Greek Architecture

(Circa 3000 – 30 BC)

1. Geographical

- Greece is an independent nation occupying the southernmost part of the Balkan Peninsula
- Consist of the numerous islands that are spread in both Ionian and Aegean Sea, included among
them is Crete, which is the largest.
- Bounded on the north by the country of Bulgaria and Albania, to the south by the Mediterranean
Sea, to the east by the Aegean Sea and to the west by Ionian Sea.
- Capital is Athens and the Chief seaport is Pireaus.
- It was upon the island of Crete that arouses the first great sea-power of the Mediterranean which
flourished a thousand years before the Greek civilization reached its peak.
- This Aegean culture extended to Greece and her islands and was founded on trade around the
whole eastern Mediterranean seaboard with Asian Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and
Libya.
- Geography determined the fortunes of both the Aegean and the Greek cultures, Ro the rugged
nature of the Greek peninsula and its Islands with mountains hinterlands, made the sea the
inevitable means of intercourse.
- The mountain of inland Greece separated the inhabitants into group of clans, and thus arise the
rivalry, which characterized the Greek states, weather in peace or war.

II. Geological

- Greece and her domains have ample supplies of good buildings stone, but the mineral of the
greatest importance to her architecture was her unrivaled marble.
- The most beautiful and the most monumental of all building materials.
- Facilitates the exactness of lines and refinement of details
- Found in abundance, notably in the mountains of Hymettus and Penticulus near Athens and in
the islands of Pharos and Naxos.

III. Climate

- Climate was intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat

- Clear atmosphere and intensity of light was conducive to the development of that love of precise
and exact forms with are the special attributes of Greek Architecture.
- Hot summer sun and sudden winter showers, together with the Greek love of conversation,
probably explains the properties the porticoes and colonnades with such important features.

IV. Historical and Social

- The history of the Greek would maybe conveniently separated into distinctive periods, but to
avoid confusion, the terminology used requires explanation

a. Aegean/Cretan/Minoan

Aegean – embraces the civilization of Crete and mainland Greece from the earliest times to
about 1100 BC.

Cretan – commonly known as Minoan, after the legendary King Minos of Knossos
- Aegean civilization centered on Crete was initiated during the fourth (4th) millennium BC by a
movement of people in Asia Minor.
- During early period, 3000 – 1800 BC, the civilization grew and expanded, developing a
commercial empire protected by naval power.
- Crafts, pottery communications and trade produced unity of culture and economic stability.
 - Some form of political unity among the ninety or more towns of Crete was achieved firs under
Phaetos.
- Complex palaces evolved later under Knossos.
- Lesser towns also gathered around smaller but no less complex palaces or elaborate “Royal
Villas” and the commonality of palace towns suggest a federation of princes or kings perhaps
semi-divine authority.
- People from the Greek mainland spoke of languages something like Greek and introduced
houses designed for more wintry climates, that sort of house “(Megaron)” seems to imitate a
timber from originating from the forest of Northern and Eastern Europe.
- Between 1800 and 1600 BC, the whole Aegean culture developed until by the latter date it had a
power co-equal with the civilization of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
- Women took an important part in social life and participated in most activities.
- There was a total absence of monumental class structures as compared with Egypt and
Mesopotamia.
- In about 1450 – 1400 BC Knossos and other palace towns were destroyed and the civilization
they represented collapsed into ruins.

b. Mycenean or Helladic Greece (1400 – 1100 BC)

- Mainland centers required defense and protection due to violence among the towns
- Mycenae and Tiryns became important centers of culture, arts etc.
- Continuous absorption of Cretan ideas and the use of Cretan Craftsman.
- Citadel and palaces became centers of small but powerful land empires.
- Helladic towns began to decline in 1300 BC leading to the Trojan War in 1200 BC.

c. Hellenic Greece (800 – 323 BC)

- The classical period of Greek civilization

- By eight (8th) century B.C., the city state (“POLIS”) emerged as the basic of Greek society
- Greek adapted an alphabet from the Phoenician and had momentous results in the development
of language and literacy
- Early settlements evolved as small, highly independent communities acknowledging no authority
higher than their own
- The city-state evolved as an autonomous, independent unit, about with the Greeks had they
definite ideas as to extent, size and its relation to the Gods
- The period which is characterized by sudden or successive change of Greek from of government:
oligarchic – tyrannic – democratic
- The period of the Great flowering of Greek philosophies in many fields of thinking
- Advancement in other field such as mathematics, science, physics, astronomy, literature, music
and law-making
- Characterized by a high style of architecture where buildings are built as religious structures

d. Hellenistic Greece (323 – 30 BC)

- Unification of Greece was accomplished by Philip of Macedonia (359 – 336 BC) and firmly
established by his son Alexander the Great (336 – 323 BC) who then embarked on national
crusade against Persia
- Period characterized by Greek continuing conquest of foreign lands and the formation of the vast
territory known as the Hellenistic empire
- Now and splendid cities were founded one of which was Alexandria, the empire was divided
among his generals.
a) Antigonus – Greece
b) Seleucis – Asia Minor
c) Ptolemy – Egypt
- Characterized by a style of buildings which are civic or public buildings
V. Religious

1. Aegean

- Religion was focused on nature worship, which went through series of primitive’s stages.
- Divinities were conceived in human form and represented by small idols, rocks and stone pillars
- All sorts of trees and animals continued to be venerated
- Religious ceremonies of the Aegean include sacred games and ritual dances
- The supreme daily was the fertility or mother goddess “Rhea,” later identified with Hera by the
Greeks
- Priestesses rather than priest conduced the religious rites

2. Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece (Greek)

- Religion was focused in the main worship phenomena, but more highly developed
- Their gods were the personification of particular elements or defied heroes.
- Each town or district has its own local preferences, ceremonies and traditions
- Temples were not needed until after the collapse of Aegean civilization, when the Greek began to
represent their deities by large statues

 The principle Greek Deities with their attributes and Roman names as follows:

Greek (12 Olympians) w/ Roman equivalent

 Zeus – the supreme gods, ruler of the sky/Jupiter
 Hera – wife of Zeus and goddess of marriage/Juno
 Apollo – god of law, reason and art, music/Apollo and poetry, founder of cities
 Athena – goddess of wisdom and learning /Minerva
 Poseidon – the sea-god/Neptune
 Dionysus – God wine, feasting and revelry/Bacchus
 Demeter – goddess of earth and agriculture/Ceres
 Artemis – goddess of the chase/Diana
 Hermes – messenger of the gods, god of commerce/ Mercury
 Aphrodite – goddess of love and beauty/Venus
 Hephaestus – god of fire, flame and forge/Vulcan god of Handicrafts
 Ares – god of war/Mars
Also:
 Hestia – goddess of the heart or sacred fire/ Vesta
 Helios – the sun god / Sol
 Selene – the moon goddess / Luna
 Pan- God of the Flocks / Pan

 Two Mortals who Became Gods

 Heracles – god of strength and labour/Hercules

 Asclepius – god of healing/Aesculapius

Architecture Character: Aegean Architecture

- Buildings have flat roof typical to eastern countries.

 - The characteristic mainland domestic unit was the megaron which consist of the following:
 Column entrance porch
 An ante-room with central doorway
 Living apartment or megaron proper
 Central heart and columns supporting the roof
 A thalamus or sleeping room

- Roughness and massiveness of structure

- Buildings were constructed of rubble or cut stone work the upper part having a heavy, double
frame timber
- Panels being unfilled with sun dried bricks or stone rubble
- Walls are coated with stucco outside
- Gypsum, plentiful in Crete was used to make hard, polished floors and roof decking carried on
rounded logs
- Fortifications are constructed with great boulder like stones set in “cyclopean” walling system
- No matter was ever employed, though clay sometimes served for bedding in rubble or cyclopean
work
- Polygonal walling was not invented until Hellenic times
- Other characteristics features are:

 False arches of heavy blocks

 Column tapered downward
 Triangular headed openings
 Corbelled vaults or dome shaped roofs.

Four types of walling of Aegean Architecture

1. Cyclopean walling – involves the use of large stones
2. Polygonal walling – does not use pit or tar
3. Rectangular walling – use of dowels
4. Inclined blocks

Examples

1. The Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

- Also known as the “tomb of Agamemnon”
- The finest Aegean tomb
- It is 14.6m (48 ft) in diameter and 13.4m (44 ft) in high inside
- Made up of 34 rings of masonry, capped by a single stone, dressed after completion to form a
pointed dome
- The approach to the tomb was by “dromos” open to the sky, 6.4m (21 ft) wide and 35.00m (115 ft)
long
- Walls (dromos) were up to 3.00m (10 ft) thick and behind them were further very thick walls of
sun-dried bricks to protect from damp.

2. The Palace of Tiryns

- A hill top citadel, surrounded by defensive walls upward of 7.3m (24 Ft) thick
- Masonry is of the cyclopean type except for short ashore done at a later stage
- Has 9 main parts
 1. Main gateway
2. Inner gateway to palace
3. Greater propyleum
4. Lesser propyleum
5. Court to chief megaron
6. Chief megaron
7. Court to lesser megaron
8. Lesser megaron
9. Bath room

3. The Lion Gate Mycenae

- The most famous feature of the Palace of Tiryns
- Stands in the circuit of its massive walls, which elsewhere are of cyclopean

Architectural Character of Greek Architecture

GENERAL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

a) Simplicity of Lines
b) Refinement of Details
c) Perfection in Proportion

- Temples were the chief building type under Hellenic Greece

- Temples are one storey high, and columns, with their entablature comprise the height of the
buildings
- Temple plans with the few exceptions, such as the Erechtheion were simple, well judged, nicely
balanced and symmetrical
- Plans involving the use of orders were generally regular and but rarely extensive or complicated
- Greek temples might be described as Egyptian temples turned inside out
 Egyptian temples have courts and columned halls that were enclosed by a high girdle wall
but a Greek temple’s single naos wall was surrounded by those external colonnades which
are its special charm
 Walls are the chief external features of Egyptian architecture while columns are the external
feature of Greek architecture
- Walls were solidly constructed of blocks of stones or marbles which largely determine their
character
- Towers are unusual in Greek architecture
- Greek Architecture is essentially columnar and trabeated (trabs – a beam), game straight
forward characters of its constructive system.
- Openings are square headed and spanned by lintel
- Wooden roofs were untrussed; rafters are supported by longitudinal beams.
- The inclination of the pediment was governed by the slope of the roof
- Timber rafters of the roof were covered externally with thin marble slabs
- Marble ceilings of the peristyle were enriched by lacunaria and panels
- Principles of triangulation was unknown, spans could not be large, unless internal lines of
columns were supplied.
- Mouldings with the help of light and shade they produce give definition to the salient lines of a
building
- Greek ornament is especially refined
 The acanthus leaf and scroll play an important part in Greek ornamentation
 The acanthus spinosus preferred by the Greeks has pointed, narrow lobes, V-
shaped in section with deeply drilled eyes giving a sharp crisp shadow
  The acanthus mollis preferred by the Romans, has broad, blunt tips and flat in
section
 The anthemion, palmette, or honeysuckle ornament was a favorite Greek decoration and
was largely used to ornament anta capitals
- Greek Architecture is often called a“Carpentry in Marble,” the material being sparingly employed
for finer details and sculpture.
- Greek sculpture which has never been excelled may be classified as follows:
a. Architectural sculpture ( tympana of pediments, acroteria, sculptured metopes, caryatids and
figure sculptures )
b. Sculptured reliefs
c. Free standing statuary
- Several important refinements were practice in Greek Architecture in order to correct optical
illusions.
- Proportion of columns and entablature vary in the “different orders” as do also their moldings and
ornaments

Columns Entablature
Tuscan 7D and 1 ¾ D
Doric 8D and 2D
Ionic 9D and 2 ¼ D
Corinthian and Composite 10D and 2 ½ D

Examples:

1. Propylea, Athens
- Erected under Pericles, by the architect Mnesicles.
- Forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis, approached by a step ascent from the plain below
- Used both Doric and ionic columns

2. The Acropolis, Athens

- One of the famous building site of Ancient Greece
- Situated on a high hill, it contains a principal temple, and maybe on or two subsidiary temples or
shrines, together with treasuries in which were stored the offering and regalia of other cities
- Also has stoas or colonnaded shelters, altars and statues or votive columns set up in honor of
heroes, “exedrae,” a semi-circular seats or walled recess for rest and contemplation and sacred
groove of trees.

 10 main Buildings in upper Acropolis

1. Propylea
2. Pinacotheca
3.TheErectheion
4.Old temple of Athena
5.Stoa of Eumenes
6.Parthenon
7. Temple of Nike, Apteros
8.Temple of Dionysus
9. Odeion of Herod Atticus
10. Statue of Athena, Promochos
A. TEMPLES

- Chief class of buildings under Hellenic period

- Built with special outward effect
- Not intended for internal worship[ and the alter stood apposite the east front
- Adorned with fine sculpture to form fitting shrines to whom they are dedicated
- Generally stood up a crepidoma of thereof more steps
- Has naos with contains the statue of Gods and goddess, the most sacred part of the structure
- Also has treasury chamber as well as front (pronaos) and rear (opinaos / opisthodomos) and
porticos

Types of Planning a Temple

A. According to the no. of columns on the entrance front

1.Column - Henostyle
2.Columns –Distyle
3.Columns – Tristyle
4Columns – Tetrasytle
5.Columns – Pentastyle
6.Columns – Hexastyle
7.Columns – Heptasyle
8.Columns –Octastyle
9.Columns – Enneastyle
10.Columns – Decastyle
11. Columns –Dodecastyle

B. Arrangement of Columns
A. In Antis – temple have one to four (1 to 4) columns between the Antae at the front two is usual
number
B. Amphi – Antis – temples have one to four (1 to 4) between the antae at the front and rear. Two is the
usual number
C. Prostyle – temples have a portico of columns at the front
D. Amphi – Prostyle – temples have a portico of columns of front and rear.
E. Peripteral – temples have single line of columns surrounding the naos
F. Pseudo – Peripteral – temples has flanks of columns attached to the naos wall
G. Dipteral – temple have double line of columns surrounding the naos wall
H. Pseudo – Dipteral – temple have double line of columns, but the inner range of columns is omitted on
the flanks of the naos walls

 Three (3) Methods of Admitting Light in Greek Architecture

1. Clerestory – Situated between the roof and upper portion of the wall
2. Skylight – made of thin translucent marble
3. Temple doors – oriented towards the east

 The Three Greek Orders

a. Doric order
b. Ionic order
c. Corinthian order
A. Doric Order
- Stands without a base directly on a crepidoma usually 3 or more steps.
- Has a height, including the capital, from 4 to 6 times the diameter at the base in the Hellenic
period and up to 7 ¼ in the Hellenistic period
- Circular shafts is divided into 20 shallow flutes separated by sharp “arises”
- Shafts has normally a slight convex profile called “entasis,” to counteract the hollow appearance
which result from straight sided column
- The shaft terminates in the “hypotrachelion” usually formed of three grooves in archaic examples
and later on one groove
- Immediately above it, is the continuation of the fluted shaft known as the trachelion or necking
- The capital consist of abacus and echinus
- The abacus is a square slab
- The sturdiest among the Greek orders

A.2. Doric Entablature

- The “architrave” or principal beam is made up of two (2) to three (3) slabs
- Capping the architrave is a flat band called the “taenia” and under this, at intervals corresponding
to the “triglyphs,” are each known as regular with six guttae or small conical drops below
- The frieze is formed of triglyphs with three upright channels which alternates with metopes or
square spaces
- A triglyph is aligned over each column and there is usually one over each intercolumniation
- At the angels of the temples, two triglyphs meet at a beveled edge and the intercolumniation is
loss by about half a triglyphs in width than that of the others
- The “cornice.” The upper or crowning part has at a top a cymatium or gutter moulding resting on a
bird’s beak moulding and below this is the corona or vertical surface

- Spacing of columns for Doric order

1. Monoglyph – has an interval of one triglyph

2. Diglyph – has an interval of two triglyphs
3. Polyglyph – has an interval of 3 or more triglyphs

Other forms of Intercolumniation

1. Pycnstyle – 1 ½ Ø
2. Systyle – 2 Ø
3. Eustyle – 2 ¼ Ø
4. Diastyle – 3 Ø
5. Arreostyle – 3 ½ Ø

 Examples of Doric Structures

a.The Parthenon, Athens

b.The Heraion, Olympia
c.Temple of Apollo, Delphi
d.Temple od Zeus, Olympia
e.Temple of Apollo, Corinth
f.Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
g.Thesion,Athens
h.Temple of Poseidon, Sunium
i. The Tholos, Epidauros
1. Parthenon, Athens

- Erected on the Acropolis, south of the temple of Athena during the time of Pericles
- Dedicated to Athena , Partheros the virgin Athena
- Ictinus and Callicrates were the architects
- Pheidias was the master sculpture
- Peripteral octasyle in plan with seventeen columns on the flanks
- The principal doorway in the east led into the naos which measure 100 Attic feet in length thereby
known as “ Hecatompedon”
- The naos had two rows of 10 Doric columns
- To the west of the of the naos was the Parthenon or virgin’s chamber from which the temple took
its name
- Near the western end of the naos stood the famous statue of Athena Parthenos, representing
Athena fully armed with spear, helmet, ægis, and shield, supporting a winged victory in her right
hand
 It was a “chryselephantine” or gold and ivory statue about 40 ft high including the
pedestal
 Gold plates form the drapery, armor, and accessories over the wooden core which were
detachable
 The face, hands, and feet were of ivory and the eyes are made of precious stones
- The most prominent external features are the flutted marble columns of the peristyle
- The architrave was ornamented with bronze shields probably presented by Alexander the Great
in 334 BC
- The eastern pediment is decorated with sculptures depicting the birth of Athena
- The western pediment is decorated with sculptures depicting the contest between Athena and
Poseidon for the soil of Attica
- Traces of bright colors have been found on the sculptures in pediment, metope and frieze
- In the sixth century it was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Divine Wisdom and
an apse was formed on its eastern end
- In 1204 AD it became a Latin church
- In 1456 it was converted into a mosque
- In 1687 AD with the capture of Athens by the Venetians, it was much damaged by a shell which
fell into a portion of the building
- It remains the greatest historic monument and the most precious heritage of Greece

2. Heraion, Olympia
- Dedicated to Hera
- Is believed to be the most ancient of all Greek temples
- It illustrates the process of transition from timber construction to stone

3. Temple of Zeus, Olympia

- Designed by Libon of Elis
- Belongs to the phase of the developed temple of the fifth century
- Dedicated to the father of the Gods at the sacred pan Hellenic center of Olympia
- Has a colossal gold and ivory statue of Zeus 12.2m above its base and the sculpture was
Pheidias

4. Thession, Athens
- Now thought to be the temple of Hephaestus
- Is the best preserve Doric temple in Greece
- Preserved externally, been converted into a church by the Byzantine Greeks
- Stands on artificial foundation of limestone blocks and is built of Pentelic marble
5. Temple of Apollo, Delphi
6. Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassae
- Mainland temple contemporary to Parthenon
- Designed by lctinus
- Took a long time in building, owning to lctinus preoccupation with Parthenon
- It is peripteral hexastyle temple with fifteen columns on its flank
- The building is constructed of hard gray limestone, now covered with a beautiful pink lichen which
gives its mellow and picturesque appearance
- Remarkable features of this temple is the use in it of all three of the three Greek orders, Arch’re –
Doric outside and Ionic and Corinthian within
- The practice of using different order in once building was introduced by lctinus
- If faces north instead of east

7. Temple of Zeus Olympius, Agrigentum

- Designed by Theron
- Ranks as second in size among Greek temples
- It is a course stone originally covered with marble dust cement
- Pseudo peripteral heptasyle in plan with seven half columns in front and fourteen on each side

B. Ionic Order

- Is especially remarkable for its volute or scroll capital

- May have been derived from the Egyptian lotus
- Always comparative splendor and needed a base at their lower and to spread the weight
transmitted
- The entablature has only two main parts
 Architrave
 Cornice
- There was no frieze in the entablature of the true Ionic order of Asia Minor and none was
acquired there until late fourth century BC.

B.1. Ionic Column

- Usually about nine times their lower diameter in height
- Has twenty four flutes separated by fillets and not by arises sharp edges
- Moulded base is known as Attic base which originated in Attica
- The base is consist of an upper and lower torus which are divided by a scotia and fillets
- The capital has a pair of volutes or spirals about two thirds (2/3) the diameter in height.

B.2. Ionic Entablature

- The original had only two main parts: architrave large dentils in bed mould
- Later development had a frieze inserted in the entablature and as a consequence the bed mould
was emitted from the cornice except for a minor moulding
- The architrave, normally with three (3) fasciae, is capped by a small group of mouldings
- The frieze sometimes plain, is ornamental with a continuous bond of sculpture.

B.3. Examples of Ionic Temples

1. Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens

2.The Erechtheion, Athens
3. The Temple of Apollo, Didyma near Miletus
4. The Temple of Illisus, Athens
5. The Temple of Dionysos,Teos
 6. The later Temple of Artemis, Ephesus
7. The Temple of Athena, Polias
8. The Philippeion, Olympia

1. Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens

- Dedicated to “Wingless Victory” standing picturesquely on the south-western spur of the Acropolis
- Design by Callicrates
- An exquisite amphi-prostyle tetrastyle small temple of marble, about 5.4m x 8.2m (18 ft x 27 ft)
- Has a close resemblance to the temple of Illisus
- The temple was taken down by the Turks, but in 1886 the materials were recovered and the
temple was reconstructed on the original site.

2. Erectheion, Athens
- Designed by Mnesicles
- Stands on the Acropolis north of Parthenon
- Constructed on two levels and consist of three (3) porches and an attached colonnade on the
western end
- One porch is supported by “caryatids”

3. Temple of Apollo, Didyma near Miletus

- Designed by Paeonous of Ephesus and Daphnis of Miletus
- Is of vast sixe 5.1m x 109.3m (168ft x 359ft) at the top of the seven step crepidoma
- The 120 columns were 2.03 (6 ft inches) in diameter and 19.7m (64 ft inches) high
- The arrangement was dipteral decastyle and has deep pronaos and no ophisthodomos

4. Temple of Ilissus, Athens

- An amphi prostyle tetrastyle small temples,
- of Pentelic mrble, measured about 6.1m x 12.8m (20 ft x 42 ft) over a three step crepidoma.
- The architect was Callicrates

C. The Corinthian Order

- Made its first appearance in Greek architecture in the fifth century BC as a decorative variant of
the Ionic, the difference lying almost entirely in the column capital.
- The invention of the capital was due to “Callimachus” bronze worker who obtained the idea from
observing a basket over the grave of a Corinthian Maiden.

C.1. The Corinthian Column

- Distinctive feature is the capital, which is much deeper than the Ionic
- It’s base and shaft resembles the Ionic, but more slender and eventually a proportion of ten (10)
diameters was regarded as fitting.
- Earlier examples appeared to have been in bronze
- It has an inverted bell, the lower part of without is surrounded by two (2) tiers of eight (8)
acanthus leaves and from between the leaves of the upper row rise eight (8) caulicoli (stalk) each
surmounted by a calyx from which emerge volutes or helices supporting the angels of the abacus
and the contract foliated ornament.

C.2. The Corinthian Entablature

- It has three main parts; the architrave, the frieze and the cornice
- Not distinguishable from the Ionic in Greek Architecture
 C.3. Examples of Corinthian Temples

1.The Tholos, Epidauros

2. The Tholos (Philippeion),Olympia
3. The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens
4. The temple of Zeus Olympus (Olympieion), Athens
5. The Tower of the winds, Athens

1.Tholos, Epidaros
- Was a circular building, probably a temple
- A peristyle of 26 Doric columns encircled the wall
- The diameter of the stylobate measures 21.8m
- Internally, a freestanding circle of fourteen (14) Corinthian Columns elaborated the space and
accentuated the circular plan.

2. Tholos (Philippeion), Olympia

- The external peristyle consisted of 18 Ionic columns, and the inner face of the wall was decorated
with nine (9) Corinthian half columns
- Stylobate diamater was 14m (46 ft)

3. Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens

- Is a type of monument erected to support a tripod, awarded as a prize for athletic exercises or
musical competition
- Consist of 2 stages:
a. Lower stage – a lofty podium of Piraeus stone
b. Upper stage – is a hollow cylinderof white Pentelic marble, 1.8 (6ft) in diameter inside,
standing upon a base of bluish Hymettian marble around which are six (6)
Corinthians columns appearing to be attached.

4. Temple of Zeus Olympus (Olympieion)

- It was built as the gift to Athens of Antiochus Ephiphanes of Syria, from designs by Cossotius
- It remained incomplete
- In 86 BC, Sulla transported some of the columns to Rome for the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
- Out of original one hundred and four (104) columns only fifteen remains

5. Tower of the Winds, Athens

- Also known as the Horrologium of Andronikos Cyrrhestes
- Erected for measuring time by means of “clepsydra” or water clock internally and by sundial
externally
- also provided with weather vane
- is octagonal and its eight sides face the more important points of the compass

Clypsedra - a water clock or instrument for measuring time by the discharge of water
through a small opening.
B. MOULDINGS

1. Cyma recta (Hogarth’s Line of Beauty”)

 is often carved with honey suckle ornament
2. Cyma Reversa (Ogee)
 when enriched is carved with the water leaf and tongue
3. Ovolo (Egg-like)
 when enriched is carved with the egg and dart, or egg and tongue ornament.
4. Fillet
 Small plain face to separate other mouldings, usually without enrichment.
5.Astragal or Bead
 Sometimes carved with bead and reel or with beads
 Serves the same purpose as the fillet
6.Cavetto
 A simple hollow
7. Scotia
 A deep hollow which occurs in bases and is generally not enriched

8. Torus
 Is really a magnified bead moulding which when enriched is carved with guilloche or plait
ornament, or with bundles of leaves tied with bands.
9. Bird’s Beak
 Occurs frequently in the Doric Order and gives a deep shadow.
10. Corona
 A deep vertical face of the upper portion of the cornice was frequently painted with a Greek “fret”
ornament.

C. THEATERS

- an open air structures were generally hollowed out of the slope of a hillside, in or near a city and
received definitive form only in the fourth (4th) century B.C.
- built in honor of Dionysos.

C.1. Parts of Greek Theater

1.Cavea (Auditorium)
- the seats that rose in tiers and founded on natural rocks in a Greek theater
2.Orchestra
- a circular paved space used by the chorus
3. Scene Building or Skene (Stage)
- Use by the actors
3.a. Paracenia – a projecting wall/wing at the end of the skene.
3.b. Procenium built in front of the original skene
used as a speaking place or location
3.c. Episcenium – a raised background to the two (2) storey skene building
Parados or passage loading to the skene

C.2. Examples of Greek Theaters

1. The theater, Epidauros

- design by Polycleitos
- the most perfect development of the theatral form.

2. The theater of Dionysos, Athens

- Which could accommodate eighteen thousand (18,000) spectators was founded about 500 BC
D. PUBLIC BUILDINGS

1 Agora – or town square, was the center of social and business life.
2 Stoa – a large, colonnaded building, served many purposed.
- used around public places and as shelters at religious shrines.
3 Prytaneion – served as senate house for the chief dignitaries of the city and a place where
distinguished visitors and citizens
might be entertained.
4 Bouleuterion – council house was a covered meeting place for the democratically elected councils.
- usually rectangular buildings with banked seats facing inwards on three sides or arranged in semi
circle.
5 assembly halls-similar to bouleuterion but needed to be larger since it is used by the citizens in general.
6 Odeion – the kindred type to the theater, was a building in which musicians performed their works for
the approval of the public
and competed for prizes.
7 Stadium – was the foot race course where games are celebrated.
- Had length of about 183m (600ft) between banks of seats founded on convenient natural ground
or on the spoil from excavation of Hal sites.
- The starting and was straight, the other semi circular.
8 Hippodrome – the prototype of Roman circus.
- Similar to stadium though longer type of building for horse and chariot racing.
9 Palaestra – the wresting school.
10 Gymnasium – a place for physical exercises of all kinds.
11 Naval Building.

E. TOMBS

1.The Mausoleum, Halicarnassos.

- the most famous of all Greek tombs.
- One of the seven wonders of the world
- Was erected to king Mausolos by his widow Artemesia
- Architects were Pythius and Satyrus.
- Scopas was the Sculptor.

2. The Nereid Monument, Xantos

- Typifies the Ionian sculptural luxuriance and the use in Greek Asia Minor of a temple form of a
tomb.
- Between the column stood nereids or marine nymphs.

3. The Lion tomb, Cnidos

- Unsual for an Asia Minor Tomb to have Doric columns and pseudo peripteral arrangement
- An early instance of the introduction of Egyptian stepped pyramidal crown from which the terminal
of a crouching lion.
- The circular interior was roofed with a corbelled dome.

4. Tomb of the Wheepers, Sidon

5. The Alexander Sarcophagus
6. The Tomb, Mylasa

F. DOMESTIC BUILDINGS

- modest in scope and materials

- rooms looks towards a small court
- chief apartments being on the North side, facing the winter sun, while others on the east and west
sides
- two story arrangement t were quite common
1.The Maison dela Colline, Delos
- an usually regular house nearly square
- illustrating the “pastas” type which become general and influenced Roman arrangement.

2. House No. 33, Priene

G. TERMINOLOGIES

1. Acroteria – a block resting on the vertex and lower extremities of the pediment to support statuary
or ornaments.
2. Antefixae4 – an ornament block, fixed vertically at regular intervals along the lower edge of a roof,
to cover the end of tile.
3. Tympanum – a triangular surface bounded by the sloping and horizontal cornices of pediment
4. Pediment – a triangular piece of wood above the entablature which fills in and support the sloping
roof.
5. Metope – the space between the Doric triglyphs.
6. Stereobate – a substructure distinguished from the stylobate by the absence of column.
7. Stylobate – a continuous base or substructure on which a colonnade is placed
8. Architrave – the beam lying across the columsn
9. Crepidoma – the stepped base of a Greek Temple.
10. Abacus – the flat slab on the top of capital, in Greek Doric, a thick square slab
11. Echinus – an ovolo moulding below the abacus of a Doric capital
12. Tranchelion – the nock of the Greek Doric column between the shaft ring and the hypotrachelion.
13. Hypotrachelion – the groove round a Doric column between the shaft and the necking
14. Annulet (Shaft ring) a motif consisting of a ring round a shaft
15. Triglyph – blocks separating the Metopes in a Doric frieze
16. Tenia – a small moulding or fillet along the top of the architrave in the Doric order.
17. Regula/Regulae – the short band between the tenia and gutter on a Doric entablature
18. Gutae – small drop like projections carved below the tenia under each triglyph
19. Mutule – a projecting square block above the triglyph under the corona of the Doric order
20. Entablature – the upper part of an order, consisting of architrave, frieze and cornice
21. Cornice – in classical arch’re, the top, projecting section of an entablature
22. Frieze – the middle division of an entablature between architrave and cornice
23. Architrave – the lowest of the these main parts of the entablature.
24. Shaft – the trunks of column between the base and the capital
25. Entasis – the curve in the vertical profile of a column
26. Propylea – a complex propylon, a monumental gateway
27. Propylon – a gate building
28. Naos – the sanctuary or principal chamber of a Greek temple, containing the statue of the God.
29. Pronaos – the vestibule of a Greek or Roman temple, enclosed by side walls and a range of
column in front
30. Opisthodomos – the enclosed section at the rear of a Greek temple, sometimes used as treasury
31. Arris – a sharp edge produced by the meeting of two surface
32. Flutting/Fluttes – shallow, concave grooves running vertically on a shaft of a column
33. Pinacotheca – a building to contain pictures or picture gallery
34. Glyphtotheca – a building to contain sculpture
35. Lacunaria – sunk panels or coffers formed in ceiling vaults and domes
36. Apteral – a term applied to temple without column at sides.