Endocrine System Study Guide

Abaya and Butaya

Submitted on March 14, 2018
I. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
Nervous Endocrine
System Sytem
Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland
Mediators/messen
Mediators/messen ger
ger Outside Interstitial fluid

Neurotransmi Hormon Ducts Blood, capillaries

tter es
Sudoriferous, Vascular tissues,
Faste Slowe
Sebaceous, pituitary thyroid,
r r digestive parathyroid,
adrenal, peneal
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
-all endocrine glands and hormone- Organs and tissues that secrete hormone
secreting cells. ● Hypothalamus, pancreas,
thalamus, testes, ovaries, kidneys,
-hormones regulate metabolism and stomach,m liver, small intestine,
contribute to homeostasis by regulating skin, heart, adipose tissues,
the activity and growth of target cells in placenta.
the body
II. Classification of Hormones According to
-especially effective during puberty Chemical Composition

● hormone - molecule released in A. Lipid Soluble Hormones

one part of the body but regulates
the activity of cell in other parts of Steroid Thyroid Nitric Oxide
the body.
cholesterol Attaching hormone
Function of Hormones iodine and and
1. Help regulate: tyrosine neurotrans
mitter
● Chemical composition and volume
of internal environment
(extracellular fluid). B. Water Soluble Hormone
● Metabolism and energy balance.
● Contraction of smooth and cardiac Amine Peptide Elcosanoid
muscle fibers. and Protein
● Glandular secretions.
● Some immune system activities. Decarboxyl Amino acid
2. Control growth and development. ating, retain polymers Arachidonic
an amino acid
3. Regulate operation of reproductive
group
systems.
4. Help establish circadian rhythms. dopamine, Antidiuretic Protaglana
histamine, hormone, dins and
serotonin, oxytocinm leukotriene
Hormone Interstitia Bl Blood melatonin growth s
released l fluid oo delivers hormone,
d these
inculin
hormones
Binds throughout
Hormone Hormone
the body (glycoprotei
receptors released
to target released
cell
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Endocrine System Study Guide
Abaya and Butaya
Submitted on March 14, 2018

n hormone Lipid Soluble hormone (blood)

- attached
carbohydrat Lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
e group)

Cell

III. Mechanism of Action of Hormones

Receptors (receptor
hormone complex)
A. Mechanism of action of lipid-soluble
steroid hormone and thyroid hormone Gene expression
altered

Synthesis of new
protein

Alters cell activity,

showing responses of
that hormone

B. Mechanism of action of water-

soluble hormone

Page 2 of
Endocrine System Study Guide
Abaya and Butaya
Submitted on March 14, 2018
Water
Soluble at
Receptor
hormone
exterior of
(blood)
plasma
membrane
(hormone-
Activates
membrain
receptor
complex)
e protein
-Hormones chemically binds to specific
(G protein)
protein receptors(only target cells of
specific hormone has those receptors).

Down-regualtion Up-regulation
Local hormones act locally on
Too much Less hormone neighboring cells or on the same cell
hormones that secreted them without entering the
bloodstream
Receptors Receptors increase
decrease in number in number

Hormoneinsensitive Hormone sensitive Paractine Autocrine

● Circulating Hormone Neighboring cells Act on same cell

that secreted them

IV. The Control of Hormonal Secretions by

the Nervous System
Hormone secretion is controlled by:
1. Signals from the nervous system
2. Chemical changes in blood
3. Other hormones.

● Most of the time, negative

Circulating hormone are hormones that
pass from the secretory cells that make
them into interstitial fluid and then into the
blood.
feedback systems regulate the
secretion of many hormones but
there can be positive feedback as
well (childbirth)

● Local Hormone

V. Regulation of Negative Feedback

Mechanism
-occurs when a product feeds back to

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Endocrine System Study Guide
Abaya and Butaya
Submitted on March 14, 2018
decrease its own production
- brings things back to normal whenever
they start to become too extreme
EX. Thyroid Regulation
1. The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-
releasing hormone, or TRH
2. TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to
produce thyroid-stimulating hormone, or
TSH.
3. TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid
gland to secrete its hormones
4. When the level of thyroid hormones is
high enough, the hormones feedback to
stop the hypothalamus from secreting
TRH and the pituitary from secreting TSH.
5. Without the stimulation of TSH, the
thyroid gland stops secreting its
hormones.

2. TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to TSH.

produce thyroid-stimulating hormone, or
VI. Locations of the Major Endocrine Glands of the Body and Hormones Secreted

Location Hormones Secreted Major Function

Hypothalamus Thyrotropin-releasing Control of Hormone

hormone (TRH) Secretions
Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-releasing
hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH)
Somatostatin.
Dopamine.

Pineal Melatonin Reproductive maturation;

body rhythms

Pituitary Gland growth hormone (GH), Anterior

prolactin (PRL), follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH),
adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), and thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH)
Hormone secretion by
thyroid, adrenal cortex,
gonads; growth
Posterior
Water & Salt balance

Thyroid Thyroxine Growth and development;

Parathyroid - Parathormone metabolic rate

Adrenal Adrenaline Cortex (outer bark)

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Endocrine System Study Guide
Abaya and Butaya
Submitted on March 14, 2018

Salt & carbohydrate

metabolism; inflammatory
reactions
Medulla (inner core)
Emotional arousal
(epinephrine)

Pancreas Insuline Sugar Metabolism

Gut Gastrin Digestion and Appetite

Secretin control
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Gastric Inhibitory peptide
Motilin

Gonads Testes - Testosterone Body Development;

Ovaries - Oestrogen, maintenance of reproductive
Progesterone organs in adults

VII. Regulation of Secretions stress

- Productive stress is termed eustress
- harmful stress is termed distress.
-If stress is extreme
= triggers the stress response
(general adaptation syndrome),
- the fight-or-flight response
- resistance reaction
- exhaustion
- Stressors
- stimuli that produce the stress
response
- include surgery, poisons,
infections, fever, and strong
emotional responses
The fight-or-flight response
- initiated by nerve impulses from the
hypothalamus to the sympathetic division
of the autonomic nervous system and the
adrenal medulla
- rapidly increases circulation, promotes
ATP production, and decreases
nonessential activities
The resistance reaction
- initiated by releasing hormones secreted
by the hypothalamus, most importantly
CRH, TRH, and GHRH
- longer lasting and accelerate breakdown
reactions to provide ATP for counteracting
Exhaustion
- results from depletion of body resources
during the resistance stage
Stress
- may trigger certain diseases by inhibiting
the immune system
- interleukin-l
- produced by macrophages
- stimulates secretion of ACTH
VIII. Nutrition Highlights: The Role of
Nutrition in the Management of Diabetes
mellitus
Fatty deposits play a major role in
development of type-2 ddiabetes
-interfere with metabolic functions
-production of insulin & storage of
glucose
Low Calorie Diet
- reverse the condition in 8 weeks
- removed excess fat deposits that clog up
pancreas, thus allowing normal insulin
secretion to be restored
Reduction in intakes of Saturated Fat,
Cholesterol, Sodium
- improved measures of dyslipidemia and
hypertension

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Endocrine System Study Guide
Abaya and Butaya
Submitted on March 14, 2018
Low glycemic index Food
- control blood sugar levels
- reduce postprandial glycemia and
triglyceridemia
Increased Fibre
- healthier glycemic and insulin responses
Dietary Antioxidants
- black tea polysaccharides
- green tea polyphenols
- epigallocatechin-3-gallate
(EGCG)
- resveratrol
- broccoli extract
- garlic oil
- grapefruit extract naringenin
- play a role in reducing oxidative stress
associated with diabetes
Increased Vitamins D & Minerals
- potassium, magnesium, zinc, chromium
- helps with blood glucose levels and
management of diabetes

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