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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Use of Waste Plastics in Cement-Based Composite for


Lightweight Concrete Production
Jibrin Sule1, Sule Emmanuel1, Ismaila Joseph1, Osagie Ibhadobe1, Buba Y.
Alfred, Farida Idris Waziri 1, Emeson Sunny1
1
Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute, Abuja, Nigeria.

Abstract:
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. These materials are
often used in residential driveways, paving and curb, walls, house foundations and gutter
applications. Sustainable concrete structures are beneficial as it consumed less energy, release less
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and cost less to build and to maintain over the given period
of time. Solid waste management is one of the major environmental concerns in the country today.
This paper investigates the utilization of waste plastics as replacement for fine aggregates in
concrete for the production of lightweight concrete. The aim of the research is to evaluate the
effect of addition of granulated waste plastics on the compressive strength and density of concrete.
Portland cement was mixed with the aggregates to produce the concrete composites. Grade 20
concrete design strength of mix ratio 1: 2.3: 3.5 and 0.65 w/c ratio was used for the experiment.
Five weight fractions 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% of granular plastic waste were used to
replace the fine aggregate in the batching. The concrete mixture was tested for slump; cast into
moulds of 150 mm by 150 mm by 150 mm sizes; cured for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days respectively. The
compressive strength and density of the concrete specimens were determined. The results revealed
slump and compressive strength of concrete decreased with increase in the percentage
replacement of plastic. The findings also revealed decrease in the unit weight (density) of concrete
with increase in the percentage replacement of plastic waste. It can be deduce from this research
that, waste plastics are not good materials that can be used to improve compressive strength
development in concrete matrix but they can be used in the production of lightweight concrete in
construction.
Keywords__ Waste plastic, Portland cement, Compressive strength, Lightweight concrete.
once plastic is discarded after its utility is
over, it is known as plastic waste.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
These wastes (plastic) are almost non-
Waste is now a global problem, and one that degradable in the natural environment even
must be addressed in order to solve the after a long period of exposure. So, plastic
world's resource and energy challenges. waste is now a serious environmental threat to
Plastics are made from limited resources such the modern way of living. It is not feasible to
as petroleum, and huge advances are being use waste plastic for land filling, which
made in the development of technologies to require huge land space area and as well land
recycle plastic waste among other resources. loses its fertility. It also causes serious
It was reported in Dhaka City Corporation problems such as clogging in drainage
(DCC) area that plastic waste generation system, wastage of resources and
increases at the rate of 10.43% per year in the environmental pollution. In this consequence,
amount of plastic waste, (Rahman, M., et’al. big attention is being focused worldwide on
2012). However, with increasing population the environment and safeguarding the natural
in Nigeria, the amount and type of waste resources through recycling of waste plastic
materials produced tends to increase in that materials in the recent years. It may appear to
same proportion. In terms of plastic waste, be valuable property as construction material.
Polymer aggregate is significantly lighter than
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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017

natural aggregate and therefore its compressive strength concrete showed a sharp
incorporation lowers the densities of the reduction up to 72% of the original strength
resulting concrete. This property can be used of the concrete. With 5% replacement the
to develop lightweight concrete [Youcef, G. compressive strength showed a 23%
et’al. 2009]. Thus, utilization of waste plastic reduction. (Bhupendra S. S. and Vanita A.,
materials in concrete as aggregates may be (2014), investigated on the use of plastic
considered one of the most feasible utilization materials and glass powder in a number of
to overcome some safe disposal problems of civil engineering applications.
waste plastic materials. 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
A number of researchers (Al-Manaseer, A.A., Solid waste management is the most pressing
and Dalal, T.R., 1997,; Gongming Zhou, et’al environmental challenge faced by urban and
2007.; Parviz S. et’al. 1993.; Malek B., et’al., rural areas of Nigeria. Nigeria, with
2006.; Bandodkar, L. R. et’al. 2011) have population exceeding 170 million, is one of
proposed on how to utilize the waste the largest producers of solid waste in Africa.
materials produced. Mechanical recycling (Bioenergy consult 2016). There is rapid
methods to make plastic products and growth in the Nigerian population and the
feedstock recycling methods that use plastic increase in population comes with increase in
as a raw material in the chemical industry waste generation. Nigeria generates around 32
have been widely adopted, and awareness has million tons of solid waste annually, out of
also grown recently of the importance of which only 20-30% is collected (Bioenergy
Thermal recycling as a means of using consult 2016). The waste are disposed in open
plastics as an energy source to conserve spaces, road sides and within residential
petroleum resources. However, one of the buildings. Sorting plastic waste and using it in
main goals of sustainable solid waste construction will reduce waste accumulation
management is to maximize the ability of its to a great extent. There are construction
recycling and reusing waste materials. With stages that does not require normal concrete
increasing environmental pressure to reduce or heavy load and alternatively lightweight
waste pollution, the concrete industry has can be used on the building or structure.
started adopting a number of methods to The continues rise in solid plastics waste and
achieve these goals (Sear, 2005). cost of building materials over the years in
Nigeria and the world at large, forced
The self-weight of concrete which is researchers to look for ways of addressing the
associated with size of the structural members problem. Plastics waste which is one of the
can be reduced by the use of lightweight non-bio-gradable materials as stated earlier
materials. Development of concrete with non- causes a lot of environmental pollution, and
conventional aggregate such as polystyrene there is the need to find solution to such
foam wastes, High Density Polyethylene menace. It was reported that recycling of
(HDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste materials can be economical and as a
and other plastic has been used in concrete to consequence reduces pollution and
improve the properties of the concrete and contamination (Dhir and Csetenyi, 2003).
reduce cost (Pramod S. P. 2014; Raghatate, The problem with cement concrete are in
A.M., 2012.; Siddique, R. et’al. 2008). It was terms of low tensile strength, permeability to
reported by Mohammed Mustapha and Al liquids, corrosion of reinforcement, prone to
Bakri, 2010 that using these plastic wastes in biological or chemical attack, poor
concrete will lead to sustaining the concrete freeze/thaw resistances. Research and
design and greener the environments. Development has a new dimension in the use
Batayneh et al. (2007) demonstrated in their of affordable local building materials in
study that replacement of the plastic particles addressing the concrete drawbacks, such as
to concrete led to a reduction in the strength the use of waste plastics and other admixtures
properties of the concrete. For a 20% for improving the performance of concretes.
replacement of plastic particles, the Research has been carried out in advanced
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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017

countries, on the use of waste plastic


2.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
materials in concrete, but only few were
• Concrete is economical in the long run
reported in Nigeria. The study also evaluates
as compared to other engineering
differences in compressive strength and
materials. Except cement, it can be
density based on variable addition of
made from locally available coarse
granulated waste plastic in the cement based
and fine aggregates.
composite respectively.
• Concrete possesses a high
compressive strength, and the
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
corrosive and weathering effects are
1.2.1 AIM
minimal. When properly prepared its
The aim is to evaluate the use of waste
strength is equal to that of a hard
plastics as partial replacement for fine
natural stone.
aggregates in concrete for production of
• The green concrete can be easily
lightweight concrete (LWC).
handled and moulded into any shape
1.2.2 OBJECTIVES or size according to specifications.
The specific objectives are to: The form work can be reused a
i. Identify an affordable and suitable waste number of times of similar jobs
material for the production of lightweight resulting in economy.
concrete. • It is strong in compression and has
ii. Compare the strength and density of unlimited structural applications in
lightweight concrete with normal concrete. combination with steel reinforcement.
iii. Examine the uses and application of The concrete and steel have
lightweight concrete in constructions approximately equal coefficients of
thermal expansion.
• The concrete is extensively used in the
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW construction of foundations, walls,
roads, airfields, buildings, water
2.1 CONCRETE
Concrete is the most widely used man-made retaining structures, docks / harbours,
construction material and it is obtained by dams, bridges, bunkers and silos, etc.
• Concrete can even be sprayed on and
mixing cement, water and aggregates (and
sometimes admixtures) in required filled into fine cracks for repairs by
proportions. The mixture when placed in the guniting process.
• The concrete can be pumped and
forms and allowed to cure becomes hard like
stone. The hardening is caused by chemical hence it can be laid in the difficult
action between water and the cement for a positions also.
• It is durable and fire resistant and
given time to make it hardened. The strength,
durability and other characteristics of requires very little maintenance.
concrete depend upon the properties of its
ingredients, on the proportions of mix, the 2.1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
• Concrete has low tensile strength and
method of compaction and other controls
during placing, compaction and curing. hence cracks easily. Therefore,
(theconstructor.org 2016). concrete is to be reinforced with steel
The advances in concrete technology have bars or meshes.
• Fresh concrete shrinks on drying and
paved the way to make the best use of locally
available materials by judicious mix hardened concrete expands on
proportioning, to produce concrete satisfying wetting. Provision for contraction
performance requirements. The main joints has to be made to avoid the
ingredients of concrete are cement, fine development of cracks due to drying
aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel shrinkage and moisture movement.
or crushed rock). (theconstructor.org 2016).
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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017

• Concrete expands and contracts with 4. Increase bond of concrete to steel


the changes in temperature. Hence reinforcement and the bond between old and
expansion joints have to be provided new concrete.
to avoid the formation of cracks due to 5. Inhibit the corrosion of concrete and
thermal movement. increase the resistance to chemical attack
• Concrete under sustained loading 6. Produce coloured concrete or mortar for
undergoes creep resulting in the coloured surfaces
reduction of pre-stress in the pre- 7. Produce concrete of fungicidal, germicidal
stressed concrete construction. and insecticidal properties,
• Concrete is not entirely impervious to 2.3 SPECIAL CONCRETE
moisture and contains soluble salts
which may cause efflorescence. Cement concrete faced several drawbacks, in
• Concrete is liable to disintegrate by
terms of low tensile / compressive strength,
alkali and sulphate attack. impact toughness, permeability to liquids and
• The lack of ductility inherent in
consequent corrosion of reinforcement,
concrete as a material is adhesion, thermal insulation, susceptibility to
disadvantageous with respect to chemical attack, freeze-thaw resistances and
earthquake resistant design. low durability. Research and modifications
2.2 ADMIXTURES has been in process to conquer the challenges
Admixtures are the materials other than the of cement concrete for decades. New
basic ingredients of concrete, cement, water, construction technology and availability of
and aggregates. The use of admixture should local materials has significantly solved some
offer an improvement not economically of the challenges recently for improving the
attainable by adjusting the proportions of performance of concretes and more
cement and aggregates, and should not economical value in construction. plate 2.1
adversely affect any property of the concrete. and 2.2.
Admixtures are no substitute for good 2.3.1 TYPES OF SPECIAL
concreting practice. An admixture should be CONCRETE
employed only after an appropriate evaluation 1. Lightweight concrete (LWC)
of its effects on the particular concrete under 2. Ultralightweight concrete
the conditions in which the concrete is 3.Vacuum Concrete
intended to be used. The admixtures ranging 4.Waste material based concrete
from addition of chemicals to waste materials 5. Shotcrete or guniting
have been used to modify certain properties 6. Ferrocement
of concrete. The properties commonly 7. Fibre reinforced concrete
modified are rate of hydration or setting time, 8. Polymer concrete composites
workability, dispersion and air-entrainment. (PCCs)
The admixture is generally added in a 9. Sulphur concrete and Sulphur-
relatively small quantity. (theconstructor.org infiltrated concrete
2016). 10. Jet (Ultra-rapid hardening)
2.2.1 FUNCTIONS OF ADMIXTURES cement concrete
The general function of admixtures in 2.3.2 USE OF LIGHTWEIGHT
concretes are to; CONCRETE
1. Increase the strength and improve
workability of concrete • Lightweight concrete is used in
2. Increase the durability of concrete, i.e. its making concrete cubes, cement
resistance to special conditions of exposure, blocks, Earthquake resistant walling
like repeated freezing and thawing cycles materials and roofing material among
3. Reduce the segregation in grout mixtures others.

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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017

• Lightweight concrete is used where


little strength is required e.g. roof
screeds, walling materials in storey
buildings, office partitioning.
• Lightweight concrete also has termite
proof capability and resistant towards
freezing issues (weather proof
material).
• Lightweight concrete is low on weight
and has positive impact on weight
management of building material and
craning work, while normal concrete
is very dense.
• Lightweight concrete is used as sound
absorption / acoustical insulation and
the low density LWC has high
acoustical insulation capability.
• The Lightweight concrete is Plate 2.2: Lightweight Multi Storey
Environmentally friendly to humans Building Source: HAR.com
and the surrounding.
• Lightweight concrete is cost-efficient, 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
available / affordable and the
application of waste plastics in 3.1 Materials
concrete reduced the cost of The materials for the research are Cement,
construction. Aggregates and Waste plastics that are mixed
accordingly for the lightweight concrete
production.
3.1.1 Cement
Ashaka brand of Portland cement was used
throughout the experimental work. The
cement met the standards specified by BS 12
(1978). The chemical composition and
physical properties of cement are given in
Tables 1 and 2, respectively.

Table 1: Chemical composition of Ashaka cement

Plate 2.1: Weight difference of


Normal Concrete and Lightweight Concrete
Source:Saryas(n.d)

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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017
Table 2: Physical Properties of Cement Table 4: Gradation of Fine Aggregate and Waste
Plastic

3.1.2 Aggregates
The fine aggregate used in this experiment is
the sharp sand locally obtained from a river.
The properties of the sand are presented in
Table 3. The gradation of the fine aggregate
was in accordance with BS 812 part 1 (1975)
specification as shown in Table 4.
The coarse aggregate used was well graded
naturally occurring crushed stone of 20 mm
maximum size and bulk density of 1545
kg/m3. 3.1.3 Waste plastic
The waste plastics used for this study are
Table 3: properties of fine aggregate thermoplastic of low density polyethylene
(LDPE) plastics, obtained from domestic,
commercial and industrial wastes sites. The
waste plastics are shredded into smaller sizes
of 5 mm by mechanical means. The
physical and mechanical properties of the
waste granular plastic presented in Table 5.
The sample of waste plastic material obtained
from dump site in Kaduna – Nigeria and the
Granulated Waste Plastic aggregates is shown
in Figure 1.

Table 5: Physical and Mechanical Properties of


Waste Plastic

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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017

Eighty cubes of granulated waste plastic-


concrete were cast in 150 mm x 150 mm x
150 mm moulds for tests of compressive
strength and density. The fine aggregate were
replaced with waste plastics at different
percentages as stated in 2.2.1 and compared
with the control (0%,). Samples of the dried
specimens for 10% replacement are shown in
Figure 2. Casting, compaction and curing
were conducted according to B.S. 1881. The
tests of slump, density, and compressive
strength were conducted according to B.S.
1881. The test of slump is shown in Figure 3.
Dry densities were measured following the
curing of the cubes in water, prior to testing
the compression strength. An ELE 2000
motorized crushing machine was used for the
compression test. The average compression
strength of three cubes was recorded at 3, 7,
Figure 1: Samples (a) Waste Plastic from Dump Site
(b) Granulated Waste Plastic 14, 21, 28 days respectively. Results are
shown in Tables 7 and 8 respectively.

3.2 METHOD
3.2.1 Mix Proportion
The mix used in this work had a total cement
content of 323 kg/m3, fine aggregate content
of 747 kg/m3, coarse aggregate of 1867 kg/m3
and a water content of 190 kg/m3. Granulated
plastic waste aggregate replacement levels
were 0%, 5 %, 10 %, 15%, 20 %, and 30 %,
by weight of fine aggregate. The concrete was
tested in the fresh and hardened conditions.
Table 6 shows the workability of granulated
waste plastic-concrete mixes.
Table 6: Slump for control concrete and
granulated plastic waste replacements
mixes
Figure 2: Samples of the dried specimens at
10% replacement Source: Author 2017

3.2.2 Specimen Testing

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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017

Table: 8 Effect of plastic replacement on


Density of concrete

Figure 3: Concrete Slump test


Source: Author 2017

Source: Author 2017


Table 7: Effect of waste plastic
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
replacements on Compressive strength of
4.1 Workability
concrete
The workability of the concrete decreases as
the replacement level of granulated plastic
waste with fine aggregate increases, as shown
in Figure 4. It was found that slump decrease
with increase in the waste plastic. The effect
is more noticeable between 0% to 15%
replacements as shown in Figure 4. These
reductions are attributed to the fact that some
particles are angular and others have non-
uniform shapes resulting in less fluidity.

Source: Author 2017

Figure 4: Slump of Concrete mixes for control


and granulated plastic waste concrete

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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017

Source: Author 2017


4.2 Compressive Strength of the
Concrete
The compressive strength tests outcome for
the concrete mixes of the 0% (control), 5%
10%, 15%, 20% and 30% replacements are
presented in Figures 5 while the compressive
strength of curing for 28 days is shown if
Figure 6 . The results reveal that as the waste
plastic content increases in mixes the
tendency of the strength values decrease
below that for the plain mix up to 53% at 28
days curing period for 30% replacement level
as shown in Table 7. However, for 5%
replacement of the fine aggregate with plastic
waste (Table 7) at curing of 28 days, 1%
reduction in strength was recorded when
compared to 0% replacement also curing at Figure 6: Compressive strength at 28 days
curing showing decrease in the strength as
28 days. This reduction in compressive
percentage of replacement increases
strength may be attributed to the decrease in Source: Author 2017
adhesion or bond strength between the plastic 4.3 Density
aggregate and the cement paste. Results of the density tests reveal that the
densities of waste-concrete specimen
decreased with increase in amount of the
plastic waste as shown in Table 8. The
decrease in the densities of the concrete is
also presented graphically in Figure 7 while
Figure 8 shows the effect of density for curing
for 28 days at different replacement. After
curing for 28 days, a reduction of up to 15%
at 30% plastic replacement was recorded
(Table 8). Similarly, after curing for 28 days,
a reduction of up to 0.24% at 5% plastic
replacement was recorded when compared to
control samples. This reduction on dry
density is due to the lower density of plastics
as compared to the density of fine aggregates.
Figure 5: Compressive strength vs.
curing days for concrete at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30%
plastic replacement.Source: Author 2017

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International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology -– Volume 2 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2017

weight of the concrete, due to low


density of plastics as compared to the
density of fine aggregates. The
product is useful in applications
requiring non-bearing lightweight
concrete such as concrete panel.
b. It was observed in the result that the
slump decreases with increase in the
percentage of plastic, due to the fact
that some particles are angular and
others have non-uniform shapes
resulting in less fluidity.
c. The recycled plastic aggregates can be
used up to 15% replacement of fine
aggregates in the concrete mixture.
d. The use of waste plastic in cement
based composite can significantly
Fig. 7 Density vs. curing days for concrete at 0,
reduced cost of construction through
5, 10, 15, 20, 30% plastic as fine aggregate
full or partial replacement of
Source: Author 2017
aggregates.
e. The lightweight concrete can be used
as floor tiles, roofing material, walling
/ partition material in storey buildings
due to its light weight, non corrosive
and weather proof capability.
f. The used of waste plastics in
constructions will grossly reduced rate
of solid waste accumulation in the
environment and income will be
generated from its utilization.
g. Finally, it was revealed during the
study, that waste plastics are not good
materials for improving the
compressive strength of concrete. The
LWC should not be used for load
bearing where high compressive
strength is required.
Fig. 8 Density for 28 days curing showing
decrease in density as percentage of
replacement increases REFERENCES
Source: Author 2017
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