Effects of intra row spacing on growth and yield of carrot

(Daucus carota L. nantes) under Jimma Condition.

By:

NAME ID
DEGUALE MELAKU RU3748\09
TEMESGEN ASNAKE RU012409
MISGANA ABERA RU4196\09
ESUBALEW METAFERIA RU0751\09

Senior Research Report

Submitted to the Department of Horticulture and Plant Science, College of
Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirement for (BSc) the course senior research project (Hort.3152).

Advisor: Goytom B. (MSc)

June, 2019

Jimma, Ethiopia

i
 Table of Contents
Pages
Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii
List of abbreviations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
List of tables --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v
List of appendix ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v
Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi
1. INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1. Background ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2. Statement of the problem -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3. Significance of study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.4. Objectives ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.5. Hypothesis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.1. Origin and characteristics of Carrot ------------------------------------------------------------ 4
2.2. Carrot production in Ethiopia -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.3. Management Practices ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
2.5. Effects of intra row spacing on growth and yield of carrot --------------------------------- 6
3.1. Description of study area --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
3.2. Experimental materials ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
3.3. Treatments and Experimental Design ----------------------------------------------------------- 7
3.4. Experimental procedure---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
3.5. Data collection ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
3.6. Data Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
4.1 Effects of intra row spacing on plant height ---------------------------------------------------- 9
4.2 Effects of intra row spacing on canopy spread ------------------------------------------------- 9
4.3 Effects of intra row spacing on Root length----------------------------------------------------- 9
4.4 Effects of intra row spacing on Root diameter ------------------------------------------------ 10
4.5 Effects of intra row spacing on fresh weight --------------------------------------------------- 10
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ------------------------------------------------------- 12
6. REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
6 APPENDIXES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

ii
 Acknowledgements
Above all, we would like to thank the Almighty God who gave us the strength, patience and
endurance throughout the work of this research. Then, we would like to express our special thanks
to our advisor Mr. Goytom B. (MSc) for his kindly and patience guidance, comment and
indispensable advice to help us through this research. Our great thanks also goes to all staff of
library and ICT Center for providing us reference book and internet access wisely. We would like
to also express our thanks to all people who helped and encouraged us in one way or another in
connection with our research.

iii
 List of abbreviations

ANOVA……………………...Analyses of variances
BPEDORS……………………Bureau of Planning and Economic Development of Oromiya
Regional State
CSA……………………..……Central statically agency.
DAP……………………….. …Diammonium phosphate
DAS……………………………Day after sowing.
RCBD…………………………Randomized complete block design
FAOSTAT……………….. …..FAO Statistical Databases
FAO………………………..…Food and agriculture organization
LSD…………………………..List significant differences
PH…………………………….Power Of Hydrogen
SAS……………………….....Statistical Analysis System
USD……………………........United states dollar
0
F…………………………...degree Fahrenheit.
O
C…………………………..degree Celsius
WHO……………………….World Health Organization

iv
 List of tables

Table 1: Carrot production in Ethiopia from 2004/5 to 2010/11 .................................................................. 5

Table 2: Effect of intra row spacing on yield parameters of carrot............................................................. 11

List of appendix

Appendix 1 ANOVA table for plant height ............................................................................................... 14

Appendix 2 ANOVA table for canopy spread ........................................................................................... 14
Appendix 3 ANOVA table for Root length ............................................................................................... 14
Appendix 4 ANOVA table for Root diameter ........................................................................................... 15
Appendix 5 ANOVAS of fresh root weight of carrot ................................................................................ 15

v
 Abstract

Carrot (Daucus carota L.Nantes) is a widely grown as a root vegetable from Apiaceae family. In
Ethiopia the area under carrot is increasing from time to time mainly due to its ease of production,
and the increases in small scale rain fed and irrigation areas however the production level is too
low. This is due to the case of poor Agricultural practice including spacing. Plant spacing is one
of the important factors for the increased production of carrot. Even though different researchers
reported that different plant spacing have different effects for the growth and marketable yield of
carrot in regard to the ecology of area. The present study was aim to under taken better growth of
carrot growth and yield under Jimma condition. The general study of the study was to determine
the effect of intra row spacing on growth and yield of carrot and to recommend the appropriate
spacing. The study was conducted from March to June 2019 during off season at Jimma University
College of Agriculture and veterinary medicine horticultural field located at the western part of
Ethiopia in Oromia regional state. Result showed that at 5cm and 7cm there was highly significant
(p<0.05) effects on root length and root diameter of carrot. The recommended intra row spacing
around Jimma for carrot production is 5cm to 7cm with inter row spacing of 30cm.

Key word: carrot, intra row, growth, and yield.

vi
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp.nantes) is a widely grown root vegetable of the Apiaceae family. It
originates from the wild forms growing in Europe and southwestern Asia (Simons et al.,
2000).Carrot has been cultivated for human use since the tenth century and is valued for its
medicinal and health benefits, sweetness, flavor, and versatility. Presently, carrots are a
commercially important crop that represents 1.4% of the total world root, tuber, and other
vegetable production. Carrot is an important vegetable which is ranked third among the succulent
vegetables in world production (Yamaguchi, 1983). World production of carrots (combined with
turnips) was 37.2 million tones, with China producing 45% of the world total 16.8 million tones
(FAOSTAT et al., 2013).
The Exact Introduction of carrots to Ethiopia is not known, the crop has been known since the
early 1960s in the research system. Among the eight varieties tested, Nantes and Chantenay were
identified as high yielders (Kifle-Iyesus, 1994). Carrot production has been expanding since then
and the total production reached 12345.8 tons on 2215 hectares of land (CSA, 2010/11).Root crops
covered more than 1.42% of the area under all crops and contributed 6.15% to the production of
all crops total in the country among of this carrot is considered as one of the important vegetable
crops Produced on small scale in Ethiopia. The Nantes carrot has become popular in Hararghe
Zone of Ethiopia because it produces quality roots as a result of which it obtained niche market in
neighboring Djibouti and Somalia (Haile-Meskel, 2011). The edible roots are nutritious and
contain water, protein, ash, vitamins and mineral. Carrot is biennial and is usually cultivated as an
annual crop in the tropics .The crop is tolerant to soil pH of 5.5 to 6.5 and it requires a deep and
well-drained loamy soil with high amount of organic matter (Yayock et al., 1988)
Carrot is greatly treasured as food mostly because it is the best source of carotene; a precursor of
Vitamin A (Zeb and Mahmood, 2004). Despite areas increase, the productivity of carrot production
is much lower than other African countries. The low productivity could be attributed to poor
cultural practices including plant to plant spacing (Haile-Meskel, 2011).
Repeated shallow cultivation is necessary to keep down weeds especially in the early stages of
growth. Keep the top of the roots covered with soil to avoid greening especially with Nantes types.
They grow best above 1000 masl where temperature is between 16 and 21o C and rainfall is
between 700 and 800 mm. In Ethiopia carrots are grown up to 2800 masl in the central highlands.

1
Mild freezing weather at maturity stage harms carrot leaves but not the roots. However, carrots
grown at lower temperature produce seed stalks before roots attain of market size; such roots have
bitter taste and undesirable flavor. (Getachew and Mohammed, 2012).
Carrots can be attacked by several fungal, bacterial and nematode diseases. These diseases can
cause poor plant growth, reduced yield and quality of the product. (Getachew and Mohammed,
2012)
The results of many studies have also shown that spacing altered the plant architecture,
photosynthetic efficiency of leaves, root size and root production pattern. According to Heuvelink
et al. (2009), both too narrow and too wide spacing do affect crops yield through competition and
shading effect. So it is imperative to develop intra row-spacing recommendation which may help
the carrot plant to utilize resources more effectively and efficiently towards increased production,
productivity and root quality (Ara et al., 2007). Systematic investigation of different spacing
combination is very important to come up with relevant recommendation that will help growers to
increase the yield and quality of different carrot plant for different purposes i.e. 5 to 7cm.

1.2. Statement of the problem

The area coverage of carrot is increasing from time to time mainly due to its ease of production,
and the increases in small scale rain fed and irrigation areas. Despite the areas increase, the
productivity of carrot production is much lower than other African countries (Solomon Tamiru
2016). The low productivity could be attributed to poor cultural practices including plant to plant
spacing. The quality and size of the roots depends on the spacing of plant to plant and row to row
under Ethiopian condition.

1.3. Significance of study

This study was to undertaken the optimum spacing of carrot for better growth and yield, and so
this project was to undertaken the best information on Optimum intra row spacing of carrot that
obtain good growth and yield. It would be the base for future researchers. After that it would be
applied for large-scale production systems. It also benefits to produce an efficient marketable yield
to provide an important tool that to be used for the source of income and for use as consumption.
1.4. Objectives
 Hence this research is aimed to study the effect of intra row spacing on growth and yield
of carrot.

2
1.5. Hypothesis
 The hypotheses that used in our works was null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis
(H1), Where Ho=null hypothesis and, H1= alternative hypothesis,
 Ho= The Intra row spacing has no effect on growth and yield of Carrot.
 H1= The Intra row spacing has effect on growth and yield of Carrot.

3
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Origin and characteristics of Carrot
Carrots were thought to be domesticated in Afghanistan as the primary center of diversity and they
were spread over Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean area, however, the origin of western
cultivated carrots were thought to be in the Asia Minor Centre, primarily Turkey (Simon, 2000).
Carrot is one of the major vegetable crops cultivated worldwide. The domesticated types are
divided into two groups: (1) the Eastern or Asian carrots (var. atrorubens Alef.), with mainly
purple and yellow roots; and (2) the Western carrots (var. sativus Hoffm.) with mainly orange
roots (Rubatzky et al., 1999).
Carrot which belongs to the family Apiaceae is a biennial and is usually cultivated as an annual
crop in the tropics (De Lannoy, 2001). The crop is tolerant to soil pH of 5.5 to 6.5 and it requires
a deep and well-drained loamy soil with high amount of organic matter (Yayock et al., 1988).
Fordham and Biggs (1985) recommended the application of 70-120 kg ha-1 Nitrogen, 30- 35 kg
ha-1 Phosphorus and for high yield of carrots. Traditionally, purple carrots are still grown in some
oriental countries such as Turkey, Afghanistan, Egypt, Pakistan, India and the Far East. Nowadays,
purple and yellow colored cvs. Appeared in the European market and in fact they are bred from
Asian lines (Simon, 2000). The red color of the carrot root is caused by lycopene and the yellow
color is affected by xanthophylls (Rubatzky et al., 1999).

2.2. Carrot production in Ethiopia

Currently, about 12345.8 t ha-1 of carrot is produced in Ethiopia on 2215 ha of land. Although the
production trend is not consistent from year to year, the production of carrots has doubled between
2004/5 and 2010/11 mainly due to increasing urbanization and the recognition of carrots as an
income and nutrition source. Farmers in Hararghe area also generate foreign currency from
exporting carrots to neighboring Djibouti and Somalia. Moreover, foreign currency income
obtained from exporting fresh or chilled carrots and increased from a mere 581 USD in 1997 to
517,172 USD in 2011. In addition, a significant number of individuals get their income from
brokering, trading (wholesale or retail) and transporting carrots (CSA, 2011).

4
Table 1: Carrot production in Ethiopia from 2004/5 to 2010/11

Year No of holders Area (ha) Production (t) Productivity

(t/ha)
2010/11 117649 2214.9 12345.8 5.6
2009/10 157032 2712.7 18229.3 6.7
2008//9 205637 2100 13466.6 6.4
2007/6 149484 1400 10000 7.1
2006/7 137052 946.7 6694.1 7.1
2005/6 134358 1071.2 6991.5 6.4
2004/5 138208 1742.0 17.9 1o.3
Source (CSA, 2004/5 to 2010/11).

2.3. Management Practices

Seed bed preparation: - Carrots need finely prepared soil to suit the germination of their small
seeds. Thus farmers plough and prepare land for carrots five to six times before planting. Those in
Arsi highlands prepare raised beds. Seed sowing: - Seed rate of carrots ranges from 4 to 5 kg ha-1
in most parts of the country. Growers in North Shoa, SNNPR and Tigray broadcast carrot seeds
on the seedbed. Those in the Arsi highlands plant in rows across the seedbed. Farmers in Arsi
highlands use plastic bottles with a narrow hole at its bottom to uniformly drill the seeds survey
report by Getachew and Mohammed (2012). Carrot seedlings are very susceptible to weeds
especially at their early stage before they cover the ground. Therefore, weeding and cultivation is
done two to three times until the canopy covers the ground in order to suppress weeds and earth
up roots to protect them from direct sunlight which causes them to green report by Getachew and
Mohammed (2012).
Fertilization: - Most farmers in Arsi and North Shewa zones do not use inorganic fertilizers in
carrots. Farmers in the SNNPR apply from trace to 100 kg ha-1 of diammonium phosphate (DAP)
split into two; the first half applied at sowing and the remaining after first harvest Getachew and
Mohammed (2012). Harvest and post-harvest: - In areas that harvest all-at-once, harvesting is
done from 90 to 120 days after sowing depending on the agro ecology (temperature) Joubert et al.
(1994). Carrot root yield of the Nantes variety ranges from 6 to 15 t ha-1 under farmer management
depending on agro-ecology Getachew and Mohammed (2012).

5
2.5. Effects of intra row spacing on growth and yield of carrot

Effects of intra row spacing on growth of carrot

Plant height (cm) was significantly influenced by different treatment combinations at different
spacing. At 30 DAS, it was observed that different intra spacing did significantly affect the plant
height (cm).The maximum plant height (cm) was found in treatment of wider intra spacing
followed by treatment of narrow intra spacing in open condition and minimum plant height was
observed in the minimum intra spacing. Maximum plant height under agro forestry system is found
in wide intra spacing and the minimum plant height was observed in closest intra spacing (umrao,
2016).
The least number of branches were recorded for plants spaced 50 cm × 5 cm (400 000 plants/ha).
Growing carrot seed crops at high density reduced the number of lateral branches (Gray and
Steckel, 1983). This may be due to competition for space, nutrients, light and air between the plants
(Muhammad. 2002). The effect of sowing date and its interaction with planting density was found
to be non-significance in affecting the number of branches per plant (Muhammad et al., 2002).

Effects of intra row spacing on yield of carrot

Weight of fresh roots indicted that significant (P<0.01) differences were observed among the
treatments during the study period. The highest fresh root weight per plant 73.33 and 182.33 g
were recorded from the plants at spacing small and large intra spacing of carrot plants, respectively.
The number of plant to plant spacing increased the weight of root yield also increased, but yield
per hectare relatively decreased. The maximum fresh root weight (55.15 ton) and (54.75 ton) per
hectare was obtained from the plants grown at the spacing of low plant spacing, respectively, which
was significantly differed from others. The minimum fresh root weight (45.77) was obtained from
the plants grown at the spacing of high plant spacing. The result was agreed with the work of
(Ashraful et al., 2013).
The diameter of carrot roots was measured during harvesting period; the significant differences
were observed between intra spacing on size of diameter. At spacing of 15 cm between plant to
plant was showed the highest diameter (59.67 mm), while the other treatments almost no
significant effect on root diameter during the study period (Solomon, 2016).

6
 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of study area

The study was conducted at the Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
(JUCAVM) Horticulture research site, Jimma Zone, Oromia Regional State in the 2019 off season.
The research site is located 356 km southwest of Addis Ababa at a latitude and longitude of about
7°33'9" N and 36°57'6" E, respectively, and an altitude of 1,710 m.a.s.l. The area receives an
annual rainfall of 1,250 mm and the maximum and minimum temperatures are 26.8°C and 11.4°C,
respectively. The soil of the area is characteristically a reddish-brown clay soil with a pH ranging
from 5.07 to 6 (BPEDORS, 2000).

3.2. Experimental materials

The study was used carrot seed (Nantes variety), fertilizer, grass mulch, shovel, axe, spade, rope,
watering can. Different common agricultural equipment’s was used to prepare the study area as
the formation. Stationery materials like paper, pen, ruler, peg, tape, and sensitive balance was
required in collecting data and measuring the growth and yield parameters.

3.3. Treatments and Experimental Design

The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replications and five treatments. The experiment was with constant value of 30 cm distant between
rows. It was conducted to evaluate intra-row (plant to plant) spacing effects on growth and yield
of carrot. The plot size was 2.6 x 2.6 m area so the total area required for this experiment is 40 m2
(8 m *5m). In this study the control treatment was Treatment (3) 4 cm. This control treatment was
used as a baseline measure. The space between block was 0.7 m for each and space between each
plot was 0.5m. The number of rows per plot was four. The experimental rows was those two lay
in the middle and boarder rows was those two lay in the bounder. Standard agronomic practices
such as irrigation or watering, fertilizer application, and weeding was carried out uniformly during
growing period. The five treatments with plant-to-plant spacing was: Treatment 1= 4 cm,
Treatment 2= 5 cm, Treatment 3 = 6 cm, Treatment 4= 7 cm, and Treatment 5= 8cm

3.4. Experimental procedure

Land preparation: the land was ploughed and leveled.

7
Bed preparation: According to the layout measurement the beds will be prepare. Sowing; Carrot
seeds was sown directly on the plot with row. The ideal planting depth depends on the
environmental conditions. Agronomic activities; Activities like Weeding: weeding was practiced
in early stages of the crop development. Watering: watering was carried out at the right time.
Harvesting; Carrots are usually harvested when they are immature, once the roots have achieved
sufficient size to fill the tip and develop a uniform taper.

3.5. Data collection

Growth parameters and yield parameters was recorded from four randomly selected plants. These
was collect from experimental rows from each plot until the crop harvest.
Growth parameters like;
Plant height: was measured starting from the surface of soil to tip of the plant by using ruler.
Canopy spread: was valued by measuring the more broad width part of the shoot using caliper.
Yield parameters like;
Root length: was measured by using ruler starting from one end of the root to the other of the root.
Root diameter: was valued from the more broad part of the root by using caliper.
Fresh weight of root: was measured after cleaning up the crop with water then putting it in beam
balance to value the crop.

3.6. Data Analysis

The collected data was analyzed by using ANOVAs and statistical software package and the
treatment means was comprised by using LSD at 5% probability level of significance.
Beneficiary
 The beneficiaries from this research are:
 Small scale farmers and Consumers
 Researcher
 Institutions and other.

8
 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Effects of intra row spacing on plant height

We measured the heights of four carrot plants with the ruler after six weeks of planting. The results
indicated that there was statically significant difference treatment one and other treatments
(Appendix 1) table 2 and refer it here). However, there was no statically difference among
treatment two, three, four and five. Mean separation indicates that the tallest average plant height
was scored on treatment one plants (44.5 cm), whereas the shortest average plant height was
recorded on treatment five (33.5). Our result showed that plant height decrease as the intra row
spacing increase (Table 2). This is because when the space between plants is narrow there is a
completion for sunlight, water, and nutrients. Our result is in line with Shamsi and Kobraee (2011)
who reported that the height of carrot plant increase as the spacing between plants decreases.

4.2 Effects of intra row spacing on canopy spread

We measured the canopy spread of four carrot plants with the caliper after six weeks of planting.
The canopy spread presented in (Appendix2) indicted that non-significant (P>0.05) were observed
among the treatments during the study period but in some extent there is secreted variation among
treatment mean i.e. the spacing at T2 (5cm) revealed the maximum canopy spread per plant
(18.50cm) and the minimum spacing was recorded from closest spacing of 4cm (see table 2). This
indicate that if there is optimum space at 5cm for plant growth, plants grow both
horizontally and vertically to explore the available resources like light and nutrients. As
the plant increases in their canopy, they have the chance to intercept more light and convert
that to dry matter for better growth and yield than those grown in too closer spacing.
Canopy width is important to determine plant spacing for its contribution to total amount of light
that plant intercepts for photosynthesis efficiency of crops Muhammad (2002).

4.3 Effects of intra row spacing on Root length

We measured the Root length of four carrot plants with the ruler during harvesting period. The
results indicated that there was statically significant difference treatment two and other treatments
(Appendix 3) table 2 and refer it here). However, there was no statically difference among

9
treatment three, and four. Mean separation indicates that the tallest average root length was scored
on treatment two plants (18.75cm), whereas the shortest Root length height was recorded on
treatment one (13.10cm). In matter, when the intra row spacing declined from 8 to 5cm and
increased from 4to 5cm the length of root was increased. This result revealed that the root length
gradually increased or decreased when increasing or decreasing to the optimum intra row spacing
of carrot. The present results supported Rashid and Shakur (1986).

4.4 Effects of intra row spacing on Root diameter

We measured the Root diameter of four carrot plants with the caliper during harvesting period.
The results indicated that there was statically significant difference treatment four and other
treatments (Appendix 4) table 2 and refer it here). There was statically difference among treatment.
Mean separation indicates that the tallest average root diameter was scored on treatment four plants
(3.04cm), whereas the shortest Root length height was recorded on treatment one (2.33cm). The
plants under the T4 had to have sufficient space to develop their root in soil, and the minimum
diameter 2.33cm was obtained from T1 (4cm) this might be caused by competition of nutrients,
air, and water. The findings agreed with Solomon, 2016.

4.5 Effects of intra row spacing on fresh weight

We measured the fresh weight of four carrot plants with the sensitive balance after during
harvesting period. The data analysis showed that fresh root weight was non-significant (p>0.05)
(appendix 5). It revealed that there is no significant difference between treatments (table 2).
However, plants which were widely Until T4 spaced produced more leaves and wider canopies.
This might be because the wider spacing reduced the competition for soil nutrients, moisture,
carbon dioxide and light among the plants. This probably enhanced photosynthesis which resulted
in the production of more leaves and wider canopies. This result is in disagreement with the results
of Koriem and Farag (1990) who found that crops planted at a wider spacing, produced more
leaves and higher foliage dry matter This due to different agro ecological conditions and edaphic
factor.

10
Table 2: Effect of intra row spacing on yield parameters of carrot

Treatment treatment mean for growth and yield parameters

Plant Canopy Root Root Fresh root
height(cm) spread(cm) length(cm) diameter(cm) weight(gm)
T1 44.50a 18.50a 13.10c 2.33c 45.00a
T2 38.25b 22.00a 18.75a 2.75b 47.20a
T3 37.33b 20. 25a 16.00b 2.89ba 55.00a
T4 35.67b 20. 05a 16.00b 3.04a 54.75a
T5 33.08b 19.50a 13.50c 2.35c 44.25a
LSD 5.27 5.59 2.14 0.25 14.03
CV 7.41 17.96 8.56 4.74 18.49
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p<0.005.

11
 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The study was conducted from March to June 2019 at Jimma University of College of Agriculture
and Veterinary medicine located at the south western part of the Ethiopia in Oromia regional state
during off season by irrigation schedule. The intra row spacing was increased from 4cm to
8cm.from this the parameter which are growth and yield was someone increased slightly with
increased intra row spacing but others was decreased gradually change effects with increased intra
row spacing. The study result showed that was highly significant and significant on root length,
root diameter and plant height respectively, with increasing intra row spacing. The ANOVAs
results showed that at Jimma area there was different intra row spacing effects on the growth and
yield of carrot. Even though intra row spacing played a significant role in the productivity of carrot
(Daucus carota L Nantes). The study improved which intra row spacing with in constant inter row
spacing can gives heights root length and diameter as much as marketable yield.
In general this research indicates that high plant density (too narrow spacing) and too wider
spacing greatly affected the growth and development of the plant, and since it affect final yield of
carrot plant. Most resource poor farmers use cultural practice in their carrot production system.
Thus to produce higher root diameter and length of carrot growers in the study area should be
encouraged to use intra raw spacing 5cm to 7cm x 30cm with the Daucus carota L. nantes variety.

12
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 6 APPENDIXE

Appendix 1 ANOVA table for plant height

Source of df SS MS FValue Pr <F

variance
Block 2 1.43 0.72ns 0.09 0.9135
Treatment 4 216.81 54.20* 6.92 0.0104
Error 8 62.69 7.84
Total 14 280.93
LSD (5%) = 5.27, CV= 7.41, ns= non-significant, *= significant

Appendix 2 ANOVA table for canopy spread

Sources of df SS MS F value Pr >F

variances
Block 2 21.60 7.20ns 0.55 0.66
Treatment 4 29.70 7.43ns 0.56 0.70
Error 8 157.90 13.16
Total 14 209.20
LSD (5%) = 5.59, CV= 17.96, ns= non-significant

Appendix 3 ANOVA table for Root length

Sources of df SS MS F value p< value

variance
Block 2 36.55 12.18** 6.30 0.008
Treatment 4 58.00 14.50** 7.50 0.002
Error 8 23.20 1.93
Total 14 117.75

LSD (5%) =2.14, CV= 8.56, **= highly-significant

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Appendix 4 ANOVA table for Root diameter

Sources of df SS MS FValue Pr < F

variances
Block 2 0.05 0.026ns 1.52 0.27
Treatment 4 0.79 0.19** 11.53 0.002
Error 8 0.14 0.017
Total 14 0.98
LSD (5%) = 0.25, CV= 4.74, ns= non-significant, **= significant

Appendix 5 ANOVAS of fresh root weight of carrot

Sources of df SS MS F value F >values

variances
Block 2 409.30 136.43ns 1.65 0.23
Treatment 4 442.31 110.57ns 1.65 0.23
Error 8 994.68 82.89
Total 14 1846.3
LSD=14.03, CV=18.49, ns= non-significant

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