
a. In the 2016 census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics found that the median age of all
people in Australia was 38 years (https://www.abs.gov.au/census).
b. Based on 1610 Australian Voters, on May 11, 2019, Newspoll reported that the Prime
Minister Scott Morrison remains the preferred prime mister at 43%
(https://thewest.com.au/politics/federal-politics/newspoll-shows-federal-labor-
extending-lead-over-liberals-despite-scott-morrison-being-preferred-prime-minister-ng-
b881131050z).
c. A proof-reader found 15 mistakes after reading the entire manuscript.

11.1.3. A team of economists want to know whether the mean salary of male employees in
a large company is higher than the mean salary of female employees. They have access to
salary information for a random sample of 100 male and 100 female employees and the
mean salaries are $90,000 for males and $80,000 for females.
a. Are the mean salaries in this example statistics or parameters? Briefly explain your
answer.
b. Based on these means, can the economists determine that the mean salary of males in
the company is higher than the mean for females? Briefly explain your answer.
c. If the economists selected new random samples of 100 males and 100 females, would
the average salaries of those samples be $90,000 and $80,000? Briefly explain your
answer.

11.1.4. A sample of 100 students at a university was asked how many hours a week they
spend studying and how many they spent socialising. The difference was computed for each
student.

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a. What is the research question?
b. What is the population parameter?
c. What is the sample statistic?

11.2. Sampling distribution

11.2.1. Use the rule for combining random variables to show that the standard deviation of
𝜎𝜎
the mean is equal to , where 𝜎𝜎 is the standard deviation of the population from which
√𝑛𝑛
samples with an equal size of 𝑛𝑛 were taken.

11.2.2. A team of wildlife scientists want to estimate the proportion of male dingos in
Australia. Based on the knowledge of the reproduction system of dingos, they know that the
expected proportion of male dingos is around 0.5.
a. If they take 𝑁𝑁 random samples of 20 dingos, will they always find 10 males (50%) and 10
females (50%)?
b. What is the best estimate of the proportion of male dingos in the population?

11.2.3. Suppose that of all the voters in Australia, 40% are in favour of Candidate X for the
prime minister. Pollster takes a sample of 2400 voters.
a. What proportion of the sample would be expected to favour Candidate X?
b. What is the range that covers 95% of the possible values of sample proportions from
2400 voters?
c. If the pollster reduces the sample size to 600, would be this range be wider, narrower, or
the same? Explain your answer.

11.2.4. Two random samples of women and men were asked whether they have had a
speeding ticket to determine whether men are more inclined to speed than women. Of 684
men, 26.7% have had a speeding ticket; whereas there is only 17.4% of 840 women have
had a speeding ticket.
a. If in the population 27% of men and 17% of women have had a speeding ticket, calculate
the expected range for all possible values of difference in sample proportions when the
survey is repeated for new random samples of 840 women and 684 men.
b. Does the difference in proportions of the current samples falls within the expected
range?

11.2.5. A weight-loss clinic is interested in measuring the average weight loss of participants
in its 10-week program. A random sample of 25 participants has a mean weight loss of 16 kg
and a standard deviation of 10 kg.

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a. Calculate the range that has a 95% chance to include the true average weight-loss of all
participants.
b. How many random participants are required to halve this range when there are no
changes in the mean and standard deviation?

11.2.6. Below is the height of dads and moms for ten randomly selected AGRC1023
students:
No. Dad’s height Mom’s height
1 175 158
2 193 178
3 175 162
4 176 164
5 175 170
6 180 150
7 170 160
8 170 152
9 186 160
10 170 167

a. Calculate the mean of the differences between the height of dads and moms in this
sample. (Hint: mean of differences = 𝑑𝑑̅ ).
b. Calculate the difference in the mean height of dads (𝑥𝑥̅𝐷𝐷 ) and the mean height of moms
(𝑥𝑥̅𝑀𝑀 ) in this sample. (Hint: difference in the two means = 𝑥𝑥̅𝐷𝐷 − 𝑥𝑥̅𝑀𝑀 , where 𝑥𝑥̅𝐷𝐷 is the mean
height of dad’s and 𝑥𝑥̅𝑀𝑀 is the mean height of mom’s).
c. Are these values the same? If so, why do we have to calculate the sample mean of the
differences instead of the difference in the two sample means?

11.2.7. From the heights data of dads and moms of 10 AGRC1023 students in 11.2.6:
a. Calculate the standard error of the mean differences between the two heights in this
sample.
b. It is known that the standard deviation of all pair differences is 10.29 cm. Calculate the
standard deviation of the mean differences between the two heights for a random
sample with 𝑛𝑛 = 10.
c. Are these two values differ or the same? What would happen to each of these values if
we took another sample of 10?

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11.2.8. From the AGRC1023 survey data, the mean height of 156 female students is 166.9
cm with a standard deviation of 7.9 cm. The mean height of 41 male students is 180.5 cm
with a standard deviation of 8.9 cm. Calculate the range that has a 95% chance to include
the difference in the mean height of all males and females students of AGRC1023.

11.3. Confidence interval

11.3.1. It is common for television networks to cancel shows that have consistently low
ratings. These ratings are based on a random sample of households. Suppose a network
wants the rating to be at least 0.20 or the show will be cancelled. In a random sample of
1600 household, 0.18 of them are watching. Determine whether this sample proportion is
low enough from the population proportion to cancel the show.

11.3.2. For each scenario, use the 𝑡𝑡-distribution table to find:

a. df = 5; 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 > 2.571)
b. 𝑡𝑡(0.025,30)
c. 𝑡𝑡0.05 ; 𝑛𝑛 = 31
d. 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 < 2.571); df = 5
e. df = 5; 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 < −2.571)

11.3.3. Complete the following table:

Standard
Standard error Standardised
deviation of
The Big Five Parameter Statistics of statistic statistic with
statistic
𝑠𝑠. 𝑒𝑒. (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) 𝑠𝑠. 𝑒𝑒. (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
𝑠𝑠. 𝑑𝑑. (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
One
proportion
Difference
between
proportion

One mean

Mean of
paired
differences
Difference
between two
sample
means

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11.3.4. What are the relationships among the confidence interval, margin of error, and
standard error?

11.3.5. The height data from 198 AGRC1023 students are approximately normal with the
mean of 169.6 and the standard deviation of 9.8. Calculate:
a. The 95% confidence interval
b. The 90% confidence interval
c. The 99% confidence interval
What do you notice about these intervals as the confidence level increased?

11.3.6. A team of animal researchers want to conduct an experiment to test the effect of
two types of diets on egg production. They need to apply for ethics approval from the
university. From the literature, they know that the mean egg production is 600 g with a
standard deviation of 5 g.
a. Calculate the number of chickens they need to test each of the diets to obtain a 95%
confidence interval of 590 g and 610g.
b. Calculate the number of chickens they need to obtain a 95% confidence interval of 595 g
and 605 g.

11.3.7. Based on the standard normal distribution, calculate the sample size required to
obtain:
a. The standard error of 0. 5.
b. The 95% margin of error of 1.
c. The 95% confidence interval of -1 and 1.

11.3.8. Complete the following table:

Standard error
Multiplier for (1 − 𝛼𝛼)%
The Big Five Parameter Statistics of statistic
confidence interval
𝑠𝑠. 𝑒𝑒. (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
One
proportion
Difference
between
proportion

One mean

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 Mean of
paired
differences
Difference
between two
sample
means

11.3.9. A study is done to compare two different cakes. In this study, 60 people taste both
cakes and 55% of these of 60 participants say they like the taste of cake A better than the
taste of cake B. Calculate the 95% confidence interval to determine whether there is enough
evidence to claim that cake A would be preferred by a majority of the population
represented by the sample.

11.3.10. A blind test is done to compare the proportion of tea drinkers among men and
women. In a random sample of 100 men and 100 women, 40% of these men are tea
drinkers and 60% of these women are tea drinkers. If the proportions of tea drinkers in both
populations of men and women are 0.5, calculate the 95% confidence interval for this
sample.

11.3.11. A study was conducted into the relationship between meditation and anxiety. In
this study, volunteers were randomly assigned to a meditation group or a control group. The
meditation group took an eight-week training course during which they meditated daily. The
participants were given a standard test for the level of anxiety at the beginning of the study
and at the end of the study. The mean differences in the anxiety score before and after
training in the meditation group is 4.9 with a standard deviation of 7.2. Use the 95%
confidence to determine whether the mean anxiety level would go down in the population
if everyone were taking the eight-week meditation training.

11.3.12. In the study described in 11.3.7, the participants were given a standard test for the
level of anxiety at the beginning of the study and at the end of the study. You find no
difference in the mean of anxiety scores at the beginning of the study between the
meditation and control groups. However, by the end of the study, you find that the mean
anxiety score for the 21 people in meditation group is 40 with the standard deviation of 10
and the anxiety score for the 31 people in control group is 60 with the standard deviation of
12. Use the 95% confidence to determine whether the mean anxiety level of all people that
were taking the eight-week meditation training is lower than all people that were not taking
the training.

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Week 11: Reflections
Can you answer this question?
Write anything that you are still
Write an X if you don’t know the answer;
Topics wondering about the topics using an 'I
a tick (√ ) if you partially know the answers; and
wonder' statement.
a double ticks (√ √ ) if you completely know the answers

I wonder whether I can swap my tutorial

Example Do you know when the STAT tutorial started? √ √
session or not.

What are the differences between parameters and statistics?

What is the general formula of the standard deviation of the sampling
Sampling
distribution?
distribution
Can you see that the sampling distribution for the big five parameters are
basically similar?

What is the general formula to calculate the standardised statistic for the
Standardised Big Five?
statistics for the
What is the difference between the standard deviation and the standard
sampling
error of statistic?
distribution
Do you know when to use 𝑧𝑧 or 𝑡𝑡?
What is a confidence interval? What is the general formula to calculate the
confidence interval for the Big Five?
Confidence
interval What is the difference between a confidence interval and a sampling
distribution?
How do you interpret a confidence interval?