F x and M z E1 d1
My My
x 1 x 2 n E1 d1
I I
E1 d2
where I is the moment of inertia of the full equivalent cross
section, and y the distance from the neutral axis. b*
Transformed Section
Transformed Sections
Equivalent area of
steel
wood replacing steel
Es
n
Ew
wood wood
b b* nb
wood
b b* nb
Concrete Slab Equivalent area of steel
replacing concrete
Steel Steel
I-Beam I-Beam Ec
n
Es
Example
Steel 10 mm
Timber 75 mm
Steel 10 mm
50 mm
Timber 75 mm
Et 10 Steel
b* nb b 50 2.5 mm 10 mm
Es 200 50 mm
Steel 10 mm
Steel
b* 75 mm
Steel 10 mm
50 mm
Solution
Steel 10 mm
50 10 75 10 50 2.5 75
3 3
75 mm
Iz 1.9025 106 m 4 Timber
12 12
Steel 10 mm
50 mm
My 4000 0.0375
x 6
78.85 MPa Steel 10 mm
y 37.5mm
Iz 1.9025 10
x,max t n 78.85 = 20010
78.85 3.94 MPa #(ANS)
Steel
b* 75 mm
4000 0.0475
x,max s x y 47.5mm My
Iz
1.9025 10 6
99.9 MPa
#(ANS)
Steel 10 mm
50 mm