ISSN 0216-2873

ISSN 0216-2873
Vol.41, No.1, June 2016
Marine Research in Indonesia
Vol. 41, No. 1, 2016

Current Status and Problems of the Catch Satoshi Honda, Dina Muthmainnah,
Statistics on Anguillid Eel Fishery in Indonesia Ni Komang Suryati, Dian Oktaviani,
Somboon Siriraksophon, Taweekiet

Marine
Amornpiyakrit and Budi Iskandar
Prisantoso .............................................. 1−14

Research
New Record of Parasesarma Raouli Rahayu and Ernawati Widyastuti and Dwi Listyo
Ng, 2009 (Crustasea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) Rahayu ................................................... 15−19
from the Riau Archipelago, Indonesia

Effect of Various Dietary Seaweeds on the Asep Ridwanudin, Muhammad

in
Growth of Gold-Mouth Turban (Turbo Firdaus, Idham Sumarto Pratama, and

Indonesia
Chrysostomus L., 1758) at Lombok, Indonesia Sigit Anggoro Putro Dwiono ................. 21−26

Microplastic In the Deep-Sea Sediment of Muhammad Reza Cordova and A’an

Southwestern Sumatera Waters J. Wahyudi ............................................. 27−35

Volume
Design and Implementation of Electronic Hollanda Arief Kusuma, Indra Jaya
Logging Instrument to Help Scientific Diver and Henry Munandar Manik ............... 37−49
in Coral Reef Monitoring

41,
Number
1,
June
2016
:
1-49

Accreditation No. 731/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/04/2016

 ISSN 0216-2873

Vol. 41, No. 1, 2016

MARINE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA

(No. 731/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/04/2016)

MARINE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA (MRI) has been published since 1956 focused on physical, chemical, biological
and geological oceanography research of the Indonesian and its adjacent waters e.g., Indian and West Pacific Oceans.
MRI accomodates Research Articles (at least 5 pages printed pages); Reviews, State-of-the-art evaluations of defined
research areas (up to 15 printed pages); Notes or short Communication, brief reports of important new information
deserving priority publication or important personal views on hot topics (up to 4 printed pages); Comments, critical,
fair assessments of published works and Reply Comments, replies to comments (normally 2 to 3 printed pages). MRI is
published twice a year in June and December.

Advisory Board
Deputy for Earth Sciences, Indonesian Institutes of Sciences
Dr. Terence J. Done
Dr. Kees Booij

Editorial Board
Chief
Hagi Yulia Sugeha
(Marine Biology and Ecology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)

Members
A’an Johan Wahyudi (Biogeochemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)
Anukul Buranapratheprat (Physical Oceanography, Burapha University, Thailand)
Cabell Davis (Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA)
Dwi Eni Djoko Setyono (Mariculture, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)
Dwi Listyo Rahayu (Taxonomy, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)
Lim Po Teen (Phycology and Plankton, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia)
Wahjoe Soeprihantoro (Marine Geology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)

Reviewers
Adi Nugraha (Oceanography, Tokyo University of marine Science and Technology, Japan)
Anugerah Nontji (Marine Ecology, Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program, Indonesia)
Augy Syahailatua (Marine Ecology-Pelagic System, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)
Iskhaq Iskandar (Oceanography Physic, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia)
Kandaga Pujiana (Oregon State University, USA)
Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria (Marine Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)
Mulyadi (Plankton Taxonomy, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)
Pradina Purwanti (Marine Biology and Taxonomy, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)
Suharsono (Marine Biology / Ecology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia)

Copyeditor
Mari Rhydwen
Sarwendah Puspita Dewi

Technical Assistant
M. Furqon Azis Ismail
Rahmadani Ningsih Maha
Rahmat
Sri Siti Sonari

Copyright: All rights reserved. All materials contained in this journal are protected by the copyright of the Indonesian
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Editorial address: Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI). Jl. Pasir Putih I Ancol
Timur Jakarta 14430, Indonesia. Phone: +62-21-64713850. Fax: +62-21-64711948. e-mail: mri@mail.lipi.go.id.
Website: http://www.mrijournal.or.id

Marine Research in Indonesia
Vol. 41, No. 1, 2016
Current Status and Problems of the Catch
Statistics on Anguillid Eel Fishery in Indonesia
New Record of Parasesarma Raouli Rahayu and
Ng, 2009 (Crustasea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae)
from the Riau Archipelago, Indonesia
Effect of Various Dietary Seaweeds on the
Growth of Gold-Mouth Turban (Turbo
Chrysostomus L., 1758) at Lombok, Indonesia
Microplastic In the Deep-Sea Sediment of
Southwestern Sumatera Waters
Design and Implementation of Electronic
Logging Instrument to Help Scientific Diver
in Coral Reef Monitoring
ISSN 0216-2873
Satoshi Honda, Dina Muthmainnah,
Ni Komang Suryati, Dian Oktaviani,
Somboon Siriraksophon, Taweekiet
Amornpiyakrit and Budi Iskandar
Prisantoso .............................................. 1−14
Ernawati Widyastuti and Dwi Listyo
Rahayu ................................................... 15−19
Asep Ridwanudin, Muhammad
Firdaus, Idham Sumarto Pratama and
Sigit Anggoro Putro Dwiono ................. 21−26
Muhammad Reza Cordova and A’an
J. Wahyudi ............................................. 27−35
Hollanda Arief Kusuma, Indra Jaya
and Henry Munandar Manik ............... 37−49
i
ii
 MARINE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA
ISSN 0216-2873 Publish: June 2016
The descriptors given are free terms
This abstract sheet may be reproduced without permission or charge
DDC: 597.9
Current Status and Problems of the
Catch Statistics on Anguillid Eel
Fishery in Indonesia
Satoshi Honda, Dina Muthmainnah, Ni
Komang Suryati, Dian Oktaviani, Somboon
Siriraksophon, Taweekiet Amornpiyakrit and
Budi Iskandar Prisantoso
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13
To compensate the decline of the populations
of temperate anguillid eels, tropical anguillid
eels become getting attention of East Asian eel
market in recent years. Many eel farms have
been established in Java Island to culture tropical
anguillid eels intending to export the products to
East Asia. Since eel farming is reliant on wild-
caught anguillid eels such as glass eels, elvers and
yellow eels, these eel seeds have been captured
in various places in Indonesia. However, it is still
unknown that how much of tropical anguillid eels
are caught as seeds for eel farming. This study
showed two different patterns of the commodity
chains of eel seeds from both Sukabumi Regency
and Bengkulu Province to the eel farms in Java
Island. Official catch statistics on anguillid eels
found in both Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu
Province were also analyzed on their features and
problems underlied. Considering the sustainable
use of anguillid eel resources and critical stances
on exploitation of eel seeds from all over the
world, the Indonesian government should take
an immediate action for developing the national
catch statistics on anguillid eel fishery as soon as
possible.
Keywords: tropical anguillid eel, glass eel,
commodity chain, statistics, eel fishery
DDC: 595.3
New Record of Parasesarma Raouli
Rahayu and Ng, 2009 (Crustasea:
Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from the
Riau Archipelago, Indonesia
Ernawati Widyastuti and Dwi Listyo
Rahayu
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 15−19
A specimen of Parasesarma raouli (Crustacea:
Brachyura: Sesarmidae) was collected from the
mangrove area of Pulau Berang, Lingga, Riau
Archipelago, Indonesia in Oktober 2014. This
species previously was known only from Johor
strait, Peninsular Malaysia. Its color in life is
recorded for the first time.
Keywords: Parasesarma raouli, new record,
taxonomy, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia
DDC: 579.88
Effect of Various Dietary Seaweeds On
The Growth of Gold-Mouth Turban
(Turbo Chrysostomus L., 1758)
at Lombok, Indonesia
Asep Ridwanudin, Muhammad Firdaus,
Idham Sumarto Pratama and Sigit Anggoro
Putro Dwiono
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.40, No.1, 2016: 21−26
Gold-mouth turban (Turbo chrysostomus
L., 1758) is an important source of protein for
coastal people in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara,
Indonesia. In order to acquire its seed production
technique, research on the culture of the species
was carried out since 2012. Feed source is a
key concern when culturing animal, including
turban snail. Growth of gold-mouth turban fed
with seaweed Gracilaria sp., Ulva spp., and
Kappaphycus alvarezii was evaluated. Each diet
was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30
iii
 snail juveniles with an initial body weight and
shell length of 4.65 ± 0.00g and 24.55 ± 0.08mm,
respectively. After six weeks feeding trial, snails
fed with Gracilaria sp. diet had significantly
higher (P < 0.05) in final weight, final shell length,
weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and food
intake compared to snails fed with Ulva spp. or K.
alvarezii diets.
Keywords: Turbo chrysostomus, snail, growth,
seaweed, diet.
DDC: 571.95
Microplastic in the Deep-Sea Sediment
of Southwestern Sumatera Waters
Muhammad Reza Cordova and A’an J.
Wahyudi
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 27−35
Indonesia is recently ranked second as the
world’s largest plastic wastes producer. Plastic
is a very durable material that can be degraded
by thermal oxidation with ultraviolet radiation
and/or mechanically to smaller sizes. Degraded
plastic with size less than 5mm is referred
to as microplastic. Here, we investigate the
pervasiveness of microplastic pollution by
studying deep-sea sediments retrieved from
western Sumatera in the eastern Indian Ocean
during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (EWIN)
2015 research cruise. The cruise, which took
place between May 7-18, is part of Indonesia’s
contribution to the ongoing International Indian
Ocean Expedition-2 (IIOE-2) campaign. Deep-
sea sediments were taken at depths ranging from
66.8 to 2182m and microplastic characterization
of the sediments was carried out following a
modified flotation method. Our finding reveals that
microplastics are present in 8 out of 10 sampling
locations. We find 41 particles of microplastic in
the forms of the granule (35 particles) and fiber
(6 particles). Most or 20 microplastic particles are
found at depths less than 500m. Furthermore, the
presence of microplastics in the western Sumatera
sediments at more than 2000m deep confirms
that plastics have pervaded marine environments
including pristine areas despite being a relatively
recent material that started being produced in the
early 19th century.
Keywords: microplastic, sediment, pollution,
Sumatera, eastern Indian Ocean
iv
DDC: 639.9736
Design and Implementation of
Electronic Logging Instrument to
Help Scientific Diver in Coral Reef
Monitoring
Hollanda Arief Kusuma, Indra Jaya and
Henry Munandar Manik
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49
Indonesia is situated in the Coral Triangle
region that has the world’s highest coral reef
biodiversity. Therefore, coral reef monitoring
needs to be conducted regularly to assess the
condition of coral reef ecosystem for management
purpose. There are several coral reef monitoring
methods available such as the line intercept
transect (LIT), point intercept transect (PIT), photo
transect, belt transect and benthic towed-diver. In
Indonesia, LIT and PIT are the most commonly
used methods for coral monitoring. However,
there is a main disadvantage when collecting data
using these methods, that is scientific divers need
to spend hours to input the data after dives. Here,
we introduce an electronic logging instrument
called Coral Input Data Instrument that helps to
decrease the input data time by employing a look-
up table system that simplifies data input process
by replacing text with numerical coding. In
addition, water quality data such as temperature,
depth and visibility also are embedded in the
electronic logging instrument. The instrument
hardware consists of Arduino Mega 2560,
keypad 4x3, LCD Module 16x2 character, real
time clock, temperature sensor, pressure sensor,
visibility sensor and micro SD card module.
Arduino IDE 1.6.5 software is used to program
the microcontroller. In this paper, we describe the
design and implementation of the instrument in
the field.
Keywords: instrumentation, coral reef
monitoring, water quality, Arduino
 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

CURRENT STATUS AND PROBLEMS OF THE CATCH STATISTICS

ON ANGUILLID EEL FISHERY IN INDONESIA
Satoshi Honda1*, Dina Muthmainnah1, 2, Ni Komang Suryati1, 2, Dian Oktaviani1, 3,
Somboon Siriraksophon4, Taweekiet Amornpiyakrit4 and Budi Iskandar Prisantoso1, 3
1
Inland Fishery Resources Development and Management Department (IFRDMD) -SEAFDEC,
Jl. Gubernur H. A. Bastari No. 08, Kel. Silaberanti, Kec. Seberang Ulu I, Palembang,
South Sumatera, 30252, Indonesia
2
Research Institute for Inland Fishery, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries,
Jl. Gubernur H. A. Bastari No. 08, Kel. Silaberanti, Kec. Seberang Ulu I, Palembang,
South Sumatera, 30252, Indonesia
3
Center for Fisheries Research and Development, Jl. Pasir Putih No. 1, Ancol Timur, North Jakarta, 14430,
Indonesia
4
SEAFDEC Secretariat, P.O. Box 1046, Kasetsart Post Office, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10903, Thailand
*Correspondence author: HONDA.Satoshi@affrc.go.jp

Received: April 2016 Accepted: July 2016

ABSTRACT

To compensate the decline of the populations of temperate anguillid eels, tropical anguillid eels become getting
attention of East Asian eel market in recent years. Many eel farms have been established in Java Island to culture
tropical anguillid eels intending to export the products to East Asia. Since eel farming is reliant on wild-caught
anguillid eels such as glass eels, elvers and yellow eels, these eel seeds have been captured in various places
in Indonesia. However, it is still unknown that how much of tropical anguillid eels are caught as seeds for eel
farming. This study showed two different patterns of the commodity chains of eel seeds from both Sukabumi
Regency and Bengkulu Province to the eel farms in Java Island. Official catch statistics on anguillid eels found
in both Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu Province were also analyzed on their features and problems underlied.
Considering the sustainable use of anguillid eel resources and critical stances on exploitation of eel seeds from
all over the world, the Indonesian government should take an immediate action for developing the national catch
statistics on anguillid eel fishery as soon as possible.

Keywords: tropical anguillid eel, glass eel, commodity chain, statistics, eel fishery

INTRODUCTION into “Critically Endangered” species on IUCN

The international market for cultured eels
exceeded 200,000 t in 2000 and reached the peak
as 275,014 t in 2009 (FAO, 2015). However,
resources of temperate anguillid eels such as
Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), European eel
(A. anguilla) and American eel (A. rostrata)
decreased rapidly in recent years. Both Japanese
and American eels have been classified into
“Endangered”, European eel has been classified
Red List (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014a; Jacoby et
al., 2014a; Jacoby and Gollock, 2014b). European
eel has also been listed on CITES Appendix II,
and its international trade has been restricted
since 2009 (CITES, 2015a).
To compensate the shortage of supply from
these temperate anguillid eels, tropical anguillid
eels represented by shortfin eel (A. bicolor)
become getting the attention of East Asian eel

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.94 1
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13
market in recent years (Jacoby et al., 2014b). The
large-scale eel farms, many of them were funded
by foreign investors, have been established
mainly in Java Island since late 2000’s and started
culturing tropical anguillid eels (Farmi, 2014).
Eel farming, including the cases of tropical
anguillid eels, is reliant on wild-caught anguillid
eels such as glass eel, elver and yellow eels as
seeds for culture (Crook and Nakamura, 2013).
These seeds are collected and captured in various
places in Indonesia then transported to the eel
farms in Java Island. Since eel seeds are also
natural resources, the decrease and collapse of
anguillid eel resources caused by overfishing
may occur. However, it is quite difficult to know
how much eel seeds are fished in Indonesia in the
present situation.
In this paper, we investigated two different
patterns of the commodity chains of eel seeds
for aquaculture, about the location and distance
between the fishing ground and eel farms. We
also explained some official statistics and the
other information of anguillid eel fisheries that
we found along with the commodity chains of
eel seeds, with some critical issues. Finally, we
recommended the need of establishing national
statistics on anguillid eel fishery and developing
the inventory system of catch statistics on eels in
Indonesia.
Figure 1. Map of two study sites (Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu province)
2
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Investigations were conducted at two study
sites; one was Palabuhan Ratu (also called
Pelabuhan Ratu), and the other one was Bengkulu.
Palabuhan Ratu is the administrative capital of
Sukabumi Regency, West Java Province, located
on the southwest coast of West Java facing the
Indian Ocean. There is the Cimandiri River,
and the fishing ground of glass eel is formed at
its river mouth. Bengkulu is the administrative
capital of Bengkulu Province, located on the
southwest coast of Sumatera Island and also
facing the Indian Ocean. There are some rivers
with a variety of their width in its scale (Figure
1).
The data on official statistics of anguillid
eel catch and shipment were collected from
the officers of the local governments of both
Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu province,
also at Fatmawati Fish Quarantine Station of
Fatmawati Soekarno Airport, Bengkulu. The
additional information on anguillid eel fisheries
such as opening and closing season of glass eel
fishery and the maximum number of glass eel
fisherman at the peak season at the mouth of the
Cimandiri River, and some other non-quantitative
information were obtained by interviewing with
the fisherman, eel collectors (middleman/traders
specialized in treating the eel seeds) and eel
farmers in the region.

RESULTS
Commodity chains of eel seeds for farming
The distribution routes of eel seeds for
farming are clarified with reflecting the features
of the distance between the fishing ground and
eel farms.
Upper diagram of Figure 2 shows the
distribution route of glass eel captured in
Sukabumi Regency to the eel farms schematically.
At first, fishers catch glass eels at the mouth of
the rivers in Sukabumi Regency, represented by
the Cimandiri River, using scoop net. Next, eel
collectors gather glass eels from fishers, rearing
the glass eels for a few days in their temporal
rearing tank, then transport them to the eel farms.
Figure 2. Schematic figure of the distribution routes of eel seeds and the points for collecting statistics
by the authorities on its commodity chains in Java and Sumatera Islands, Indonesia
Catch statistics in Sukabumi Regency
Along with these commodity chains of eel
seeds, three different kinds of catch and shipping
statistics on eel seeds were found, one was in
Sukabumi Regency, the other two statistics were
in Bengkulu Province.
In 2014, the local government of Sukabumi
Regency collected a monthly catch and trade
Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)
These glass eels are reared in the eel farms to the
marketable size. Finally, eels are processed to
baked eel called “Unagi-kabayaki”, a Japanese
style cuisine. Since almost all the eel farms
in Indonesia locate in Java Island, glass eels
captured in Sukabumi Regency are transported
by land (Soetanto, personal communication).
Lower diagram of Figure 2 shows the
distribution route of yellow eels captured in
Bengkulu Province to the eel farms in Java Island
schematically. At first, fishers catch yellow eels,
not glass eels, in the middle basin using traps
called “Bubu”. Next, eel collectors gather yellow
eels and then send them to the eel farms located
in Java Island by air. These yellow eels are reared
in the eel farms to the marketable size. Finally,
eels are processed to “Unagi-kabayaki” too.
statistics of anguillid eels at each stage in
Sukabumi Regency, including Palabuhan Ratu
(Table 1, Figures 3 - 4). As shown in the upper
diagram of Figure 2, the local government officers
collected catch data of anguillid eels at each stage
through eel collectors (Leni, an officer of local
government of Sukabumi Regency, personal
communication). However, it is necessary to
exercise caution when interpreting these statistics
3
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13

at each stage in relation to its classification
criteria of juvenile anguillid eels. There were four
stages and size categories of anguillid eel catch,
“Glass eel stage I” (transparent) and “stage II”
(pigmented as black on the whole body), “Elver”
(3 - 5cm in length), and “Product size” (larger
than 5cm). Since the features of their body color
and size ranges of each stage were not described
on the original statistics, all these classification
criteria described in the brackets were based on
the interview with the officer in local government
of Sukabumi Regency. However, it seems that
these classification criteria are skeptical and may
contain misunderstanding on both the features
and size ranges at each stage. Despite these
possible problematic issues on classification
and definition at each stage of juvenile anguillid
eels, we use these criteria as is, because it was
the only information that we had gotten on the
statistics. The problems on classification criteria
are discussed later.

Table 1. Monthly catch statistics of anguillid eels with transaction at each stage in Sukabumi Regency,
Indonesia in 2014 (Local government of Sukabumi Regency, 2015)
Glass eel Stage I Glass eel Stage II Elver Product size
Month Transaction Transaction Transaction Transaction
(2014) Catch Catch Catch Catch
(IDR in (IDR in (IDR in (IDR in
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
thousands) thousands) thousands) thousands)
Jan. 37.8 94,500 67.5 101,250 1,876.5 750,600 576.8 86,520
Feb. 26.7 66,750 87.6 131,400 1,346.3 538,520 867.4 130,110
Mar. 45.7 114,250 95.6 143,400 1,024.7 409,880 658.4 98,760
Apr. 27.7 69,250 56.8 85,200 1,056.7 422,680 345.2 51,780
May 18.5 46,250 16.7 25,050 756.4 302,560 367.7 55,155
Jun. 21.7 54,250 25.9 38,850 472.5 189,000 257.5 38,625
Jul. 68.7 171,750 67.5 101,250 843.6 337,440 167.3 25,095
Aug. 78.3 195,750 65.8 *98,700 756.4 182,920 214.8 32,220
Sep. 70.6 176,500 73.6 110,400 472.5 120,560 257.5 17,070
Oct. 112.6 171,750 87.6 101,250 573.8 337,440 138.6 25,095
Nov. 214.7 195,750 198.4 *98,700 367.2 182,920 178.5 32,220
Dec. 235.7 176,500 150.8 110,400 254.2 110,560 219.4 17,070
Total 958.7 1,533,250 993.8 1,145,850 9,800.8 3,885,080 4,249.1 609,720
*Both total sales of “Glass eel Stage II” in Aug. and Nov. were corrected into 1/10 from the original figures by authors
considering the unit price (See Fig. 5).

Figure 3 shows the monthly catch at the
stage of anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency in
2014. This graph demonstrates the difference of
peak seasons of catch at each stage. The amount
of glass eel catch (both “Glass eel stage I” and
“Stage II”) peaked at the year-end of 2014. On
the other hand, “Elver” and “Product size” were
caught much at the beginning of the year 2014
then gradually decreased toward the end of the
year.
The monthly trends of the transaction volume
and the annual sales of anguillid eels at each stage
are shown in Table 1 and Figure 4. These indicate
that the total sales of “Elver” in 2014 (Indonesian
Rupiah (IDR) 3,885 million) was higher than the
total of “Glass eel stage I” and “Stage II” (IDR
2,679 million) and accounted for 54% of the
total sales of anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency
in 2014.
The monthly trends of the unit prices of
anguillid eels at each stage in 2014 are also
calculated from both monthly catch and monthly
transaction at each stage (Figure 5). This figure
shows two interesting things. One is the younger
stages of anguillid eel were more expensive (like
“Glass eel stage I” and “Stage II”), older and
grown stages of anguillid eel became cheaper
(“Elver” and “Product size”). Another one is that
the unit prices of anguillid eels kept same prices
through first three-quarters then the unit price of
glass eel suddenly fell in the last quarter in 2014.

4
 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

Figure 3. Monthly catch statistics of anguillid eels at each stage in Sukabumi Regency in 2014 (Local
government of Sukabumi Regency, 2015)

Figure 4. Monthly statistics of transaction of anguillid eels at each stage in Sukabumi Regency in
2014 (Local government of Sukabumi Regency, 2015)

Figure 5. Monthly trends of the unit prices of anguillid eels at each stage in Sukabumi Regency in
2014, derived from the catch statistics and the transaction of eels shown in Table 1, Figs. 3
and 4. Prices in the graph indicate the unit prices of each stage when the prices were stable
in first half of the year

The numbers of individuals and the average
price of one individual of both “Glass eel”
and “Elver” caught in Sukabumi Regency in
2014 were also estimated under the following
assumptions. We had adopted the average weight
of “Glass eel” as 0.17g from certain eel farmers
in West Java as a results of the acceptances
of glass eels in 2014, (Anonymous, personal
communication). On the other hand, there was
no information regarding the average weight of
elver with 3–5cm in length that was caught in
West Java in 2014. Although there are several
kinds of literatures that show the length – weight
relationship of glass eels in West Java and other
places in Indonesia (Sugeha and Suharti, 2008;
Hakim et al., 2015; Sugeha and Genisa, 2015),
there are only a few references which denote
the weight range of juveniles named “elver”.

5
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13

Therefore, we set four different conditions of the
average weight of “Elver” as 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and
10.0g, heavier a little or quite than that in glass
eels (0.17g) with referring from the literature
which described the weight range of the elver of
A. bicolor bicolor caught in India, ranging 0.16
- 2.0g with 55 – 100mm in length (Dorairaj et
al., 1980). As a result of the estimation, there
were 11,485 thousand individuals of glass eel
were caught in Sukabumi Regency in 2014.
Regarding “Elver”, it varied widely with the
assumptions of the average weight of “Elver”.
Under the assumption that the average weight of
“Elver” was 0.5g, annual catch of “Elver” was
estimated as 19,602 thousand individuals and
it was much greater than that of “Glass eel”.
Under the different condition of average weights
of “Elver” as 1.0, 2.0 and 10.0g, estimated
annual catches of “Elver” decreased inversely
as follows, 9,801, 4,900 and 980 thousand
individuals respectively. In this connection, unit
prices of “Glass eel stage I and II”, “Elver” under
the several assumptions of their average weight
are also shown in the right column of Table 2.
The statistics that we have gotten were
limited only in 2014 up to the present. Although
we had confirmed that there are successive
catch statistics on anguillid eels from 2013 to
2015 (Leni, personal communication), we have
not received them yet and therefore we could
not use these data for analyses in this paper.
Catch/Shipping statistics in Bengkulu
The local government of Bengkulu
Province had collected the yearly statistics of
yellow eel catch and its transaction at each
Regency in Bengkulu Province from 2009 to
2013 (Table 3). It was assumed that the local
government officers would collect the catch
data on anguillid eels from the eel collectors
same as in Sukabumi Regency though, it has
not been confirmed in its specific method of
data collection (lower diagram in Figure 2).
Another kind of statistics on anguillid eel
in Bengkulu Province has been collected at the
quarantine station in the airport (lower diagram
in Figure 2). When eel collectors sent yellow eel
from Bengkulu to eel farms in Java Island by air,
Fatmawati Fish quarantine station in Fatmawati
Soekarno Airport in Bengkulu recorded the
monthly quantity of shipping yellow eels in
2014, except December (Table 4). Although the
statistics also, contain the number of individuals,
these figures are automatically calculated from
the monthly weight under the assumption that
one individual of eel weighs 200g on average.

Table 2. Monthly catch statistics of anguillid eels with transaction at each stage in Sukabumi
Regency, Indonesia in 2014 (Local government of Sukabumi Regency, 2015)
Annual
Annual *Unit price **Avg. catch in
***Price
transaction Annual catch at 1 kg weight No. ind. at No.
Stages at ind.
(IDR in weight (kg) (IDR/kg) (g) 1kg (ind./kg) (x 103
(IDR)
thousands) ind.)

Glass eel Stage I 1,533,250 958.7 1,599,301 0.17 5,882 5,639 272
Glass eel Stage II 1,145,850 993.8 1,152,999 do. do. 5,846 196
Glass eel Stage I+II 2,679,100 1,952.5 1,372,138 do. do. 11,485 233
Elver ( 0.5g/ind.) 3,885,080 9,800.8 396,404 0.5 2,000 19,602 198
Elver ( 1.0g/ind.) do. do. do. 1.0 1,000 9,801 396
Elver ( 2.0g/ind.) do. do. do. 2.0 500 4,900 793
Elver (10.0g/ind.) do. do. do. 10.0 100 980 3,946
* Unit prices of eel at 1kg at each stage are calculated by a weighted mean of monthly catch, transaction,
and also weight ratio between “Glass eel Stage I” and “Glass eel Stage II” (Table 1).
** Avg. weight of “Glass eel” was assumed based on the interviews with certain eel farmers (pers. comm.).
Variety of Avg. weight of “Elver” was selected by referring to the literature described the size and weight
of A. bicolor bicolor elver in India; 55 - 100mm in length and 0.16 - 2.0 g in weight (Dorairaj et al., 1980).

6
 Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)

Figure 6 shows the yearly catch/shipping DISCUSSION

statistics of yellow eel in Bengkulu Province,
combined with both catch statistics (2009 - 2013)
and shipping statistics (January to November
2014). It seems that the amount of shipment of
yellow eel in 2014 rapidly increased, three times
higher than the total catch in 2013 and before.
Although we inquired both the local
government and the quarantine station to confirm
the existence of previous and latest statistics,
we have not gotten any replies from them yet.
Eel fishery and catch statistics in Sukabumi
Regency
According to certain eel farmers whom we
interviewed with, the mouth of the Cimandiri
River is one of the largest glass eel fishing
grounds in Indonesia. More than 1,500 part-time
fisherman scooping the glass eels in the peak
season (in preparation). Fahmi and Hirnawati
(2010) showed that 86% of the glass eel caught

Table 3. Yearly catch statistics of yellow eel with transaction at each Regency in Bengkulu Province
from 2009 to 2013 (Local government of Bengkulu Province, 2015)
Catch weight (kg)
Regency Transaction 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
(IDR in thousands)
450 2,000 2,600 1,550 4,000
South Bengkulu
11,200 43,500 62,500 53,625 100,000
100 4,000 100 1,060 1,200
Rejang Lebong
2,000 95,000 2,500 24,780 23,040
3,000 4,200 2,300 5,370 1,600
North Bengkulu
60,000 105,000 92,000 149,250 40,000
2,000 5,000 0 5,200 5,200
Kaur
50,000 115,000 0 200,000 260,000
5,400 11,000 6,000 7,000 6,000
Seluma
110,000 267,500 180,000 177,000 204,000
1,000 6,800 6,000 2,300 1,600
Mukomuko
20,000 170,000 180,000 51,000 24,000
1,000 0 0 2,280 800
Lebong
24,500 0 0 55,000 10,000
840 0 0 0 0
Kepahiang
21,000 0 0 0 0
120 3,000 2,500 2,000 4,000
Bengkulu city
3,000 70,500 100,000 50,000 100,000
0 1,200 2,000 8,900 2,000
Central Bengkulu
0 30,000 60,000 288,401 40,000
13,910 37,200 21,500 35,660 26,400
Total
301,700 896,500 677,000 1,049,056 801,040
***Prices of one individual of eel at each stage and conditions are calculated by a weighted mean of monthly transaction
and number of catch at each stage and conditions.

in the Cimandiri River was A. bicolor bicolor.
From these results, it is expected that the total
amount of glass eel of A. bicolor bicolor and its
fluctuation supplied from the Cimandiri River
are grasped roughly on the catch statistics of
anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency.
It seems that the time lag of the peaks
of catches between “Glass eel” and “Elver”
indicates the seasonal migration pattern and
subsequent growth of juveniles of anguillid eels
in Sukabumi Regency (Figure 3). That is, glass

7
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13

Table 4. Monthly statistics of yellow eel shipping from Fatmawati Soekarno Airport in Bengkulu in
Jan.-Nov., 2014 (Fatmawati Fish Quarantine Station, Bengkulu, 2015)
Month No. times of shipping *No. ind. Weight (t)
Jan. 8 8,700 1.74
Feb. 6 6,825 1.37
Mar. 10 54,240 10.85
Apr. 7 11,757 2.35
May 13 25,200 5.04
Jun. 8 18,550 3.71
Jul. 10 25,800 5.16
Aug. 7 218,700 43.74
Sep. 5 15,600 3.12
Oct. 8 14,118 2.82
Nov. 9 17,033 3.41
Total 91 416,523 83.30
*Number of individuals were calculated from the total weight with the assumption that average weight at individual
would be 200 g.

Figure 6. Combined bar graph of both yearly catch statistics of yellow eels in Bengkulu Province
from 2009 to 2013 (Local government of Bengkulu Province, 2015) and shipping statistics
in Jan.-Nov. 2014 (Fatmawati Fish Quarantine Station, 2015)

eel migrates to the shore of Sukabumi Regency
facing the Indian Ocean in the fourth quarter then
are captured at the river mouths. At the beginning
of the next year, many of the glass eels they
had reached last year end grow into elver then
captured. According to the information obtained
from glass eel fisherman, eel collectors and eel
farmers relying on the eel seeds taken from the
river mouth of the Cimandiri River, the glass eel
fishery opens with the the rainy season and the
peak of the catch comes in both beginning (fourth
quarter) and ending (second quarter) of the rainy
season. This information matched the trend of
glass eel catch in Sukabumi Regency in 2014.
The first peak of glass eel fishery also matched
with the surge of glass eel collection in the fourth
quarter in the catch statistics, despite the fact that
the second peak had not detected in the statistics
though. This hypothesis basis on only one year of
catch statistics and therefore the year-end of 2014
was not adjacent to the beginning of 2014. If we
can get successive catch statistics on anguillid
eel in both 2013 and 2015 successfully in future,
this hypothesis can be verified in detail, with
comparison of the other studies regarding the
migration season of glass eels toward the Indian
Ocean side of Java Island (Arai et al., 1999;
Sugeha and Genisa, 2015).

8

Interestingly, the annual transaction of
“Elver” in 2014 exceeded that of “Glass eel”
(Table 1, Figure 4). Despite the weighted mean
of unit price of “Elver” in 2014 (IDR 396,404/kg)
was only 25 - 34% of that of “Glass eel” (stage
I: IDR 1,599,301/kg, stage II: IDR 1,152,999/
kg) (Table 2, Figure 5), total amount of catch of
“Elver” in 2014 (9.8t) was five times higher than
the total amount of “Glass eel” catch in 2014
(1.9 t). These results indicate that much amount
of catch of “Elver” in weight pushed up the total
sales of “Elver” higher than that of “Glass eel”
in 2014 (Table 1). However, it is rather skeptical
from the perspective of the estimated catch
numbers (Table 2). It is natural thought that the
assumed weight of elver ranging 3-5cm in length
weighs 0.5 - 1.0g at most, based on the literature
(Dorairaj et al., 1980). Under the assumption of
0.5g of the average weight of “Elver”, estimated
number of “Elver” catch (19,602 thousand ind.)
exceeded the number of “Glass eel” catch (11,485
thousand ind.). Under another option as 1.0g
was adopted, estimated number of “Elver” catch
(9,801 thousand ind.) reached 85% of the number
of “Glass eel” catch. It seems that these estimated
number of “Elver” catch are too much comparing
to the number of “Glass eel” catch. As described
above, Sukabumi Regency including Palabuhan
Ratu is a famous place as one of the biggest glass
eel fishing grounds in Indonesia. As we mentioned
before, there are over 1,500 fisherman collecting
glass eel, not containing elvers nor larger ones,
at the river mouth of the Cimandiri River in
the peak season to meet the demand of the eel
farmers as seeds for culture (in preparation).
Considering such features and targeted stage
of anguillid eel fishery in Sukabumi Regency,
estimated number of “Elver” catch under the
assumptions that their average weight as both 0.5
and 1.0g are overestimated in comparison with
the estimated a number of collected “Glass eel”.
These results indicate that the average weight of
“Elver” in the catch statistics must be heavier
than 1.0g, and therefore, the size range of 3-5cm
in length for “Elver”, noted by the official of the
local government, must be too small.
These results suggest the possibilities of
contamination of errors in the catch statistics.
One conceivable error is the opportunity to over-
estimation of annual catch of “Elver”. Another
possible error is the misunderstanding of the size
range of “Elver”. Unlike glass eel, classification
Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)
criterion between elver and yellow eel is rather
vague and often varies by person and area. For
instance, if the “Elver” contained the bigger
individuals who were larger than 5cm in length
and their average weight was 10g, estimated
the number of “Elver” catch decreased into 980
thousand individuals, less than one-tenth of the
estimated number of glass eel catch. This would
be acceptable result considering the features of
anguillid eel fisheries in Sukabumi Regency.
Also, the classification criterion between “Glass
eel stage II” and “Elver” has the question too. In
general, “glass eel” means juveniles of anguillid
eels with clear bodies, while already pigmented
juveniles are called “elvers” (Arai et al., 1999;
Tesch, 2003; Silfvergrip, 2009; Sugeha and
Genisa, 2015). If these classification criteria
would apply to the stages on the catch statistics
on anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency, “Glass
eel stage II (pigmented as black on the whole
body)” must be regarded as “elver” instead of
“glass eel”. Although the names of juvenile
anguillid eels such as “glass eel” and “elver” are
commonly used in the anguillid eel fishery and
eel farming industry, the definition and biological
criteria of them are vague. Crook and Nakamura
(2013) pointed out that the terms “glass eels”
and “elvers” were often used interchangeably
on its size ranges at each area, country and also
the species. Bertin (1956) showed the biological
stages of both larval and juvenile stages of
anguillid eels with characteristics of emerging
of the pigmentation and their position of the
body. To prevent the misunderstanding and unify
the stages of juvenile anguillid eels among the
areas, countries and species, introducing these
biological criteria to the authorities who collect
and establish the catch statistics on juvenile
anguillid eels is one of the preferable measures.
Eel fishery and catch statistics in Bengkulu
Province
There are two features on anguillid eel fishery
in Bengkulu Province. One is its target size and
stage of eels. According to certain eel farmers,
rearing glass eel into elver needs high-level
technique of eel culture. Many middle and small-
scale eel farms in Indonesia have not overcome
this barrier yet and have to start eel farming from
yellow eels (unpublished). This condition creates
the demands for yellow eels as seeds. Another
feature is the adoption of air transportation to
9
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13
take eel seed from Bengkulu, Sumatera Island,
to eel farms in Java Island, because of its great
distance. This condition brought us the chance
to find alternative statistics collected by fish
quarantine station at the airport.
Combined bar graph of catch statistics (Table
3) and shipping statistics (Table 4) of yellow
eels indicates the abrupt increase of catching
a yellow eel in 2014 (Figure 6). However, this
surge of eel catch and shipping in 2014 should
be carefully interpreted, because of the difference
in their data sources. Since the catch statistics in
2009 - 2013 and the shipping statistics in 2014
are collected independently by different offices
with different criteria, it is not certain whether
both statistics could express the same target
(= eel catch) and attributes, the same standard
on measuring the weight and so on. Because
of the absence of overlapping period between
both statistics, it is also difficult to evaluate the
existence of an “offset” between two statistics.
If additional statistics in successive years
could be obtained successfully in future, it will
promote the verification of anguillid eel catch
and shipping then enable us to evaluate catch
trend on anguillid eel in Bengkulu Province by
cross-checking between two different statistics.
Regardless of these problems in the present
situation, the existence of the other sources of
statistics, such as shipping statistics, is healthy
condition for confirming the real situation of
anguillid eel fishery. This advantage will help
us on treating the long-term catch statistics of
anguillid eels in Bengkulu Province.
Searching alternative sources of data on eel
fisheries
As described above, comparison and cross-
checking among the statistics and information
from different sources are the effective measure
to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of these
statistics. We could find two different kinds of
statistical data regarding eel seeds in Bengkulu
Province, despite it also required additional
data for cross-checking, though. However, in
Sukabumi Regency, there was only one catch
statistics collected by local government. To
support its validity, it would be better if there
would be any other kinds of indices that express
the trend of anguillid eel fishery. Also, present
official statistics lack the indices of fishing effort.
10
In the process of evaluating the fish stock, catch
per unit effort (CPUE) is often used for describing
the relative trend of fluctuation of fish resources.
CPUE requires two kinds of data; one is the
amount of catch, and another one is the fishing
effort. Although the amount of catch is described
on the official catch statistics, fishing effort is not
contained in the official catch statistics as of now.
Through this study, we also conducted the
interviewing with the eel collectors to explore
the possibility of collecting the alternative time-
series data of both catch and efforts for anguillid
eel fishery.
In Palabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi Regency, we
contacted certain eel collectors then obtained daily
data of glass eel collection and the approximate
number of fishers who worked in the last several
years. Since this attempt has just started, we have
not completed the detailed analysis of the data
yet. Since we could get the approval from the eel
collectors to receive the latest data regularly, it
will facilitate us to monitor both catch and the
effort (number of fishers) then get the continuous
trend of CPUE.
In Bengkulu Province, we have also started
searching alternative sources of data from the
private sector. We requested eel collectors to
send us the monthly report regarding the amount
of anguillid eel catch (weight and number), the
number of fisher and fishing gears. Since last two
indices are regarded as fishing effort, we expect
that we will get time-series data of CPUE on
yellow eel fishery in Bengkulu Province as well.
Since both trials are just getting started from
the end of 2015, it will take several years to
evaluate the results whether we can observe the
annual trend of CPUE properly.
Another missing information on the present
official statistics is the species composition at
each river and fishing ground. Although it would
be rather easier to identify the species on stages
of both yellow and silver eels for the fisherman
and eel collectors, it is difficult to classify the
species on glass eel and elver, especially for the
enumerators. To grasp the species composition
and its stability at the major fishing grounds,
scientific researches on species identification in
regular intervals are also needed to complement
the official catch statistics.

Need to develop national catch statistics on
anguillid eel fishery
It was opportune that we could obtain the
official catch statistics on anguillid eels in
Sukabumi Regency and Bengkulu Province.
We could also get other statistics from the fish
quarantine station in the airport in Bengkulu.
However, in other places, we have encountered
the difficulties of searching catch statistics on
anguillid eels very often.
In Indonesia, catch statistics of the inland
fishery are collected by each local government,
independently from the supervision of the national
government. Therefore, latest catch statistics
on anguillid eel have not been summarized.
Furthermore, Ministry of Marine and Fishery,
the competent authorities of the inland fishery
in Indonesia, may not know how and where
anguillid eels catch data can be collected (Prof.
Kartamihardja, personal communication). Since
the catch statistics are one of the most basic
information to evaluate the present status of
fisheries and resources, the present situation
is a serious defect as leading country of using
anguillid eel resources in Southeast Asia.
Recently, we often read and hear “CITES”
relating to the exploitation of tropical anguillid
eels. CITES, the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora, is an international agreement between
governments and their aim is to ensure that
international trade in specimens of wild animals
and plants does not threaten their survival
(CITES, 2015b). If it is regarded that the usage
of tropical anguillid eels will not be appropriate
from the perspective of sustainable use of eel
resources, tropical anguillid eel species might
be listed on CITES Appendix II or higher. If so,
the international trade of tropical anguillid eels
would also be restricted, same as European eel
(A. anguilla), then eel farmers in Indonesia and
the other Southeastern Asia would lose the chance
to export any eel products virtually. If Indonesia
and the other Southeastern Asian countries desire
to use tropical anguillid eel resources including
international trade continuously, they have to
express their principle and attitude for sustainable
use of tropical anguillid eel resources, such as
systems for observing the stock condition of
Current status of Statistics on Eel (Honda et al.)
tropical anguillid eel resources and efficient
measures for regulating the fishing activities
appropriately. Considering these measures, catch
statistics are the fundamental and indispensable
information.
The Indonesian government should
immediately develop the national catch statistical
data on anguillid eel fisheries which cover the
major fishing grounds of anguillid eels and also
establish the inventory system for the statistics
on anguillid eels. It is the first step of anguillid
eel resources management, and it will become
a model for the other countries that has used
anguillid eel resources in Southeast Asia.
CONCLUSION
Both the commodity chains and the existence
of official catch and shipping statistics of
anguillid eels in Sukabumi Regency, Bengkulu
Province and Fatmawati Fish Quarantine Station
were described. Although these official statistics
seemed to be useful for the investigation of
anguillid eel catch and seasonal migration of
juveniles of anguillid eels, these statistics were
often fragmented and had any possibilities of
containing errors. Detailed investigation on the
contents of these statistics is needed for analyses.
On the other hand, interviewing with the eel
fisherman, eel collectors, and eel farmers brought
us the alternative data regarding anguillid eel
fishery. Statistical information of anguillid eel
collection taken by eel collectors will assist the
confirmation process of the seasonal trend of
anguillid eel fishery by cross-checking with the
official catch statistics. Additional information
regarding the fishing efforts such as numbers of
fisher and fishing gears will enable us to calculate
CPUE then evaluate the relative abundance
of anguillid eel resources in the near future.
Fisheries statistics are one of the most important
basic data for considering the current status and
recent trend of fish resources. Since the present
situation and its usage of anguillid eel resources
in Indonesia attract considerable attention from
all over the world, Indonesian government should
develop the catch statistical data on anguillid
eels and establish the inventory system of the
statistics on anguillid eel fishery immediately,
11
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 1−13
not only for sustainable use of anguillid eel
resources but also for future development and
conservation of the eel industry in Indonesia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our appreciation
to the following offices, institutes and persons:
Mr. Subtomy and Ms. Leni belonging to the
local government of Sukabumi Regency, Local
Government of Bengkulu Province, Fatmawati
Fish Quarantine Station in Fatmawati Soekarno
Airport in Bengkulu, certain eel farms in Java
Island and certain eel collectors in both Bengkulu
and Palabuhan Ratu. We would also like to
express our gratitude to Mr. H. Ishitani, President
Director of PT. Jawa Suisan Indah, and Mr. J.
Soetanto, Director of PT. Iroha Sidat Indonesia,
for their offering of the information regarding
tropical eels and eel culture industries in
Indonesia. We have learnt much on management
of inland fishery in Indonesia from Prof. E. S.
Kartamihardja, Research Institute for Fisheries
Enhancement and Conservation, MMAF. We
would also like to show our appreciation to three
anonymous referees for giving us the useful
suggestions to improve the original manuscript.
This research project has been supported
by Japanese Trust Fund, Government of Japan.
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 New Record of Parasesarma Raouli... (Ernawati Widyastuti & Dwi Listyo Rahayu)

NEW RECORD OF PARASESARMA RAOULI RAHAYU AND NG, 2009

(CRUSTASEA: BRACHYURA: SESARMIDAE) FROM THE RIAU
ARCHIPELAGO, INDONESIA
Ernawati Widyastuti1* and Dwi Listyo Rahayu2
1
Research Center of oceanography – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol
Timur, Jakarta Utara, 11430, Indonesia.
2
Marine Bio-industry Implementation Unit, Research Center of Oceanography – Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI). P.O. Box 1124, Mataram 83000, NTB, Indonesia.
*Correspondence author: ernawidya@yahoo.com

Received: April 2016 Accepted: May 2016

ABSTRACT

A specimen of Parasesarma raouli (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) was collected from the mangrove area
of Pulau Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia in Oktober 2014. This species previously was known only
from Johor strait, Peninsular Malaysia. Its color in life is recorded for the first time.

Keywords: Parasesarma raouli, new record, taxonomy, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia

INTRODUCTION Rahayu and Ng, 2004; P. charis Rahayu and Ng,

Parasesarma De Man, 1895 is one of the
largest genera in the family Sesarmidae and
currently contains 34 species (Ng et al., 2008;
Rahayu and Ng, 2009; Davie and Pabriks, 2010;
Koller et al., 2010; Rahayu and Li, 2013). All
its members possess an entire lateral carapace
margin without teeth or lobes, a male palm that
has two or three distinct pectinate crests, and the
tubercles on the dorsal margin of the dactylus
of the male chela are distinct and differentiated
(Rahayu and Ng, 2005). Parasesarma species can
be separated into two groups; one with relatively
short ambulatory legs and the second which has
relatively long ambulatory legs (Rahayu and Ng,
2009).
2005, and P. paucitorum Rahayu and Ng, 2009
(De Man, 1895, 1902; Yeo et al., 2004; Ng et
al., 2008; Rahayu and Ng, 2010). Parasesarma
raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009, is now added to
the Indonesian fauna as it is collected for the
first time from Pulau Berang, Lingga, in the Riau
Archipelago. This species belongs to the group of
Parasesarma which have long ambulatory legs,
and closely resembles P. prashadi (Chopra and
Das, 1937) [India], P. anambas and P. charis in
having three pectinate crests on the upper surface
of the palm cheliped (Rahayu and Ng, 2009).
MATERIAL AND METHODS

Of the 34 described species of Parasesarma,
12 are present in Indonesian waters, namely P.
plicatum (Latreille, 1803), P. ungulatum (H. Milne
Edwards, 1853) P. leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869),
P. moluccense (De Man, 1892), P. batavianum (De
Man, 1890), P. calypso (De Man, 1895), P. lenzii
(De Man, 1895), P. kuekenthali (De Man, 1902),
P. rutilimanum (Tweedie, 1936), P. anambas Yeo,
The specimen was collected from Pulau
Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia,
in mangrove environment (Figure 1) and is
deposited in the Reference Collection of Research
Center of Oceanography (RCO) - Indonesian
Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia.
Measurements provided, in millimeters, are for
the carapace breadth at the widest point followed

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.93 15
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 15−19
by the length. The abbreviation G1 is used for the
male first gonopod.
RESULTS
Family SESARMIDAE Dana, 1851
Genus Parasesarma De Man, 1895
Parasesarma raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009
(Figs. 2, 3)
Parasesarma melayuensis Serène – Yang, 1979:
51 (nomen nudum)
Parasesarma raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009: 36,
Figs. 5, 6.
Material examined: CRU 1283, male, 6.60mm
x 6.17mm; 0° 0'59.62"S 104°39'35.86"E, Pulau
Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, coll. E.
Widyastuti, 5 October 2014.
Diagnosis: carapace broader than long, greatest
width between prominent epibranchial angles;
lateral margins slightly convergent posteriorly;
surface relatively smooth; regions well defined;
short setae on lateral margin (Figure 2A); front
deflexed downward (Figure 2B). Chelipeds
(Figure 2D) with upper surface of palm bearing
Figure 1. Map of the sampling area in Pulau Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia.
16
3 transverse, crests; primary (distalmost) crest
composed of 16 tall, broad pectinate teeth;
secondary crest with 13 broader, widely spaced,
pectinate teeth; third crest much shorter than
preceding crests, with 6 lower, more widely
spaced, pectinate teeth; cutting edge of fixed
finger 0.3 times length of chela; dorsal surface of
dactyl with 24 symmetrical, rounded, tubercles,
small and closely spaced proximally, becoming
larger, more clearly separated distally (Figure
2D). Ambulatory legs long, slender, third pair
longest, merus 2.6 times as long as wide (Figure
2A). Male abdomen moderately broad (Figure
2C); somite 6 with slightly convex lateral margin,
almost twice as long as wide, telson semicircular,
evenly rounded. G1 (Figure 3) relatively slender,
straight; apical process bent to form an angle
of 45%, corneous part long, tapering, ending in
truncated tip (Figure 3C); setae long, simple,
originating at the base of the apical process.
Color in life: Carapace dark brown with some
yellow specks on the protogastric region.
Chelipeds light brown with orangish brown
dactylus and fixed finger. Meri of ambulatory
 New Record of Parasesarma Raouli... (Ernawati Widyastuti & Dwi Listyo Rahayu)

Figure 2. Parasesarma raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009. Male (6.60mm x 6.17mm): A, dorsal view of
carapace and legs; B, front of cephalothorax and third maxillipeds; C, abdomen; D, outer
view of right cheliped.

Figure 3. Parasesarma raouli Rahayu and Ng, 2009, right G1. A, B, entire length of right G1. C, tip
of right G1.

17
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 15−19
legs dark brown, light brown on carpi, propodi
and dactyls.
Distribution: Parasesarma raouli was described
from Sungei Melayu, Johor Strait, Johor,
Peninsular Malaysia; and now recorded from
Pulau Berang, Lingga, Riau Archipelago,
Indonesia.
REMARKS
The specimen from Pulau Berang agrees well
with the description and figure of the holotype of
P. raouli from Johor Strait, Peninsular Malaysia.
There are small differences in the number of
pectinate crest and the relative proportion of
the merus of the third ambulatory legs. In the
holotype of P. raouli, the number of pectinate
teeth on the first, second, and third crests are 15-
17, 12-15, and 6 respectively, and the merus of the
third ambulatory leg is 2.8 as long as wide; while
in the present specimen from Pulau Berang, the
number of pectinate teeth on the crests are 16, 13
and 6 respectively, and the merus of the third leg
is 2.6 times as long as wide. These differences are
probably related to the size as the specimen from
Berang being smaller than the holotype.
The specimen was found crawling on the
base of a mangrove tree in an environment
dominated by Sonneratia alba on a sand
substrate. Apparently, P. raouli is a rare species,
the type series contain 22 specimens and never
been recorded again until this one specimen from
Riau.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Ms.
Anna Manuputty as coordinator of the coral
reef monitoring project in the Lingga, Riau
Archipelago, and all personnel involved in
helping to collect the sample. Thanks also due
to Dharmawan, E.W. from Research Center of
Oceanography, LIPI, for his assistance in the
field and the drawing of the map.
18
REFERENCES
Davie, P.J.F. & L. Pabriks. (2010). A new species
of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura:
Sesarmidae) from the mangrove of Western
Australia. Zootaxa, 2564: 62-68.
Man, J.G. De. (1890). Carcinological studies in
the Leiden Museum, No. 4. Notes from the
Leiden Museum, 12(13): 49-126, pls. 3-6.
Man, J.G. De. (1895). Bericht uber die von
Herrn Sciffscaptan Storm zur Atejeh, an den
westlichen Kuchen von Malakka, Borneo und
Celebes sowie in der Java-See gesammelten
Decapoden und Stomatopoden. Zoologische
Jahrbücher, Abtheilung für Systematik.
Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 8: 485-
609, pls. 12-14.
Man, J.G. De. (1902). Die von Herrn Professor
Kukenthal In Indischen Archipel gesammelten
Dekapoden und Stomatopoden. In: W.
Kukenthal, Ergebnisse einer zoologischen
Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo.
Abhandlungen Der Senckenbergischen
Naturforschen den Gesellschaft, 25: 467-929.
Koller, P.H., C. Liu & C.D. Schubart. (2010). A
new semiterrestrial species of Parasesarma
De Man, 1895, from Taiwan (Decapoda,
Brachyura, Sesarmidae). In: Fransen,
C.H.J.M., S. De Grave & P.K.L. Ng (eds.),
Studies on Malacostraca: Lipke Bijdeley
Holthuis Memorial Volume. Crustaceana
Monographs, 14: 357-368.
Ng, P.K.L., Guinot, D. & Davie, P.J.F. (2008).
Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated
checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the
world. Raffles B. Zool., Supplement 17: 1-286.
Rahayu, D.L. & Li, J. (2013). A new species of
the genus Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura:
Sesarmidae) from Taiwan and the Philippines,
and redescription of P. jamelense (Rathbun,
1914). Raffles B. Zool., 61(2): 633-639.
 New Record of Parasesarma Raouli... (Ernawati Widyastuti & Dwi Listyo Rahayu)
Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2005). On two new
species of the genera Haberma & Parasesarma
(Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura:
Sesarmidae) from Papua, Indonesia.
Zoologische Mededelingen, 79-2(8), 22.vii:
167-178, figs. 1-6.
Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2009). Two new
species of Parasesarma De Man, 1895 from
Southeast Asia (Crustacea: Decapoda:
Brachyura: Sesarmidae). Zootaxa, 1980:
29-40.Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2010).
Revision of the Parasesarma plicatum
(Latreille, 1803) species-group (Crustacea:
Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae). Zootaxa
2327: 1-22.
Yang, C.M. (1979). A list of Brachyura in
the Zoological Reference Collection of
the Department of Zoology. Guide no.
14, Department of Zoology, University of
Singapore, 60 pp. (mimeographed).
Yeo, D.C.J., D.L. Rahayu & P.K.L. Ng. (2004).
Brachyura (Crustacea) of the Anambas
Expedition 2002. In: Ng, P.K.L., D. Wowor
& D.C.J. Yeo (eds.), Scientific results of the
Anambas Expedition 2002. Raffles B. Zool.,
Supplement No.11: 79-88.
19
20
 Effect Of Various Dietary Seaweeds ... (Asep Ridwanudin et.al)

EFFECT OF VARIOUS DIETARY SEAWEEDS ON THE GROWTH OF

GOLD-MOUTH TURBAN (Turbo chrysostomus L., 1758)
AT LOMBOK, INDONESIA
Asep Ridwanudin1* Muhammad Firdaus1, Idham Sumarto Pratama1,
and Sigit Anggoro Putro Dwiono1

Mataram Marine Bio Industry Technical Implementation Unit, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian
1

Institute of Sciences, Pemenang, Lombok Utara, NTB, Indonesia

*Correspondence author: ase_rid@yahoo.com

Received: February 2016 Accepted: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Gold-mouth turban (Turbo chrysostomus L., 1758) is an important source of protein for coastal people in
Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. In order to acquire its seed production technique, research on the culture
of the species was carried out since 2012. Feed source is a key concern when culturing animal, including turban
snail. Growth of gold-mouth turban fed with seaweed Gracilaria sp., Ulva spp., and Kappaphycus alvarezii was
evaluated. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 snail juveniles with an initial body weight
and shell length of 4.65 ± 0.00g and 24.55 ± 0.08mm, respectively. After six weeks feeding trial, snails fed with
Gracilaria sp. diet had significantly higher (P<0.05) in final weight, final shell length, weight gain, specific growth
rate (SGR) and food intake compared to snails fed with Ulva spp. or K. alvarezii diets.

Keywords: Turbo chrysostomus, snail, growth, seaweed, diet.

INTRODUCTION spp.), green algae (Ulva rigida and Codium

Gold-mouth turban or Turbo chrysostomus
is a marine gastropod belongs to family
Turbinidae. Turbinid species have been identified
as herbivorous marine invertebrates (Kikutani
et al., 2002; Quiñones and Michel-Morfín,
2006), and consumes macroalgae around their
habitat (Wernberg et al., 2008). This species
was collected as a protein source by local people
living in the coastal area of Lombok island, West
Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. To acquire its seed
production technique, research on the culture of
the species was carried out since 2012. Knowledge
of suitable feed is an important aspect in the
success of animal culture practice. Gut content
analysis of Turbo brunneus showed that their
diet comprises mainly of Rhodophytes such as
Hypnea sp., Ceramium miniatum and Gracilaria
sp. (Ramesh and Ravichandran, 2008). Juvenile
of Turbo sarmaticus could consume and digest
red algae (Gelidium pristoides and Corralian
extricatum) and brown algae (Ecklonia radiate
and Inyengaria stellata) at the rate of 1.45%
to 9.5% of body weight per day (Foster and
Hodgson, 1998).
Numerous seaweeds have been reported to
affect growth of marine gastropods including
abalone (Capinpin and Corre, 1996; Naidoo et
al., 2006; Setyono, 2006; Angell et al., 2012;
O’Mahoney et al., 2014), marine snail, Norrisia
norrisi (Wakefield and Murray, 1998), Lithopoma
undosum (Cox and Murray, 2006) and green
snail, Turbo marmoratus (Setyono and Dwiono,
2003). Among macroalgae, Gracilaria sp.,
Kappaphycus alvarezii and Ulva sp. have been
reported as potential feed sources for marine
gastropod (Granado and Caballero, 2001; Dang
et al., 2011). The mass cultivation technology of
Gracilaria sp. and Kappaphycus alvarezii have
been well developed due to increasing demand
of seaweeds for agar and carrageenan industries

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.91 21
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 21−26
Table 1. Design for feeding trial
Diets Replicate
Gracilaria sp. G1 G2
Ulva spp. U1 U2
K. alvarezii K1 K2
(Santelices and Doty, 1989; Ask and Avanza,
2002). So far, a study on the utilization of
seaweed to feed marine snail, particularly for a
gold-mouth turban, have rarely been performed.
Preliminary observation showed that gold-
mouth turban consumed Gracilaria sp., and
general preference of turban shells indicated
that turbo could eat Rhodopyhta, Chlorophyta
or Phaeophyta (Foster and Hodgson, 1998).
Therefore, this study is intended to examine
the effect of different dietary seaweeds or algae
(Gracilaria sp., Ulva spp. and Kappaphycus
alvarezii) on the growth of gold-mouth turban.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Diets
In this study, Gracilaria sp. and K. alvarezii
were purchased from a local farm in Sekotong,
West Lombok, and Ulva spp. were collected from
Gerupuk waters in Central Lombok, Indonesia.
Juvenile gold-mouth turban were fed with the
algae every two days at a level of 40% of the total
body weight within six weeks of feeding trial.
Feeding Trial
Two hundred and seventy hatchery-reared
juvenile gold-mouth turban (Turbo chrysostomus)
of six months old was used in this study. Those
juveniles were produced in the hatchery of
Mataram Marine Bio Industry Technical
Implementation Unit, Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI). The feeding trial was carried out
for six weeks from 4 November to 18 December
2014. Juveniles were divided into three groups
of 30 individuals for three replicates of each
treatment. Juveniles have an average of initial
body weight and shell length of 4.65±0.00g and
24.55±0.08mm. Juveniles were placed into nine
experimental plastic tanks containing 10L of
filtered seawater. A set of control for each diet
22
Control
G3 CG1 CG2 CG3
U3 CU1 CU2 CU3
K3 CK1 CK2 CK3
was established, i.e., a reservoir containing diet
without any juvenile, intended to monitor growth
and decomposition rates of the diet (Table 1).Each
tank was equipped with continuous aeration,
placed in the outdoor laboratory with a natural
light cycle, and covered with 3mm mesh size
plastic netting to reduce the sunlight and prevent
the juvenile creeping out from the tank. Two-inch
PVC pipe that cut longitudinally were placed in
the bottom of the tanks, provided a shelter for the
snails. The tanks were cleaned every two days to
remove uneaten diet and fecal material, and at
the same time, 75% of the water were changed.
Uneaten diets were weighed to calculate food
intake. During the study, water temperature and
salinity were recorded periodically. Every two
weeks, all snails were weighed individually with
a digital balance (0.01g scale) and shell length
measured using an analog caliper.
Growth Performance
Growth performance was evaluated based on
weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR),
food intake (FI), food conversion ratio (FCR)
and survival rate (SR). Growth performance
parameters were calculated according to Bautista-
Teruel et al. (2003) with equations as follow;
WG (%) = 100 x (Wt – W0) / W0
SGR (% day-1) = 100 x [(ln Wt – ln W0)/t]
FI (g ind-1) = total food intake (g) / N
FCR = total food intake (g) / total wet
weight gain (g)
SR (%) = 100 x Nt / N0
Where Wo (g) is the initial mean body weight,
Wt (g) is the final mean body weight, t (day) is
feeding period, N is number of snail in each tank,
N0 is number of snail at the start of trial and Nt is
number of snail at the end of trial.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 18 software
 Effect Of Various Dietary Seaweeds ... (Asep Ridwanudin et.al)

program at a significant level P<0.05. The
Further Tukey test was completed when there
were significant differences between trials.
RESULTS
Water quality measurements during the
study showed that the water temperature in the
experimental tanks varied from 23 to 26oC, while
the salinity ranged from 30 to 40‰.
The growth data of gold-mouth turban (T.
chrysostomus) fed with different seaweed diets
were presented in Table 2. Final weight, final shell
length, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR)
and food intake of snails fed with Gracilaria sp.
were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other
diet treatments. Snails fed with Ulva spp. and K.
alvarezii showed a decrease in weight gain and
SGR. However, the growth of snails fed with
Ulva spp. were slightly (40%) higher than snails
fed with K. alvarezii. The maximun food intake
was achieved in snails fed with Gracilaria sp.,
while food intake of Ulva spp., and K. alvarezii
were 92% and 75% lower than food intake of
Gracilaria sp., respectively. Survival rate (SR)
of snails fed with K. alvarezii was significantly
lower than those of snails that received the other
two diets.
DISCUSSION
In the present study, Gracilaria sp.
promotes positive effect on the growth of snail
T. chrysostomus during six weeks of feeding
trial with the average weight increase of 0.08g
or 1.72% of initial weight. Previous study on
abalone Haliotis asinina showed that Gracilaria
heteroclada could increase the weight up to 2g
in 45 days of feeding trial (Capinpin and Core,
1996). The same trend of weight gain has also
been found in abalone H. tuberculata coccinea
Reeve fed with G. cornea reared for sixty days
resulting in increase of more than 0.2g (Viera et
al., 2005). It seems that seaweed Gracilaria sp.
as a feed source was more efficient in abalone
than in gold-mouth turban. However, weight gain
of gold-mouth turban fed with Gracilaria sp. was
higher compared to weight gain of gold-mouth
turban fed with Ulva spp. and K. alvarezii in the
present study.
Gracilaria sp. indicated to be more palatable
for gold-mouth turban than Ulva spp. and K.
alvarezii. High food intake of Gracilaria sp. also
found in abalone H. discus hannai Ino (Qi et al.,
2010). Food intake of gold-mouth turban might
be influenced by nutritional content of seaweed.
Although the nutrition contents of the seaweed
were not analyzed in the present study, protein
content of Gracilaria sp. have been reported
in the range of 11.27 to 21.54% dry matter
(Capinpin and Corre, 1996; Viera et al., 2005;
Viera et al., 2011). Protein from Gracilaria spp.
has also been reported to be effectively utilized
by abalone H. tuberculata coccinea Reeve (Qi
et al., 2010). Lower protein content in Ulva sp.
and K. alvarezii (2.99 and 5.35% dry matter,
respectively) (Capinpin and Corre, 1996; Angell
et al. 2012) may cause a low effect in the growth
rate of T. chrysostomus in this study.
Gold-mouth turban consumed red algae K.
alvarezii four times lower than Gracilaria sp.
We suspect that feed preference of the snail was

Table 2. Growth performance of snails fed different diets for six weeks.1
Diets Initial Initial Final Final Weight SGR FI (g/ FCR SR
weight shell weight shell gain (% / day/ (%)
(g) length (g) length (%) day) ind)
(mm) (mm)
Gracilaria sp. 4.65 ± 24.56 ± 4.73 ± 27.17 ± 1.84 ± 0.04 ± 12.62 11.22 ± 97 ±
0.04 0.16 0.14a 2.82a 2.69a 0.06a ± 2.26a 157. 76 5.77a
Ulva spp. 4.65 ± 24.64 ± 4.57 ± 25.26 ± -1.47 ± -0.03 ± 1.83 ± -50.54 ± 99 ±
0.03 0.12 0.04b 0.12b 1.67b 0.04b 0.29b 39.16 1.92a
K. alvarezii 4.64 ± 24.46 ± 4.51 ± 24.96 ± -2.84 ± -0.07 ± 3.21 ± -41.84 ± 70 ±
0.05 0.13 0.04b 0.12b 1.82b 0.04b 0.57c 37.55 8.82b
1
Values are mean ± SD, obtained from three replicates (n=3) with 30 snails for each tank.
Different superscripts in each column indicate significantly different mean values (P<0.05).

23
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 21−26
also influenced by the degree of toughness of the
seaweed. The results of this study were supported
by McShane et al. (1994) who found that the
toughness of seaweed has a significant influence
on food intake of abalone H. rubra, tough seaweed
being consumed less than soft seaweed. The low
consumption rate of K. alvarezii compared to
Gracilaria sp. has also been found in abalone H.
asinina (Capinpin and Corre, 1996).
The low food intake of gold-mouth turban
fed with Ulva spp. in the present study might be
related to the chemical compound of the seaweed.
Some species of Ulva have been reported to
produce dimethylsulfide (DMS) that could act
as feeding deterrents for marine herbivores (Van
Alstyne and Houser, 2003; Erickson et al., 2006).
However, the percentage of the final weight of
gold-mouth turban fed with Ulva spp. was twice
as high as snail fed with K. alvarezii.
Foster et al. (1999) found that enzyme
activity of structural polysaccharide carrageenan
was low in the digestive gland of marine
gastropod T. sarmaticus fed with red, green
and brown algae. In contrast, Rhodophyta K.
alvarezii is an excellent source of carrageenan
(Hayashi et al., 2007; Hung et al., 2009; Hayashi
et al., 2011), and it reflects that low growth
performance of T. chrysostomus fed with K.
alvarezii might be related to carrageenan content
and low enzyme activity. Foster et al. (1999)
also showed that digestive enzyme activities of
storage polysaccharide of red algae were higher
compared to green and brown algae in marine
gastropod T. sarmaticus. They demonstrated that
digestive enzyme activity in the digestive gland
of storage polysaccharide glycogen and amylose
were 180.8 and 147.9 (μg-1 ml-1 h-1) mg-1 protein,
respectively.
Foster and Hodgson (1998) reported that
apparent dry matter digestibility of red algae
Gelidium pristoides and green algae Ulva rigida
in T. sarmaticus ranged from 1.06 to 2.32%,
and from 2.85 to 8.91%, respectively. It could
be assumed that low growth performance of T.
chyrsostomus in the present study is due to low
apparent dry matter digestibility of red algae K.
alvarezii.
24
CONCLUSION
The present study clearly indicates that
seaweed Gracilaria sp. is prospective to be
used as a diet for gold-mouth turban (Turbo
chrysostomus L., 1758) without negative effect
on the growth performance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was funded by the Government of
Indonesia through Mataram Marine Bio Industry
Technical Implementation Unit, Indonesian
Institute of Sciences (LIPI) fiscal year 2014
under project title “Gold-mouth turban (Turbo
chrysostomus) culture”. We would like to thank
Dr. D.L. Rahayu for assistance in preparing this
manuscript. We are also grateful to Balkam F.
Badi for providing gold-mouth turban used in the
present study. We thank the anonymous reviewers
for comments that improved the manuscript.
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Capinpin Jr, E.C., & K.G. Corre. (1996). Growth
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 Microplastic In The Deep-Sea Sediment (Cordova, et.al.)

MICROPLASTIC IN THE DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT OF

SOUTHWESTERN SUMATERA WATERS
Muhammad Reza Cordova1* and A’an J. Wahyudi1
1
Research Center for Oceanography (RCO). Indonesian Institute of Sciences.
Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur. Jakarta 14430. Indonesia.
*Correspondence author: muha171@lipi.go.id

Received: March 2016 Accepted: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is recently ranked second as the world’s largest plastic wastes producer. Plastic is a very durable
material that can be degraded by thermal oxidation with ultraviolet radiation and/or mechanically to smaller sizes.
Degraded plastic with size less than 5mm is referred to as microplastic. Here, we investigate the pervasiveness
of microplastic pollution by studying deep-sea sediments retrieved from western Sumatera in the eastern Indian
Ocean during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (EWIN) 2015 research cruise. The cruise, which took place between
May 7-18, is part of Indonesia’s contribution to the ongoing International Indian Ocean Expedition-2 (IIOE-2)
campaign. Deep-sea sediments were taken at depths ranging from 66.8 to 2182m and microplastic characterization
of the sediments was carried out following a modified flotation method. Our finding reveals that microplastics
are present in 8 out of 10 sampling locations. We find 41 particles of microplastic in the forms of the granule (35
particles) and fiber (6 particles). Most or 20 microplastic particles are found at depths less than 500 m. Furthermore,
the presence of microplastics in the western Sumatera sediments at more than 2000m deep confirms that plastics
have pervaded marine environments including pristine areas despite being a relatively recent material that started
being produced in the early 19th century.

Keywords: microplastic, sediment, pollution, Sumatera, eastern Indian Ocean

INTRODUCTION the world’s second largest plastic producer and

The convenience of using plastics has resulted
in its increased production throughout years with
a negative consequence to marine environments.
Being versatile, lightweight, strong, durable and
inexpensive materials, plastics are used to make
tools, clothing, transportation and building
materials, and more. Global plastic production
increased from about 0.5 million tons per year
in 1950 to 288 million tons in 2012. This trend
continued to increase at about 4% per year by
2016 (PlasticsEurope, 2010, 2013, 2015). In
Indonesia, the production of plastics reached 1.9
million tons in 2013 with an average production
rate of 1.65 million tons per year (Kementerian
Perindustrian dan Perdagangan, 2013). As such,
it has been estimated that Indonesia is indeed
consumer (Jambeck & Johnsen, 2015). With an
assumption that about 10% of plastics would end
up in seas (Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2015), we
can estimate that about 165,000 tons of plastic
waste pollute Indonesian seawaters every year.
The increased plastic use unfortunately poses
as one of the major environmental problems
today. This phenomena would endanger marine
organisms as have been observed elsewhere
(Moore et al., 2001).
One concerning issue related to plastic
pollution is the existence of microplastic in
the environment. Plastic can be degraded
by UV thermal oxidation and/or mechanical
processes forming microscopic sizes (Andrady,
2011; Wagner et al., 2014). Plastic waste that

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.99 27
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 27−35
is micrometer in size ahs been referred to as
microplastic. Aside from being a mechanically
degraded plastic, microplastic in the environment
could also come from microbeads contained
in cosmetics and fabrics (Browne et al.,
2011; Fendall & Sewell, 2009). Many studies
categorize microplastic as plastic waste with
size no more than 5mm (Arthur et ald, 2009;
Wright et aly, 2013), while some categorize
microplastic as plastic waste with size below
1mm (Browne et al., 2011; Van Cauwenberghe
et al., 2013). Regardless, previous works have
detected microplastics in coastal and mangrove
ecosystems, the water column and even in
deep-sea sediments (Claessens, et al., 2011;
Mohamed Nor & Obbard, 2014; Moore et al.,
2002; Thompson et al., 2004; Van Cauwenberghe
et al., 2013). The small size would increase
plastic bioavailability for digestion by marine
organisms. Some laboratory studies show
that detritivores organisms (e.g. amphipods),
deposit feeders (e.g. lugworm), filter feeders
(e.g. barnacles and bivalves), and deposit and
suspension feeders (e.g. sea cucumber and
copepods) consume microplastics (Graham &
Thompson, 2009; Thompson et al., 2004). Plastic
consumption would irritate digestive system
(Betts, 2008) and furthermore could cause other
serious problems since the consumed plastics
may also adsorb organic pollutant (Teuten et
al., 2009). Microplastic consumption by marine
organisms could happen as the organisms falsely
identify the microplastic as an edible food (Van
Cauwenberghe et al., 2012).
Figure 1. Study site and sampling stations.
28
The eastern Indian Ocean especially
southwestern Sumatera waters is of an interest
for studying microplastic due to the fact that it
is a busy domestic and international shipping
route. This condition increases the possibility for
receiving pollution. Furthermore, scientific data
particularly on marine pollution and microplastic
from this area is rare. Therefore, it is important
to characterize microplastic pollution in this
area by analyzing its pervasiveness in deep-sea
sediments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Deep-sea sediment sampling was conducted
during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (E-WIN)
research cruise between May 7-18, 2015.
Samples were retrieved using a 60 x 40 x 50cm
boxcore from 10 stations with depths ranging
from 66.8 to 2182m (Figure 1). Sub-samples
were taken using a stainless steel shovel (20ml)
from sediment surface within a 10cm x 5cm x
2cm section. Then, the samples were stored in a
freezer (4°C) prior to analysis at the Chemical
Oceanography Laboratory of the Research
Center for Oceanography (Indonesian Institute of
Sciences).
Microplastic extraction was conducted using a
modified flotation method by using a concentrated
saline solution at 1.18 g/l (Claessens et al., 2011;
Mohamed Nor & Obbard, 2014; Thompson et
al., 2004) and double-distilled deionized water.
 Microplastic In The Deep-Sea Sediment (Cordova, et.al.)

The sediments were oven dried (60°C, 24h).
To remove organic matters, the sediments were
added with H2O2 and heated (90ºC), and then
the visible froth was removed. Dried sediment
samples weighted 62.5g was put on erlenmeyer
bottle with 250 ml concentrated saline solution,
and then stirred using a mechanical shaker (200
rpm, 10 minutes). After 6 hours, the supernatant
was extracted from the mixture and filtered into
Whatman cellulose filter paper (diameter 47mm;
pore size 0.45µm). Vacuum filtration unit was
used to accelerate the filtration process. Samples
from the filter paper were stored in petri-disk
within a vacuum desiccator.
We conducted sample observation and
quantitative analysis using a Nikon Eclipse
E600 microscope. The criteria for identifying
microplastic follows (Cole et al, (2013), namely
(a) organic or cellular structure is absent, (b)
homogenous in color, not shiny or sparkling,
(c) plastic fibers are unbranched and not tapered
at the ends, and (d) there is no segmented fiber.
Particles identified as microplastic were counted
and measured. Microplastic samples were
classified according to their sizes, which are
<20µm, 20-60µm, 60-100µm, 100-500µm and
>500µm. And, their types were identified as fiber
or granule.
RESULT
General trend
A total of 41 microplastic particles were
found from eight out of ten the sampling stations
(Table 1). The highest number of microplastics
(14 particles) was observed at a station located
in the Sunda Strait at a depth of 88.5m (Station
2). Microplastic particles were found only in two
types of sediments (i.e. sandy mud and mud),
where 26 particles were found in the sandy
mud type of sediment and 15 particles in the
mud sediment. Whereas the two stations where
microplastic is absent are made of muddy sand

Table 1. Number of microplastic particles according to location, depth and sediment volume.
Number Sediment
Depth
Sampling Location Latitude Longitude of Volume References
(m)
particles (cm3)
South Atlantic Ocean 52.0°S 8.0°W 2749 1 25 Van Cauwenberghe et al. (2013)
Nile Deep Sea Fan 32.4°N 31.7°E 1176 1 25 Van Cauwenberghe et al. (2013)
North Atlantic Ocean 48.8°N 16.5°W 4842 3 25 Van Cauwenberghe et al. (2013)
South of Portugal 37.1°N 7.5°W 27.4 6 859.03 Frias et al. (2016)
South of Portugal 37.0°N 8.2°W 9.7 6 245.44 Frias et al. (2016)
South of Portugal 37.1°N 8.6°W 19.4 1 245.44 Frias et al. (2016)
South of Portugal 36.9°N 8.9°W 18.7 1 981.75 Frias et al. (2016)
South of Portugal 36.9°N 8.9°W 18.7 1 1043.11 Frias et al. (2016)
South of Portugal 37.0°N 8.9°W 7.9 1 981.75 Frias et al. (2016)
South of Portugal 37.0°N 8.9°W 7.9 5 981.75 Frias et al (2016)
South of Portugal 37.0°N 8.9°W 7.9 1 981.75 Frias et al. (2016)
South of Portugal 37.0°N 9.0°W 22 4 460.19 Frias et al. (2016)
Southwestern Sumatera 6.2°S 105.5°E 88.5 14 100 This study, Sandy mud
Southwestern Sumatera 6.7°S 104.7°E 1962.8 4 100 This study, Mud
Southwestern Sumatera 5.8°S 104.2°E 575.6 3 100 This study, Mud
Southwestern Sumatera 6.1°S 103.9°E 2182 1 100 This study, Mud
Southwestern Sumatera 5.1°S 103.6°E 1007.6 3 100 This study, Mud
Southwestern Sumatera 4.6°S 102.4°E 503.2 4 100 This study, Mud
Southwestern Sumatera 4.8°S 102.2°E 1732 0 100 This study, Muddy sand
Southwestern Sumatera 5.1°S 101.9°E 719.2 0 100 This study, Mud clay
Southwestern Sumatera 3.6°S 101.7°E 66.8 6 100 This study, Sandy mud
Southwestern Sumatera 3.0°S 100.9°E 970.4 6 100 This study, Sandy mud

29
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 27−35
and mud clay. Microplastics found in this study
are mainly observed in sampling stations with
depths <500m (20 particles of microplastic, see
Figure 2).
Our finding shows that microplastics found
in southwestern Sumatera sediments are in the
forms of granule and fiber (Figure 2). Most
microplastics found in this study are granulates
from depths of less than 500 m with a total of
16 particles. Fiber form is also most commonly
found at the same depth range (<500m) with a
total of 4 particles.
Based on the size classification of microplastic,
most observed microplastic particles in the
southwestern Sumatera sediments are those with
the size range of 100-500µm with a total of 16
particles (Figure 3). This is followed by the size
range of 60-100µm (13 particles) and less than
20µm (6 particles). While the least of all are the
size range of 20-60µm and >500µm, each having
3 particles.
Figure 2. Microplastic classification based on form.
30
DISCUSSION
The suspected sources
Relatively higher amount of microplastics
found in areas close to terrestrial input and
along a busy shipping route is consistent with
anthropogenic influence. The microplastic
particles are found mostly from sediment
samples taken from depths less than 500 m. These
particles were likely derived from anthropogenic
activities on the west coast of Sumatera then
carried by ocean currents (Mohamed Nor &
Obbard, 2014). As for sampling station, most
or 14 particles of microplastic are found in the
Sunda Strait (Station 2) at a depth of 88.5 m.
This is a busy ocean shipping route with more
than 100,000 passengers and 2,200 ships passing
by per year (Rusli, 2012). Therefore, our study
supports other works suggesting that areas near
port or along shipping traffic have high presence
of microplastic (Claessens et al., 2011).
 Microplastic In The Deep-Sea Sediment (Cordova, et.al.)
Figure 3. Microplastic classification based on size.
Other sampling sites with higher amount of
microplastic are Station 1 (at a depth of 970.4m)
and Station 10 (66.8m), each with 6 plastic
particles. We suspect that the high microplastic
abundance came from the east coast of Sumatera
specifically near Bengkulu. This area has large
rivers namely Bengkulu River, Jenggalu River
and Babat River. In all, microplastic particles
found from these three locations represent 63.4%
plastic particles found from all sampling sites
in this study. Indeed, the proximity to human
activity causes higher exposure of microplastic
(Frias et al., 2016). We also found microplastic
on the southwestern Sumatera deep-sea sediment
sample taken at a depth of >2000m. This suggests
that plastics which have been produced since
1910 (with its mass production since the 1950s),
have pervaded marine environments even in
pristine sites (Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2013).
Eventually, microplastics would fall into
seabed via a process called “marine snow”
(discussed more in the next section) and be
ingested by bottom-dwelling marine organisms
that accumulate microplastics in their bodies
(Goldberg, 1997). Plastics could reach sea bottom
at depths of >2000m within a few days or a year,
depending on ocean currents (Van Cauwenberghe
et al., 2013). Eventually, microplastic would
reach the seabed and be covered with sand and
mud (Ivar Do Sul & Costa, 2014).
The potential downward vector of microplastic
Marine snow is the downward export of
organic matters that may also influence the
transport of microplastic and other pollutant.
Marine snow is a component in biogeochemical
vector of biological pump (Turner, 2015). And
as suggested by some studies, marine snow may
also become a vector for microplastic downward
transport (Goldberg, 1997; Van Cauwenberghe
et al., 2013). Furthermore, it has been widely
known that the formation of marine snow is not
merely composed of organic materials (e.g. fecal
pellets, phytodetritus, transparent exopolymer,
but also inorganic materials and others Graham
et al., 1999; Passow et al., 2014; Passow et al.,
2012).
The downward transport of microplastic
could occur in stages along the depth. Since
plastic could adsorb organic pollutant (Teuten et
al., 2009), it is possible that other non-pollutant
organic materials may also attach to plastic.
This process may occur during the formation of
transparent exopolymer (TEP) by microorganisms
31
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 27−35
(Turner, 2015). TEP itself attracts other materials
such as fecal pellets, phytodetritus from
planktonic organisms, and even dead materials
to aggregate into bigger sizes (M. Graham et
al., 1999; Turner, 2015). This process would
accelerate the downward export (Passow et al.,
2014). However, the crucial downward export
process may happen in the twilight zone up to
the upper aphotic zone (300-1000m) when the
microbial process enhances biogeochemical
processes. Within this zone, marine snow may
be degraded by microbes (Sanders et al., 2014),
but the process may not affect the non-degradable
microplastics. Then in the depth below 1000m,
the microplastics would aggregate with freshly
produced particulate matters (Liu et al., 2007),
the process that is affected by partial pressure of
CO2 and particle size (Passow et al., 2014).
The potential impacts of microplastic
Plastic pollution was initially seen as an
aesthetic problem (Galgani, Hanke, Werner,
& De Vrees, 2013; Gregory, 2009), but many
researches in recent decades show how marine
animals could be negatively affected by the
presence of plastics (Boerger, Lattin, Moore,
& Moore, 2010; Galgani et al., 2013). Marine
organisms could be affected mainly through the
winding of plastic, getting trapped by plastic
and plastic consumption (Gregory, 2009;
Thompson, Moore et al., 2009; Van Franeker et
al., 2011). Worse, the microscopic size allows the
bioavailability of plastic through ingestion tract
(Betts, 2008). A number of marine organisms
have been observed to accumulate microplastics
in their bodies, including crabs (Farrell & Nelson,
2013), copepods (Cole et al., 2013), blue mussels
(Browne et al., 2008; Van Cauwenberghe &
Janssen, 2014) and mussels (Van Cauwenberghe
& Janssen, 2014). Microplastic ingested by
marine organisms could disrupt the functioning
of digestive tract (Cole et al., 2013) and become
a carrier for other organic contaminants adsorbed
on microplastic such as brominated diphenyl
ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls (Teuten et
al., 2009).
32
CONCLUSION
Microplastics found on the southwestern
Sumatera deep-sea sediments tend to increase
towards the main island, consistent with increased
anthropogenic activities. Our finding also
shows that microplastic pollution has pervaded
relatively pristine environments. We project that
the continuing increase of plastic production and
consumption in Indonesia would lead to increased
microplastic pollution that subsequently affects
marine organisms.
ACKNOWLEDMENT
We thank the crew of the R/V Baruna Jaya VIII
during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (E-WIN)
2015. The research cruise is a flagship program
of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) that
fully funded by the Government of Indonesia. We
also would like to thank Mr. Triyoni Purbonegoro
for generating the maps and Dr. Cynthia Henny
for her contribution in improving this manuscript.
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36
 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC LOGGING

INSTRUMENT TO HELP SCIENTIFIC DIVER IN CORAL REEF
MONITORING
Hollanda Arief Kusuma1*, Indra Jaya1 and Henry Munandar Manik

Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural
1

University, Gedung Marine Center Lantai 3, FPIK-IPB, Bogor 16680 Indonesia

*Correspondence author: hollandacocobear@gmail.com

Received: April 2016 Accepted: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is situated in the Coral Triangle region that has the world’s highest coral reef biodiversity. Therefore,
coral reef monitoring needs to be conducted regularly to assess the condition of coral reef ecosystem for management
purpose. There are several coral reef monitoring methods available such as the line intercept transect (LIT), point
intercept transect (PIT), photo transect, belt transect and benthic towed-diver. In Indonesia, LIT and PIT are the
most commonly used methods for coral monitoring. However, there is a main disadvantage when collecting data
using these methods, that is scientific divers need to spend hours to input the data after dives. Here, we introduce
an electronic logging instrument called Coral Input Data Instrument that helps to decrease the input data time by
employing a look-up table system that simplifies data input process by replacing text with numerical coding. In
addition, water quality data such as temperature, depth and visibility also are embedded in the electronic logging
instrument. The instrument hardware consists of Arduino Mega 2560, keypad 4x3, LCD Module 16x2 character,
real time clock, temperature sensor, pressure sensor, visibility sensor and micro SD card module. Arduino IDE
1.6.5 software is used to program the microcontroller. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of
the instrument in the field.

Keywords: instrumentation, coral reef monitoring, water quality, Arduino

INTRODUCTION categories and codes of English et al. (1994).

Coral reef condition is linked to natural factors
and human activities. Changes caused by nature
versus human activity are markedly different,
therefore monitoring the impacts of human
activities on coral reef ecosystems is important.
To do this, field monitoring needs to be conducted
regularly. Data from such observation are key to
plan and assess coral reef management strategies.
Coral monitoring methods advance with
technological development. Some commonly
used methods are the line intercept transect (LIT),
point intercept transect (PIT), photo transect, belt
transect and benthic towed-diver (NOAA, 2015).
The methods that are often used in Indonesia are
LIT and PIT. LIT typically uses coral life-form
Whereas the application of PIT in Indonesia could
adopt the codes established by COREMAP-LIPI
(Manuputty and Djuwariah, 2009).
Technology that allows data collection from
coastal oceans in real time are important to a wide
range of societal elements including academics/
researchers, the military, resource managers,
and marine safety and commercial operators.
For instance, having real-time measurements
could improve the management of accidents
involving hazardous materials, as well as increase
the effectiveness of marine environmental
monitoring. Coastal ocean data are well suited
for real time measurement since they can be
collected on platforms with reliable and frequent
communication with the shore or land.

DOI: 10.14203/mri.v41i1.96 37
Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49
For coral reef monitoring, scientific diver
usually carries a slate with waterproof paper to
record types of observed corals. Then the data
are entered into a computer for further data
processing. Considering many field observations
that need to be conducted across the archipelago,
divers have expressed a common issue with
the amount of time needed to input the data to
the computer that could take hours. Or worse,
sometimes the diver cannot read the data that
were written in the field. These disadvantages
motivate us to facilitate scientific divers by
creating an instrument that allows efficient coral
data input. The instrument consists of a computer
so that data obtained in the field can be processed
automatically when inputted into the computer.
In this paper, we also introduce a look up table
system incorporated into the instrument.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The first requirement for the instrument is
that it has to be waterproof. Here, we design a
waterproof case using Solidwork program. Inside
the case, the placement of components is arranged
using a design built by RepRap 3D Printer.
The instrument also has to function as an
underwater e-logbook, by assisting scientific
divers to record coral data, measure water quality
data and store both information in a micro SD
card. Therefore the hardware of this instrument
consists of Arduino Mega2560, real time clock
DS1370, temperature sensor DS18B20, pressure
sensor MPX5700, light sensor TEMT6000, ADC
(analog to digital converter) 16 bit ADS1115,
green laser (532nm), keypad 4x3, LCD 16x2
character and micro SD card module.
All of these components are combined and
simulated in Labcenter Electronics Proteus 8.
Arduino firmware written using Arduino IDE
1.6.5. Simulated data are stored in virtual SD
card file that is opened using WinImage.
The instrument is designed so that it could
record coral data inputted manually by diver
during coral monitoring surveys, but automatically
records water quality parameters (temperature,
depth, and visibility range). Temperature
data is obtained from DS18B20 using 1 Wire
38
communication. Depth data is obtained from
MPX5700 from pressure, following a formula by
Fofonoff & Millard (1983):
h = [(((-1.82x10-15*p+2.279x10-10)*
p-2.2512x10-5)*p+9.72659)*p]/g
where:
h = depth (m)
p = pressure (decibar)
g = gravity (9.8 m.s-2)
Note : 1 Pascal = 0.0001 decibar or 10-5 bar.
Visibility range is obtained using green laser
and light sensor TEMT6000. This visibility
measurement adopts the method by Zanezeld
& Pegau (2003) which has been modified from
Duntley (1963) and Preisendorfer (1976). The
light sensor yields values as light transmission
coefficient which are converted to attenuation
coefficient following:
where:
Tr = Transmission Coefficient
DN (l) = Digital Number on 10 cm
DN (0) = Digital Number on 1 cm
The transmission coefficient then is used to get
green laser attenuation coefficient:
where:
cg = Green laser attenuation coefficient (m-1)
l = distance between laser and light sensor (10
cm)
Tr = Transmission coefficient
Then, the green laser attenuation coefficient
is used to obtain attenuation coefficient (α)
following:
From attenuation coefficient, visibility range (y)
can be computed as:
 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

y = 4.55 / α number 2 (ACD) for life-form category when

Two coral monitoring methods, LIT and PIT,
are accommodated by the instrument. When the
user selects LIT, the inputs are form and genus
type codes following coral categories of English
et al. (1994) and Veron (2000) as shown in Table
1 and Table 2. For example, the user would enter
observing Acropora Digitate and enter number
2 for genus code because this life-form belongs
to the genus Acropora. If the user selects PIT,
the inputs are the numerical codes representing
forms as shown in Table 3. This form code
follows the guideline established by COREMAP-
LIPI (Manuputty and Djuwariah, 2009).

Table 1. Type of life-form categories and codes based on English et al. (1994).
Category Lifeform Code Note
Hard Coral Live ACB 01 Acropora Branching
ACD 02 Acropora Digitate
ACE 03 Acropora Encrusting
ACS 04 Acropora Submassive
ACT 05 Acropora Tabluar
CB 06 Non-Acropora Branching
CE 07 Non-Acropora Encrusting
CF 08 Non-Acropora Foliose
CM 09 Non-Acropora Massive
CS 10 Non-Acropora Submassive
CHL 11 Heliopora
CME 12 Millepora
CMR 13 Mushroom
Dead Coral DC 14 Dead Coral
DCA 15 Dead Coral Algae
Algae AA 16 Alga Asembly
CA 17 Coraline Algae
HA 18 Halimeda
MA 19 Macro Algae
TA 20 Turf Algae
Biotic OT 21 Other
SC 22 Soft Coral
SP 23 Sponge
ZO 24 Zoanthid
Abiotic R 25 Rubble
ROCK 26 Rock
S 27 Sand
Si 28 Silt

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Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49

Table 2. Type of genus based on Veron (2000).

Genus Family Code Genus Family Code Genus Family Code
Acanthastrea Mussidae 1 Eusmilia Meandrinidae 38 Oculina Oculinidae 75
Acropora Acroporidae 2 Favia Faviidae 39 Oulastrea Faviidae 76
Agaricia Agariciidae 3 Favites Faviidae 40 Oulophyllia Faviidae 77
Alveopora Poritidae 4 Fungia Fungiidae 41 Oxypora Pectiniidae 78
Anacropora Acroporidae 5 Galaxea Oculinidae 42 Pachyseris Agariciidae 79
Anomastraea Siderastreidae 6 Gardineroseris Agariciidae 43 Palauastrea Astrocoeniidae 80
Astrangia Rhizangiidae 7 Goniastrea Faviidae 44 Paraclavarina Merulinidae 81
Astreopora Acroporidae 8 Goniopora Poritidae 45 Parasimplastrea Faviidae 82
Australogyra Faviidae 9 Gyrosmilia Meandrinidae 46 Pavona Agariciidae 83
Australomussa Mussidae 10 Halomitra Fungiidae 47 Pectinia Pectiniidae 84
Balanophyllia Dendrophylliidae 11 Heliofungia Fungiidae 48 Physogyra Euphyllidae 85
Barabattoia Faviidae 12 Herpolitha Fungiidae 49 Platygyra Faviidae 86
Blastomussa Mussidae 13 Heterocyatus Caryophylliidae 50 Plerogyra Euphyllidae 87
Boninastrea Merulinidae 14 Heteropsammia Dendrophylliidae 51 Plesiastrea Faviidae 88
Cantharellus Fungiidae 15 Horastrea Siderastreidae 52 Pocillopora Pocilloporidae 89
Catalaphyllia Euphyllidae 16 Hydnophora Merulinidae 53 Podabacia Fungiidae 90
Caulastrea Faviidae 17 Indophyllia Mussidae 54 Polyphyllia Fungiidae 91
Cladocora Faviidae 18 Isophyllia Mussidae 55 Porites Poritidae 92
Coeloseris Agariciidae 19 Leptastrea Faviidae 56 Poritipora Poritidae 93
Colpophyllia Faviidae 20 Leptoria Faviidae 57 Psammocora Siderastreidae 94
Coscinaraea Siderastreidae 21 Leptoseris Agariciidae 58 Pseudosiderastrea Siderastreidae 95
Ctenactis Fungiidae 22 Lithophyllon Fungiidae 59 Sandalolitha Fungiidae 96
Ctenella Meandrinidae 23 Lobophyllia Mussidae 60 Scapophyllia Merulinidae 97
Cycloseris Fungiidae 24 Madracis Astrocoeniidae 61 Schizoculina Oculinidae 98
Cynarina Mussidae 25 Manicina Faviidae 62 Scolymia Mussidae 99
Cyphastrea Faviidae 26 Meandrina Meandrinidae 63 Seriatopora Pocilloporidae 100
Dendrogyra Meandrinidae 27 Merulina Merulinidae 64 Siderastrea Siderastreidae 101
Diaseris Fungiidae 28 Micromussa Mussidae 65 Simplastrea Oculinidae 102
Dichocoenia Meandrinidae 29 Montastrea Faviidae 66 Solenastrea Faviidae 103
Diploastrea Faviidae 30 Montigyra Meandrinidae 67 Stephanocoenia Astrocoeniidae 104
Diploria Faviidae 31 Montipora Acroporidae 68 Stylaraea Poritidae 105
Duncanopsammia Dendrophylliidae 32 Moseleya Faviidae 69 Stylocoeniella Astrocoeniidae 106
Echinomorpha Pectiniidae 33 Mussa Mussidae 70 Stylophora Pocilloporidae 107
Echinophyllia Pectiniidae 34 Mussismilia Mussidae 71 Symphyllia Mussidae 108
Echinopora Faviidae 35 Mycedium Pectiniidae 72 Trachyphyllia Tracyphylliidae 109
Erythrastrea Faviidae 36 Mycetophyllia Mussidae 73 Turbinaria Dendrophylliidae 110
Euphyllia Euphyllidae 37 Nemenzophyllia Euphyllidae 74 Zoopilus Fungiidae 111

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 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

Table 3. Point Intercept Transect Codes

CODE CATEGORY NOTE
1 HCL Hard Coral Live
2 HCD Hard Coral Dead
3 SC Soft coral
4 AL Algae
5 OT Other

Figure 1. Coral input data instrument case design and dimension

Figure 2. Coral input data instrument electronic schematic used in Proteus 8

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Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49
RESULTS
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
This electronic logging instrument which
we name ‘Coral Input Data Instrument’ has a
dimension of 200mm x 150mm x 75mm (Figure
1). The upper part consists of LCD, keypad
attachment and visibility sensor. The bottom part
consists of Arduino Mega2560, battery, pressure
sensor, temperature sensor, ADC 16bit, real time
clock, micro SD card module and LCD module.
This outer case is built from polylactic acid using
a 3D printer.
The Coral Input Data Instrument uses 8-bit
ATMEL microcontroller ATMega2560. This
microcontroller has 86 programmable IO pins
(ATMEL, 2014) and is embedded into Arduino
Mega2560 board. Some important features
used in this instrument include serial peripheral
interface (SPI), inter-integrated circuit (I2C), one
wire communications and some digital gates. The
circuit schematic is shown in Figure 2.
Following the flow chart shown in Figure 3,
the microcontroller starts by prompting “Coral ID
System” on the LCD display and then initializing
the micro SD card. If no micro SD card is
detected, the instrument would not proceed to the
next command and the LCD would display the
text “Init failed!” instead. If the initialization is
successful then the command would proceed with
initializing DS18B20. The, the microcontroller
would send an electronic signal containing the
address register DS18B20. If DS18B20 is not
found, then the LCD would display the text
“DS18B20 ERROR”. If initialization is successful,
the LCD would display the text “DS18B20 OK”
and proceed to the next command. Next, DS1307
RTC initialization is used to retrieve the data time
and date. If the DS1307 is not found or has not
been programmed, then it would display the text
“Error. Please run the setTime” which means that
the user must run firmware setTime or check the
circuitry in case of errors in the DS1307 RTC
installation.
42
Next, the user must choose a coral survey
method: 1. PIT (point intercept transect) or 2. LIT
(line intercept transect). This option would be
used for naming files that are stored in the micro
SD card. Station number is entered manually by
the user. If the same station number is already
entered in the micro SD card, the LCD would
display “ALREADY AVAILABLE” and the user
must enter a new station number. The method
used and the number of the station would from
the file name in the format of METHOD_NO
STATION.TXT.
Then, the microcontroller would take the
laser transmission data from the light sensor
TEMT6000 which is converted into digital values
from analog values using the ADS1115 ADC. The
ADC works to increase the resolution to 16bit.
Transmission value is converted into a value of
visibility and displayed on the LCD. Then, the
transmission data is stored in a file created earlier.
The microcontroller also takes temperature data
from DS18B20, displays on the LCD and stores it
in a file that has been created. The microcontroller
retrieves data from MPX5700 depth sensor. The
depth value is obtained from converting pressure.
The depth value is displayed on the LCD and also
stored on the micro SD Card.
If the method chosen is PIT, the user inputs a
code following Table 3 and when the user presses
‘#’, the microcontroller would take depth data
and store it along with the code inputted earlier
in the micro SD card. If the chosen method is
LIT, then the user must enter the distance, shape,
and genus according to Table 1 and Table 2. And
when the user presses ‘#’, the microcontroller
would take the data and store it along with the
depth, transition distance, shape and genus codes
inputted earlier in the micro SD card.
PROTEUS SIMULATION
Simulation in Proteus is used to see Coral Input
Data Instrument’s performance from firmware
compiled by Arduino IDE by inserting coral data
using LIT and PIT simulated in this software. The
simulation follows schematic shown in Figure 2.
 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

Figure 3. Coral Input Data Instrument flow chart.

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Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49

Figure 3 (Continued). Coral Input Data Instrument flow chart.

44
 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

In LIT simulation, Coral Input Data
Instrument succeeded in retrieving temperature,
depth, and visibility data (Figure 4), while the
user input coral data manually as shown in Figure
5. Data stored on virtual SD card is opened using
WinImage software (Figure 6) and saved as text
file (*.txt). This text file contains temperature
data, depth, visibility, transition distance, form
and genus codes (Figure 7).
In PIT simulation, temperature data, depth
and visibility show the same results as shown
in Figure 4. In this simulation, the only need
to input category code number between 1 to 5
according to Table 3 (Figure 8). Other numbers
would not be recognized by the instrument. The
PIT coral input data are also stored in virtual SD
card and opened using WinImage as text file. This
file contains temperature data, depth, visibility,
transition and form code (Figure 9).

Figure 4. Data display on LCD during simulation. a = visibility, b = temperature, and c = depth.

Figure 5. Step-by-step on inputting of coral data. a. User inputs transition distance, b. user inputs FORM
code, c. user inputs GENUS code, d. user pushes # button to store the data in micro SD card
and user inserts the next transition.

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Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49

Figure 6. WinImage software and coral survey data stored in virtual SD card.

Figure 7. Text file containing sensor data and coral input using LIT method that is stored in
virtual SD card.

Figure 8. Coral input data using PIT method.

46
 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)

Figure 9. Text file containing sensor data and coral input using PIT Method that is stored in
virtual SD card.

Figure 10. Diver using the Coral Input Data Instrument to record coral life-form and genus types using
LIT and PIT methods.

Figure 11. Powerbank USB hole exposed by short-circuit

FIELD OBSERVATION
Field observation and test was conducted
in Pramuka Island to assess performance of the
instrument in the field. The Coral Input Data
Instrument succeeded during the field test (Figure
10), both in LIT and PIT methods. This instrument
could decrease data input time about 50 percent
for PIT method and almost same for LIT method
(Table 4). The problem that occurred during the
field test was waterproofing and buoyancy issues.
The instrument could not stay for long at 6 m
depth, where the case leaked to cause electrical
short-circuit. The supply was burned and could
not be used anymore (Figure 11). This happened
because seawater is a good element to conduct
electricity. Also, the instrument has positive
buoyancy due to space inside the instrument.

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Mar. Res. Indonesia Vol.41, No.1, 2016: 37−49

Table 4. Comparison of coral life-form and genus data retrieval times between manually inputted versus
by using the instrument/
METHOD REPETITION MANUAL INSTRUMENT
Point Intercept Transect 1 6 minute 15 second 3 minute 41 second
2 6 minute 25 second 3 minute 21 second
Line Intercept Transect 1 14 minute 53 second 18 minute 43 second
2 15 minute 17 second 18 minute 21 second
3 14 minute 10 second 14 minute 57 second

DISCUSSION connections of each electronic component are in

Simulation is an important step in designing
and implementing an instrument. Both hardware,
and firmware (software) need to be designed.
But often, there is no standard for hardware
platform and with many options to be considered
when selecting hardware components. Having
simulation before making the instrument would
save many hours of prototype development
because changing components in a hardware
circuit is not an easy task after building the whole
circuit as it requires cost and time (Cika and
Grundler, 2010; Mohammed and Devaraj, 2013).
Therefore, simulation is used to decrease the cost
and time before manufacturing an instrument
(Su and Wang, 2010; Xinhuan et al., 2010).
With simulations, the circuit can be modified at
any stage until the expected performance and
results are obtained. Then, simulation results
with a particular hardware configuration can be
compared for analysis.
Labcenter Electronics Proteus is often used
by engineer to simulate electronic schematic
and instrument based on microcontroller (Su and
Wang, 2010; Xinhuan et al., 2010; Xiumei and
Jinfeng, 2011; Mohammed and Devaraj, 2013).
This software is popular because there are many
components that can be used from the library,
circuit simulation’s interactive, and real time
simulation.
Simulation conducted in developing the of
Coral Data Input Instrument is very helpful
for evaluating firmware code used in this
instrument. We can check and fix errors that
appear in firmware code. Electronics simulation
using Proteus also helps us to ensure that the
the right place. Wrong connection could result in
damage to electronic components.
The Coral Input Data Instrument is an
innovation that could help scientific divers in
recording coral reef data using LIT and PIT
methods. Some researchers use ROV (Lam et.al.,
2006) or Catlin Seaview Survey (González-
Rivero et al., 2014), but these instruments are
expensive. The Coral Input Data Instrument is a
cheaper option.
The Coral Input Data Instrument has
several advantages, such as it could reduce data
recording time, record water quality parameters
automatically, and decrease time for inputting
data into computer. This instrument also has
several disadvantages being new/unfamiliar
to divers, having a positive buoyancy case and
waterproofing issue.
CONCLUSION
The design process for creating the Coral
Input Data Instrument has been using Labcenter
Electronic Proteus with respect to efficiency,
quality and flexibility. With simulations, any
problem in firmware can be checked and fixed
before manufacturing the instrument. Field test
observation shows that the instrument was able
to work underwater for several hours, record
water quality parameters automatically and
decrease time for inputting data into computer.
Improvements are still needed for waterproofing
and buoyancy to create a fully functioning
instrument. Future work also includes building
a converter program to provide coral data from
numeric to life-form and genus types.

48
 Design And Implementation Of Electronic Logging... (Hollanda, et.al.)
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