HISTORICAL MAP OF (THE) COGNITIVE SCIENCE(S): AN ATTEMPT

PAST 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s FUTURE
BRAIN INSIGHTS
2020’s
DURING THE 19TH CENTURY Ogawa et. al
Hans Berger
EEG
Rashevsky
Mathematical
Psychobiology fMRI with
contrast based on
George W. Han
Boyden
John O’Keefe
Nobel Prize Kriegeskorte et al.
1. Nerves as Electrical Wires (Franklin, 1929
Biophysics Society for Michael blood oxygenation Bush Cabeza,
Nyberg
Single cell
recording: Positioning Computational
Cognitive
Gazzaniga
Decade of
1990 Input-output
Galvani, du Bois-Reymond, Bell, Magendie) Neuroscience John O’Keefe fMRI: mapping Large-Scale System
SLOAN Hippocampus Cognitive Neural basis 2007 model of the 2014 Neuroscience
2. Localization of Specific Functions
the Brain 2018
Foundation cognitive map of learning functioning brain
1970 Neuroscience, 2001 2012
program 1980
(Gall, Flourens, Broca, Ferrier, Munk) (neuroscience)
Split Brain Kandel et al. Neural
Hubel Research Nobel prize Correlates of
3. Evolution Wiesel
Receptive Fields, Signal transduction
Conciousness
Kandel et al. Mesoscale 2016
(Charles Darwin) Functional
Architecture Habituation and Brenner in the nervous
Connectome
Searle system
4. Neuron as Basic Functional Unit Donald Hebb
1961 dishabituation C. elegans “Brains cause Giacomo 2000
2014
Hebbian learning in Aplysia Connectome minds” Rizzolatti European Commission
(Cajal, Schwann, Golgi) 1949 1970 1992
1986 Mirror
Neurons Future and Emerging
PSYCHOLOGY
NEUROSCIENCE 1996 Technologies
John Duncan
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Hippocrates (460 - 379 B.C.E.)
Selective
Nancy
Human Brain

BEHAVIORISM
H.S. Jennings (1906) Galen (130 - 200 C.E.)
Visual Attention
Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969)
Kenneth Craik (1943)
Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564)
Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
B. F. Skinner
Verbal Behavior
David Marr
1995 Kanwisher
Facial Project
Karl Spencer Lashley (1890-1958) Charles Darwin 1957 Recognition
Levels of
Analysis 1996

RATIONAL ANALYISIS
(Vision)
Sigmund Freud
Gibson Albert 1982
Helmholtz Ivan Pavlov Senses as
Aaron
Bandura Elisabeth
Wundt
Psychoanalysis
John B. Watson
perceptual Social Spelke
1922 systems T. Beck Learning Elizabeth Infant
B. F. Skinner Cognitive
Daniel
Psychology Edward Tolman Cognitive
1966
Therapy
1977 Loftus Cognition Kahneman

Behaviorism Cognitive Maps Eyewitness 2000 Thinking,

1879
Hermann Ebbinghaus Fast and Slow
Functionalism Edward Lee Thorndike
Associationism 1948 Psychology John R. testimony 2011
1996

COGNITIVISM
G. T. Fechner
Anderson Damasio Daniel
Psycho-
physics
physik Adaptive Control Affective Turn: Kahneman
Wilhelm Wundt Michael
1860 Edward Titchener William James of Thought Descartes’ Nobel
1983 Stanislas Memorial Prize Tomasello
Structuralism John Dewey Jerry Brunder
Noam Chomsky Error Dehaene
Galton, Cattell
(Introspection)
Jackie Goodenough “Prospect Theory” Cultural
Psycho- Pragmatism (Psycho-)
George Austin
Review of Verbal Jerry Fodor Mathematical
Cognition
metrics
1910
A Study Behavior; Syntactic Cognition & 2002 2005
Linguistics of Thinking Modularity Global Workspace
Structures Theory Steven Pinker Karl Friston
1956 Daniel Kahneman of Mind
1957/59 Atkinson Dennett 1997 How the Free-Energy
PHILOSOPHY Jean Piaget
Amos Tversky 1983 Mind works
Cognitive Vygotsky-
George Miller Shiffrin Judgements under Intentional
1999 Principle
ECONOMICS
Aristotele (384 - 322 B.C.) Development Luria-Circle “the magical George Miller Broadbent Human Uncertainty stance
2010
Ramon Lull (d. 1315) 1930 Soviet number seven”
Alan Newell
Perception and
Communication
Memory 1974 J. S. Keyser, 1987 Andy Clark Karl Friston
Adam Smith (1723-1790) Channel Capacity 1968
Léon Walras (1834-1910) Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) psychology 1956 Herbert Simon 1958 G. A. Miller, Roger David Chalmers Stefan Kiebel
E. Walker Extended Predictive
Cognitive
Wellman (1995)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Shepard
SLOAN Mind
Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)
Systems Report
Universal Law Coding
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) Science
Minsky Science Lettvin, Maturana,
McCulloch, Pitts
Humberto Maturana
Francisco Varela 1978
Cognitive
of Generalization Newell, Laird
Johnson-Laird 1987 Rosenbloom
Rethinking
Innateness
1996 Rao
1998

Stan
2009
Edmonds Autopoiesis/ Mental SOAR
CONTROL THEORY AND CYBERNETICS
René Descartes (1596-1650) SNARC 11.09.1956 What the
Embodied Science
Models architecture
Ballard Franklin
Ktesibiosis of Alexandria (c. 250 B.S.) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 1950 Frog’s eyes... Society 1987
Predictive LIDA
James Watt (1736-1819)
Antoine Arnauld (1612-1694) 1959 Mind Conference 1983 Gentner, Coding model of Bengio, Hinton,
Joshi, Chomsky 1972 Forbus,
Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633)
John Locke (1632-1704) 1979 Falkenhainer Smolensky, Port, 1999 cognition LeCun
Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) Ginsburg, Knuth Structure Prince van Gelder Gershman, Turing Award:
David Hume (1711-1776)
Bertrand Russell
Context free John Searle Mapping Engine Optimality Tenenbaum, Horvitz
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
languages
Douglas
Chinese room 1989 Dynamic Computational Deep Neural

SYMBOLIC
Arturo Rosenblueth
Hofstadter Theory Systems of Paradigm for Networks
Julian Bigelow John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Herbert Simon
Gödel, Escher, 1980 in Linguistics
1991 Cognition Modeling Intelligence in 2018
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) Turing Bach Minds, Brains,

LOGICIST
Satisficing
Test 1979 Machines
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) 1947 Swarm 2015 Google
Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) 1950 Marvin Minsky Frank Rosenblatt
Melanie
Behavior

4Es OF COGNITION
Carl Hempel (1905-1997) John McCarthy Perceptrons Símon wins Mitchell DeepMind
Lambda-
Norbert Wiener Ashby Shannon, Rochester 1962
Alan Newell
Nobel Prize
1978
Emergence Genetic Algorithms
Fitness Landscapes
AlphaGo
Calculus Church-Turing
John von Neumann Design for
Artificial Herbert Simon Alan Newell 1992 Zero
1936 Thesis a Brain Herbert Simon Rumelhart
Cybernetics 1948/52
Alan Newell
Human 2017
Control Alan Turing 1945 Intelligence Herbert Simon
General Problem
Physical
Fuzzy Artificial
McClelland
Parallel Distributed Jeffrey
Google
DeepMind
Theory Symbol System
Hilbert Turing Machine 1956 Friedberg et al.
Problem
Solver
Solving
Hypothesis
Logic Life Elman
Processing Simple Recurrent Deep Blue AlphaGo
wins against
1868 Entscheidungs-
problem
1936 Claude Shannon Machine evolution 1961 1972
1976 1986 Neural Network wins against Lee Sedol
Information (= genetic algorithms)
Back-
1930
Theory 1958 Steven Cook
Judea Pearl Propagation
1990 Kasparov 2016
MATHEMATICS
Kurt Gödel
John von Neumann
Oskar Morgenstern
1948 Richard Karp
NP-
Bayesian
Networks
1997
Incompleteness Cheeseman et al.
George Boole (1815-1864) Markov chains Theorem
Game Theory Claude Shannon completeness NP-hard
1906 1964 1971/2
Knowledge-Based 1. 1991
Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) 1931 John McCarthy AI becomes an AI Winter
Euclid Automata Systems
Complex Quantum
industry Orden, Turvey
al-Khowarazmi (9th century) Studies 1969-79 Expert systems, vision systems Holen, Stepp Networks Computing
1956 Lighthill robots, software, hardware
Complex
Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576) LEADING Report 1980-present
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) INSTITUTIONS AI adopts the Systems
1973 Approach
Pierre Fermant (1601-1665) IN AI FOR TWO DECADES scientific method

CONNECTIONISM
MIT, CMU 1987-present
James Bernoulli (1654-1705) Stanford, IBM
Pierre Laplace (1749-1827) Servo
Signal- Geert, Thelen
Thomas Bayes (1702-1761) Theory
Detection Chaos Smith
Theory Dynamic
COMPUTER ENGINEERING Nonlinear Theory Systems
Computers Systems Theory
Konrad Zuse Computer
John Atanasoff Theory
Clifford Berry
John Mauchly
World
John Eckert
Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) War II
Cold War (1947 - 1989)
Charles Babbage (1792-1871)

1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s

Ada Lovelace

Russell, S. J., Norvig, P., (2009). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach. (3rd Edition)
“There are few things more fascinating to study than the human mind. And few things that are more difficult to understand. ABOUT THE MAP
Cognitive science is the enterprise of trying to make sense of this most complex and baffling natural phenomenon. - This map is a macroscopic, historical, trans-disciplinary introduction to (the) cognitive science(s).
Bermudez, J. L. (2014). Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Science of the mind (2nd Edition). - Moving from left to right, the map is read in a roughly historical fashion, but not literally, as we are compressing a n-dimensional intellectual space into a two dimensional map grid.
The very things that make cognitive science so fascinating make it very difficult to study and to teach.
Miller et al. (1978). Cognitive Science: Report of The State of the Art Committee to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. - Unfortunately there is no way to generate an educational map that has everyone and everything on it. As such, there is always someone who should be on the map who is not.
Many different disciplines study the mind. Neuroscientists study the mind’s biological machinery.
Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso (2007). Neuroscience: exploring the brain. - The attempt of abstracting from reality always asks the question of (the most) relevance, in this case primarily to an beginner audience and especially students of the MEi:CogSci programme.
Psychologists directly study mental processes such as per- ception and decision-making.
Miller, G. A. (2003). The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective. - A big thank you, goes to Prof. Igor Farkas, who let me spend big parts of my project time reading up and creating this map. This project took place during my Erasmus stay at the Department of
Computer scientists explore how those processes can be simulated and modeled in computers. Applied Informatics (Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics) of Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia)
Kriegeskorte, N; Douglas, Pk. (2018). Computational Cognitive Neuroscience.
Evolutionary biologists and anthropologists specu- late about how the mind evolved. - Next to educating others, one goal was to sort out my own understanding of (the) cognitive science(s). Externally representing my current understanding enables fruitful discussions about where
Sternberg, R. J., Sternberg, K. (2016). Cognitive Psychology.
Cognitive Science Millenium Project: Top 100 Most influential works in Cognitive Science
In fact, there are very few academic areas that are not relevant to the study of the mind in some way. I am wrong, what parts I misrepresented and what my blindspots are, what I left out. I am eager to change my mind and adapt the visualisation in the process. Contact me via annariedl.office@gmail.com Anna Riedl
The job of cognitive science is to provide a framework for bringing all these different perspectives together.”
Castellani, B. (2018). Map of the Complexity Sciences.
Bermudez: Cognitive Science (2014)
or find a feedback form on my website www.riedlanna.com/cognitivesciencemap.html
- In the repeated improvements I want to thank all the people, who already reached out on Reddit, Twitter, Facebook and via E-Mail. A special thanks go to Douglas Hofstadter and Paul Thagard.
(2019)