Optical Time Domain Reflectometer: Application Note No.2

Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer
Application Note no.2

OTDR (O i l Ti
OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)
D i R fl )
What is the OTDR?
An OTDR is a specialized test instrument for optical fiber. It is a

very useful tool in that it provides a representative picture of the
fiber and only requires access to one end of the fiber.
fiber
rework or delay.
Page 2
OTDR Bl k Di
OTDR : Block Diagram
Page 3
R li h b k S
Ray light back Scattering
i
Page 4
OTDR F
OTDR : Fresnel Reflection
l R fl i
Page 5
Th OTDR T
The OTDR Trace
Page 6
OTDR G i
OTDR Gainers
Page 7
OTDR D d Z
OTDR : Dead Zone
What is dead zone ?
Fresnel reflections lead to an important OTDR specification known

as “dead zones”. There exist two types of dead zones: event and
attenuation. Both originate from Fresnel reflections and are
p
expressed in distance ((meters)) that varyy accordingg to the p
power
of those reflections.
A dead zone is defined as the length of time during which the

d
detector i temporary blinded
is bli d d by
b a high
hi h amount off reflected
fl d light,
li h
until it recovers and can read light again— think of when you drive
a car at night and you cross another car in the opposite direction;
your eyes are blinded for a short period of time.
Page 8
OTDR E
OTDR : Event dead zone
d d
Page 9
OTDR A
OTDR : Attenuation dead zone
i d d
Page 10
OTDR D d Z
OTDR : Dead Zone
The Dynamic Range
An important OTDR parameter is the dynamic range. range This

parameter reveals the maximum optical loss an OTDR can analyze
from the backscattering level at the OTDR port down to a specific
g of fiber that
noise level. In other words, it is the maximum length
the longest pulse can reach.
Therefore, the bigger the dynamic range (in dB), the longer the
di
distance reached.
h d Evidently,
E id l theh maximum
i di
distance varies
i from
f
one application to another since the loss of the link under test is
different.
Page 11
OTDR P l
OTDR : Pulse width
id h
Page 12
OTDR : Sampling Resolution and Sampling
Points
Page 13
Points
Page 14
OTDR : Selecting The Right OTDR
1. Dynamic range
2. Dead zones (attenuation and event)
3
3. S
Sampling resolution
li l i
4. y p /
Ability to set pass/fail thresholds
5. Post‐processing and report generation
Page 15
Measurement of the transmission link (Optical
fiber)
What we are testing?
Page 16
fiber)
1. Dynamic range
2. Dead zones (attenuation and event)
3
3. S
Sampling resolution
li l i
4. y p /
Ability to set pass/fail thresholds
5. Post‐processing and report generation
Page 17
fiber)
Using an OTDR you can:
Using an OTDR, you can:
1. Measure the distance to a fusion splice, mechanical splice, connector, or significant

bend in the fiber.
2. Measure the loss across a fusion splice, mechanical splice, connector, or significant
bend in the fiber.
3. Measure the
h intrinsic
i i i lossl d to mode‐field
due d fi ld diameter
di variations
i i b
between two pieces
i off
single‐mode optical fiber connected by a splice or connector.
4. Determine the relative amount of offset and bending loss at a splice or connector
j i i two single
joining i l mode d fibers.
fib
5. Determine the physical offset at a splice or connector joining two pieces of single mode
fiber, when bending loss is in significant.
Page 18
fiber)
6. Measure the optical return loss of discrete components, such as mechanical splices and
connectors.
7. Measure the integrated return loss of a complete fiber

fiber‐optic
optic system.
8. Measure a fiber’s linearity, monitoring for such things as local mode‐field pinch off.
9 Measure the fiber slope,

9. slope or fiber attenuation (typically expressed in dB/km).
dB/km)
10. Measure the link loss, or end‐to‐end loss of the fiber network.
11. Measure the relative numerical apertures of two fibers.
Page 19
fiber)
12. Make rudimentary measurements of a fiber’s chromatic dispersion.
13. Measure polarization mode dispersion.
14. Estimate the impact of reflections on transmitters and receivers in a fiber‐optic system.
15. Provide active monitoring on live fiber‐optic systems.
16. Compare previously installed waveforms to current traces
Page 20
fiber)
12. Make rudimentary measurements of a fiber’s chromatic dispersion.
13. Measure polarization mode dispersion.
14. Estimate the impact of reflections on transmitters and receivers in a fiber‐optic system.
15. Provide active monitoring on live fiber‐optic systems.
16. Compare previously installed waveforms to current traces
Page 21
Event analysis and description
• Event (In General): Is any change occurs in normal status,

status which leads to a significant
change in the status of the status.
• Event (In optical fiber): Is any change in the fiber span, which leads to a significant change
Event (In optical fiber): Is any change in the fiber span, which leads to a significant change
in fiber span.
Page 22
Span Start
• The Span Start of a trace is the event that marks the beginning of the fiber
span.
• By default, the Span Start is placed on the first event of a tested fiber
(typically the first connector of the OTDR itself).
• You can make another event the start of the span you want to focus your
analysis on. This will set the beginning of the events table at a specific
event along the trace
Page 23
Span End
• Span End The Span End of a trace is the event that marks the end of the
fiber span.
•By default, the Span End is placed on the last event of a tested fiber, and is
called the end‐of fiber event.
•You can also make another event the end of the span you want to focus
your analysis on. This will set the end of the events table at a specific event
along the trace.
Page 24
Continuous Fiber
This event indicates that the selected acquisition range was shorter than the
This event indicates that the selected acquisition range was shorter than the
fiber length
Page 25
End Of Analysis
This This event indicates that the pulse width used did not provide enough
d
dynamici range to
t gett to
t the
th endd off the
th fiber
fib
Page 26
Non-Reflective Event
This event is characterized by a sudden decrease in the Rayleigh backscatter

signal
i l level.
l l
Page 27
Reflective Event
Reflective faults appear as spikes in the fiber trace. They are caused by an
abrupt
b t discontinuity
di ti it in
i the
th index
i d off refraction.
f ti
Page 28
Positive Event
This event indicates a splice with an apparent gain, due to the junction of
t
two fib
fiber sections
ti h i
having diff
different
t fiber
fib b k tt
backscatter characteristics
h t i ti
(backscatter and backscatter capture coefficients )
Page 29
Launch Level
This event indicates the level of the signal launched into the fiber.
Page 30
Fiber Section
Page 31
Merged Reflective Event
•This symbol denotes a reflective event combined with one or more other
reflective
fl ti events.
t
•It also indicates the total loss produced by the merged reflective events
followingg it in the events table
Page 32
Echo
This symbol indicates that a reflective event has been detected after the end of
th fib
the fiber.
Page 33
Reflective Event (possible echo)
This symbol indicates a reflective event that can be a real reflection or an echo
produced
d d byb another
th stronger
t reflection
fl ti located
l t d closer
l t the
to th source.
Page 34
THANK YOU
O
Page 35

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer: Application Note No.2

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Optical Time Domain

Application Note no.2

An OTDR is a specialized test instrument for optical fiber. It is a

Fresnel reflections lead to an important OTDR specification known

A dead zone is defined as the length of time during which the

An important OTDR parameter is the dynamic range. range This

1. Measure the distance to a fusion splice, mechanical splice, connector, or significant

7. Measure the integrated return loss of a complete fiber

9 Measure the fiber slope,

11. Measure the relative numerical apertures of two fibers.

12. Make rudimentary measurements of a fiber’s chromatic dispersion.

13. Measure polarization mode dispersion.

15. Provide active monitoring on live fiber‐optic systems.

16. Compare previously installed waveforms to current traces

12. Make rudimentary measurements of a fiber’s chromatic dispersion.

13. Measure polarization mode dispersion.

15. Provide active monitoring on live fiber‐optic systems.

16. Compare previously installed waveforms to current traces

• Event (In General): Is any change occurs in normal status,

This event is characterized by a sudden decrease in the Rayleigh backscatter

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