CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A college senior is only a few steps away from getting her college diploma, but is
barred from taking her final exam due to unpaid tuition fees and other miscellaneous
enough “attention” from his wife for reasons beyond his control. In such manner, a simple
solution was needed to fulfill each other’s needs – a sugar dating arrangement.
A traditional type of dating is when a man courts a woman, goes out for a movie,
hang out afterwards and maybe grab a dinner along the way. They may also go on walks
at the park and just stay there talking about their ideas of love, likes and dislikes, and
what-not. This is what a common middle-aged person would have defined what dating
means. However, to a few percentage in the populace, there lies a not-so-typical type
of dating that involves money, goods, or any commodity in exchange for something, a
demand for anything and has means to pay for anything, and in return, the seller or
supplier shall provide for the buyer’s demands. And more often than not, this
transactional-type of dating leads to one thing – sex for money. Sugar dating may be
considered a transactional-type one. The main characters in a sugar dating, the sugar
parent and the sugar baby, maybe compared to a buyer and seller, respectively. The
sugar parent, a sugar daddy or sugar mommy, may provide money, goods, clothing,
accessories, groceries or what-not to his or her sugar baby in exchange for something.
Although the definition of everything – sugar dating, sugar daddy, sugar mommy, and
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS Page |2
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
sugar baby, may be vague and still unclear to the majority, some have embraced these
Kim (1999) explains the obscure origin of the term sugar daddy back in 1899. The
original sugar daddy was Adolph Bernard Spreckels, eldest son of Claus Spreckels who
is the founder of a sugar manufacturing company. After Claus’ death, Adolph became
the president of the company and married Alma de Bretteville who is 24 years younger
than him. Because of Adolph’s senior position in the company, his wealth, and their large
age gap, Alma called Adolph her sugar daddy. The term according to Willard (2013) was
not a common term. Its origin is listed as a term that has occurred in 1915-20s, although
the first recorded use was 1926. By then, it had become a form of colloquial speech as
a term for a man who offers money or gifts to a younger woman for companionship or
intimacy. The everyday use of the term sugar daddy currently remains in use.
It may seem that sugar dating is a new, modern trend in dating. However, it dates
coastal communities or barangay (as in Tondo in Manila, or those in the regions of Bicol,
or Pangasinan in Luzon, Mindoro, Cebu, etc.) is marked with stratified social system. At
the top of the social scale, was the datu whom political power is based on his ability to
control the market, the trade of slaves, concubines, subjects, and his righteous
reputation of being a warrior. On the other hand, the strata composing the main part of
the population, the bottom of the society, were the oripun. At that time, they can be legally
sold and bought by the masters, and were thus considered slaves (Scott 1994). A datu’s
role, as “supplier” of women, is apparent in some details provided by the very first
conquistadores. In 1521, the time when Magellan sealed a blood compact with the then
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS Page |3
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
datu, Rajah Humabon of Cebu, the chronicler of the expedition, Pigafetta, gave
recognition to the hospitality of the women surrounding the datu. The hospitality was not
limited to their skills alone as musicians, but extended also the pleasure of the flesh.
(Blair & Robertson, 1914b). A couple of decades later, on April 27, 1565, Miguel Lopez
de Legaspi arrived in Cebu and started the colonization process of the islands. After
sealing a pact with several local chiefs, Legaspi forbade locals to come inside the fort
that he built after nightfall. According to a Spanish officer that time, the curfew was
necessary because “the local women prostituted themselves freely in the camp” (Blair &
Robertson, 1914a). These early accounts of prostitution in the Philippine history may
have led to the evolution of a modern form dating where something is received for a
value parted with. As the centuries passed, the conditions for arranging such form of
dating are also changing. However, the only constant thing about entering such
sugar baby, usually a young woman or a gay man, is offering companionship, or possibly
sex, to a sugar daddy, in exchange for financial support, or vice versa (The New York
Times, 2018). Although sex for money is the common ground in sugar dates, there are
other things that sugar daddies or sugar babies expect from such arrangement.
meet sugar babies, there are other things that sugar daddies want in order for the
arrangement to push through. More than just sex, sugar daddies are in app to look for
much attention that their wives cannot readily provide; an active lifestyle; travel and
vacation; fun and entertainment; a stable relationship, and a lot more, things only a
quite evident that young people nowadays prefer to date someone of the elite class,
preferably a wealthy man, who can provide for their needs. Aside from assets alone,
young people also prefer to date foreigners whom they think can get them out of the
a. Age;
b. Marital Status;
c. Educational Attainment;
d. Monthly Income;
f. Type of Insurance
2. What are the reasons on the engagement of old men with teenage girls in terms of:
a. Physical;
b. Financial; and
c. Emotional?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents’ profile and the reasons
profile indicators and the reasons on the engagement of old men with teenage girls.
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS Page |5
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
The study is centered on the reasons regarding engagement of old men with
teenage girls. The sugar daddies’ responses were limited to the conditions and
environment during the year 2019. Hence, conditions relating to the sugar daddies’
engagement with teenage girls were limited to relationships established during this
particular period.
The study shall be conducted with trust and confidence from a few sugar daddies
from Pangasinan who have decided to be interviewed by the researchers in the most
CHAPTER 2
individual, most often a male known as “sugar daddy”, and a young person that sugar
daddy financially supports, the “sugar baby”, in exchange for companionship (Camila et.
Al., 2015). Although much has been said about sugar dating, there are three omnipresent
component that create a sugar relationship: a sugar daddy, a sugar baby, and an
female university students working in the sex industry for the payment of their post-
secondary studies (Sanders and Hardy, 2015). It appears that such phenomena is seen
internationally, with documentations primarily from United Kingdom (Sanders and Hardy,
2015), the United Stated (Reed 2015), and Africa (Shefer, Clowes and Vergnani, 2012).
These countries have become the concentration of old men taking advantage of the
situation these university students are facing. And being the hot-pot of a lot of Western
cultures, the Philippines is nothing different. Filipinos, being fond of following whatever
is trending in other countries, have also followed this trend on engagement of old men
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
Such method will be used because the study tries to describe the conditions existing in
the current status of the phenomena, effects that are being felt, or trends that are
developing regarding the engagement of old men with teenage girls. This method is ideal
because it describes the study in its entirety and unchanged natural environment.
The respondents of the study will be old men considering themselves as sugar
The respondents were chosen using the Snowball Sampling Method. This method
is ideal for this study because it entails the researchers to gather data from people who
are not willing to disclose their hidden identity. Trust is an important part of any research.
An individual, who is ready to share information, needs to know that the information will
be used discreetly. After gaining trust, the respondent may then refer recruits as samples
INSTRUMENT USED
The questionnaire used in the study was specifically constructed based on the
formulated problem. This was used to gather the reasons on the engagement of old men
The researchers used the non-probabilistic Snowball Method of sampling for this
study. This is the most appropriate sampling method to use because the respondents
for this study are not explicitly known. The researchers first asked their colleagues about
the existence of sugar daddies in their own communities. One of the researchers’
colleagues endorsed a relative who is a sugar daddy. The questionnaire was sent to the
first respondent. After the questionnaire was returned, the researchers have asked
whether the respondent have friends who considers themselves as sugar daddies. The
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The data collected were tabulated and analyzed as bases for inferential analyses:
number of cars owned, and insurance owned were noted and highlighted with the
A four-value Likert Scale with 1, 2, 3, and 4 numerical values was used to quantify
3. To test the null and alternate hypotheses, Spearman rank correlation was used.
Computations were facilitated through the use of Statistical Product and Services
CHAPTER 4
This part of the research includes the data gathered which were presented,
differentiation, results of the average weighted mean, and the Spearman rank correlation
Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of age, marital status,
educational attainment, monthly income, number of cars owned, and type of insurance
owned. There were six respondents based on the non-probabilistic, snowball sampling.
All of the respondents were colleagues due to the same nature of field of specialization.
Age
Among the six respondents for the study, there is one respondent (17%) in the
31-50 age bracket, and remaining five (83%) belong to the 51 and above age bracket.
The youngest respondent is 38 years old, while the oldest respondent is 63 years old.
Thus, it is inferred that majority of these respondents have had more experiences in work
Table 1.
Profile of the Respondents
Profile Indicator Category Frequency Percentage
Age < 30 0 0
31-50 1 16.7
51 and above 5 83.3
Total 6 100
Marital Status Single 2 33.3
Married 4 66.7
Total 6 100
Educational Bachelor’s Degree 4 66.7
Attainment
Graduate Degree 2 33.3
Total 6 100
Monthly Php 10,000-20,000 0 0
Income
Php 20,001-30,000 0 0
Php 30,001-40,000 5 83.3
Php 40,001-50,000 0 0
Above Php 50,000 1 16.7
Total 6 100
Cars Owned None 1 16.7
1-3 4 66.6
Above 3 1 16.7
Total 6 100
Insurance None 1 16.7
Owned
Life Insurance 5 83.3
Non-Life Insurance 0 0
Total 6 100
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 12
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
Marital Status
The respondents were dominantly married, with four out of six (67%). Two (33%)
are still single. It is inferred that most of the married men engage with teenage girls more.
Educational Attainment
All of the respondents were college graduate. It can be noted, however, that
among the six respondents, four (67%) finished a Bachelor’s degree, while the two (33%)
finished a Graduate degree. It is inferred that to be able to engage with teenage girls, a
Monthly Income
Five out of the six respondents (83%) have a monthly income in the Php 30,001-
40,000. Only one (17%) have monthly income of more than Php 50,000. It is inferred
Cars Owned
Five of the six respondent have their own car/s. Only one (17%) does not own a
vehicle. Two (33%) have one car. One owned two cars. Another one owned three cars.
One owns five cars in total. It is inferred that majority of the respondents are car owners.
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 13
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
Insurance Owner
Five of the six respondents (83%) were life insurance policy holders. Only one
(17%) have no insurance. It is inferred that most of the respondents were aware of the
benefits of getting life insurance, and that whoever is the beneficiary of the policy will
have the better claim upon the untimely death of any of the respondent.
TABLE 2
Relationship of the respondent’s profile to physical-attributed reasons on the
engagement of old men with teenage girls
Prefer going out Like teenage girls Like to have sex with
with younger because they are teenage girls than
people touchier and more ladies around my age
affectionate
The table discloses that the correlation between age and the preference to go out
with younger people is .447 with a significance of .374 which shows that the relationship
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 14
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
is not significant; the correlation between age and the reason to like teenage girls
because they are more touchy and affectionate is .316 with a significance of .541 which
shows that relationship is negatively significant; and the correlation between age and the
preference to have sex with teenage girls than older ladies is .415 with a significance of
.413 which shows that the aforementioned variables are not significant.
The table also reveals that the correlation between marital status and the
preference to go out with younger people is .707 with a significance of .116 which shows
that the relationship is not significant; the correlation between marital status and the
reason to like teenage girls because they are more touchy and affectionate is .500 with
a significance of .312 which shows that two variables are not significant; and the
correlation between marital status and the preference to have sex with teenage girls than
older ladies is .657 with a significance of .157 which shows that the relationship is not
significant.
The table exposes that the correlation between educational attainment and the
preference to go out with younger people is .707 with a significance of .116 which shows
that the relationship is not significant; the correlation between educational attainment
and the reason to like teenage girls because they are more touchy and affectionate is
1.000 with a significance of .000 which shows that there is a perfect positive relationship.
However, it revealed that the correlation between educational attainment and the
preference to have sex with teenage girls than older ladies is .919 with a significance of
.010 which shows that there is positive relationship between the two variables.
The table also indicate that the correlation between monthly income and the
preference to go out with younger people is .447 with a significance of .374 which shows
that the relationship is not significant; the correlation between monthly income and the
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 15
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
reason to like teenage girls because they are more touchy and affectionate is .632 with
a significance of .178 which shows that relationship is negatively significant; and the
correlation between age and the preference to have sex with teenage girls than older
ladies is .581 with a significance of .226 which shows that the relationship of the
The table similarly discloses that the correlation between the number of cars
owned and the preference to go out with younger people is .816 with a significance of
.047 which shows that the relationship is positively significant; the correlation between
number of cars owned and the reason to like teenage girls because they are more touchy
and affectionate is .866 with a significance of .026 which shows that two variables are
significant with each other; and the correlation between number of cars owned and the
preference to have sex with teenage girls than older ladies is .910 with a significance of
.012 which shows that the relationship of the two variables is significant.
Furthermore, the table also divulges that the correlation between number of
insurance policy owned and the preference to go out with younger people is .447 with a
significance of .374 which shows that the relationship is not significant; the correlation
between number of insurance policy owned and the reason to like teenage girls because
they are more touchy and affectionate is .500 with a significance of .312 which shows
that two variables are not significant; and the correlation between number of insurance
policy owned and the preference to have sex with teenage girls than older ladies is .657
with a significance of .157 which shows that the relationship is not significant.
Table 3 on page 16 exposes the correlation between the profile of the respondent
and the financial-attributed reasons on the engagement of old men with teenage girls.
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 16
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
TABLE 3
Relationship of the respondent’s profile to financial-attributed reasons on the
engagement of old men with teenage girls
The table discloses that the correlation between age and the reason to help
teenage girls that have no means to earn a degree is .632 with a significance of .178
which shows that the relationship is not significant; the correlation between age and the
reason to splurge teenage girls with their personal necessities is .316 with a significance
of .541 which shows that relationship is negatively significant; and the correlation
between age and the reason to spend time dining out with teenage girls is .775 with a
significance of .070 which shows that the aforementioned variables are not significant.
The table also reveals that the correlation between marital status and the reason
to help teenage girls that have no means to earn a degree is 1.000 with a significance of
.000 which shows that the relationship is not significant; the correlation between marital
status and the reason to splurge teenage girls with their personal necessities is .500 with
a significance of .312 which shows that the two variables are not significant; and the
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 17
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
correlation between marital status and the reason to spend time dining out with teenage
girls is .612 with a significance of .196 which shows that the relationship is not significant.
The table exposes that the correlation between educational attainment and the
reason to help teenage girls that have no means to earn a degree is .500 with a
significance of .612 which shows that the relationship is not significant; the correlation
between educational attainment and the reason to splurge teenage girls with their
personal necessities is 1.000 with a significance of .000 which shows that there is a
perfect positive relationship; and correlation between educational attainment and the
reason to spend time dining out with teenage girls is .612 with a significance of .196
The table also indicate that the correlation between monthly income and the
reason that i to help teenage girls that have no means to earn a degree is .316 with a
significance of .541 which shows that the relationship is not significant; the correlation
between monthly income and the reason to splurge teenage girls with their personal
necessities is .632 with a significance of .178 which shows that relationship is negatively
significant; and the correlation between age and the reason to spend time dining out with
teenage girls is .775 with a significance of .070 which shows that the relationship of the
The table similarly discloses that the correlation between the number of cars
owned and the reason to help teenage girls that have no means to earn a degree is .650
with a significance of .163 which shows that the relationship is negatively significant; the
correlation between number of cars owned and the reason to splurge teenage girls with
their personal necessities is .866 with a significance of .026 which shows that two
variables are significant with each other; and the correlation between number of cars
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 18
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
owned and the reason to spend time dining out with teenage girls is .884 with a
significance of .019 which shows that the relationship of the two variables is significant.
Furthermore, the table also divulges that the correlation between number of
insurance policy owned and the reason to help teenage girls that have no means to earn
a degree is .632 with a significance of .178 which shows that the relationship is not
significant; the correlation between number of insurance policy owned and the reason to
splurge teenage girls with their personal necessities is .316 with a significance of .541
which shows that two variables are not significant; and the correlation between number
of insurance policy owned and the reason to spend time dining out with teenage girls is
.775 with a significance of .070 which shows that the relationship is not significant.
Table 4 exposes the correlation between the profile of the respondent and the
TABLE 4
Relationship of the respondent’s profile to emotional-attributed reasons on the
engagement of old men with teenage girls
The table discloses that the correlation between age and the reason to be a father
figure to teenage girls is .316 with a significance of .541 which shows that the
relationship is not significant; the correlation between age and the reason to feel young
when with teenage girls is .632 with a significance of .178 which shows that relationship
is negatively significant; and the correlation between age and the reason to provide
security and safety to vulnerable teenage girls is -.200 with a significance of .704 which
The table also reveals that the correlation between marital status and the reason
to be a father figure to teenage girls is .500 with a significance of .312 which shows that
the relationship is not significant; the correlation between marital status and the reason
to feel young when with teenage girls is 1.000 with a significance of .000 which shows
that there is a significant relationship between the two variables; and the correlation
between marital status and the reason to provide security and safety to vulnerable
teenage girls is -.316 with a significance of .541 which shows that the relationship is not
significant.
The table exposes that the correlation between educational attainment and the
reason to be a father figure to teenage girls is 1.000 with a significance of .000 which
shows that there is a significant relationship between the two; the correlation between
educational attainment and the reason to feel young when with teenage girls is .500 with
correlation between educational attainment and the reason to provide security and safety
to vulnerable teenage girls is -.632 with a significance of .178 which shows that there is
The table also indicate that the correlation between monthly income and the
reason to be a father figure to teenage girls is .632 with a significance of .178 which
shows that the relationship is not significant; the correlation between monthly income
and the reason to feel young when with teenage girls is .316 with a significance of .541
which shows that relationship is negatively significant; and the correlation between
monthly income and the reason to provide security and safety to vulnerable teenage girls
is -1.000 with a significance of .000 which shows that the relationship of the
The table similarly discloses that the correlation between the number of cars
owned and the reason to be a father figure to teenage girls is .866 with a significance of
.026 which shows that the relationship is positively significant; the correlation between
number of cars owned and the reason to feel young when with teenage girls is .650 with
a significance of .163 which shows that two variables are not significant with each other;
and the correlation between number of cars owned and the reason to provide security
and safety to vulnerable teenage girls is -.822 with a significance of .045 which shows
Furthermore, the table also divulges that the correlation between number of
insurance policy owned and the reason to be a father figure to teenage girls is .316 with
a significance of .541 which shows that the relationship is not significant; the correlation
between number of insurance policy owned and the reason to feel young when with
teenage girls is .632 with a significance of .178 which shows that two variables are not
significant; and the correlation between number of insurance policy owned and the
reason to provide security and safety to vulnerable teenage girls is -.200 with a
CHAPTER 5
This chapter presents the comprehensive summary of the study, salient findings
of the study as well as conclusions derived from the findings, and recommendations
SUMMARY
This study was conducted to assess the reasons on the engagement of older men
to teenage girls, particularly from Pangasinan and the responses were limited to the
The respondents were chosen using the Snowball Sampling Method and the
populations for the collection of data for the research consisted of engineers who work
The main instrument used to gather the needed data was a four-point Likert type
research instructor.
To gather the data for the study, the researchers first asked their colleagues about
the existence of sugar daddies in their own communities. One of the researchers’
colleagues endorsed a relative who is a sugar daddy. The questionnaire was sent to the
first respondent. After the questionnaire was returned, the researchers have asked
whether the respondent have friends who considers themselves as sugar daddies. The
Data were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages, average weighted
means and Spearman rank correlation. Computations were facilitated through the use
SALIENT FINDINGS
Majority of the respondents had ages within range 51 and above (5 or 83%)
while only one(17%) ranges 31 – 50; two of the respondents are single and four
are already married; four of them are also Bachelor’s Degree holder while the two
are Graduate Degree; five of them have income within P30,001 – 40,000 and one
have above P50,000; five own a car with some of them having more than one car
while only one doesn’t own a vehicle; five are life insurance policy holders while
in going out with younger people, reason to like girls who are more touchy and
affectionate, and preference to have sex with teenage girls than around their age.
However, the table showed that there is a significant relationship owning a car
with regards to the respondent’s preference in going out with younger people,
reason to like girls who are more touchy and affectionate, and preference to have
sex with teenage girls than around their age. Educational attainment though,
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 23
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
going out with younger people, the table however, showed that there is a
significant relationship with regards to reason to like girls who are more touchy
and affectionate and the preference to have sex with teenage girls than around
their age.
earn a degree, splurging them with personal necessities, and spending time dining
out with them. Marital status though, have significant relationship in helping them
with their necessities and spending time dining out with them. Educational
attainment also has no significant relationship on helping them earn a degree and
spending time dining out with them but have a significant relationship to splurging
them with their necessities. Having a car, though, has no significant relationship
in helping teenage girls earn a degree, it has however, significant relationship with
regards to splurging them with their personal necessities and spending time dining
out.
The respondents’ age and having a life insurance policy have no significant
relationship for being a father figure to teenage girls, for feeling young when with
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 24
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
younger people and for providing security and safety to vulnerable teenage girls.
Marital status though, has a significant relationship when it comes to the feeling
of being young when with younger people, it does not have significant relationship
when it comes to the respondents’ being a father figure to teenage girls and
to teenage girls, though, there is no significant relationship for feeling young when
with younger people and for providing security and safety to vulnerable teenage
girls. Monthly income has no significant relationship with being a father figure to
teenage girls as well as for feeling young when with younger people but it has a
teenage girls. Having a car also has a significant relationship for being a father
figure to teenage girls as well as for providing security and safety to vulnerable
teenage girls but have no significant relationship when it comes to feeling young
CONCLUSIONS
1. Most of our respondents who engage in teenage girls have ages ranging from 51
and above, married, a Bachelor’s Degree holder and have a life insurance policy.
Most of the respondents have more than one car and have income within the
preference in going out with younger people. Having a car, the respondent can
ENGAGEMENT OF OLD MEN WITH TEENAGE GIRLS P a g e | 25
BATALLA, M. & OPERAÑA, S.
easily hang out with whom he want to including the young ones any time and any
where.
3. Having a car also has a significant relationship with regards to splurging teenage
girls with their personal necessities and spending time dining out with them. This
is so true because if the respondent has a car, he can easily take this teenage girl
for a shopping and later dine out with her after shopping perhaps.
4. Having greater income as well as owning a car have a significant relationship with
regards to providing security and safety to vulnerable teenage girls. The more
income, the more means of providing security like giving her secured place to live
in and he can easily fetch the girl every time he needs to especially during rush
RECOMMENDATIONS
In the light of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered:
1. Despite of the non-acceptance for some people of the engagement of old men to
teenage girls, I have nothing against their relationship for as long he is single, they
can go on exclusive dating. After all anything is possible under the sun, their
relationship can grow deeper and they can fall in-love with each other.
2. However, for those who are already married, they can still revive the old sweet
days with their wives. A family should always stay together no matter what. It’s
just a matter of finding and spending time with each other to bring the good old
times. They can find true happiness in life if they will be just contented in loving
3. A similar study, wider in scope, a bigger sample to represent the population and
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BLAIR, E. & ROBERTSON, J. (1914a), The Philippines Islands 1493-1898, vol 2.,
Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Co. Cleveland.
BLAIR, E. & ROBERTSON, J. (1914b), The Philippines islands 1493-1898, vol 33.,
Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Co. Cleveland.
CAMILA, LAUREN, SIGNE. (2015), Sugar Dating: The Power-Relation, Gender and
Capital. Roskilde Universitet, The International Bachelor Study Programme in Social
Science. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43032708.pdf
KIM, A. (2014), (2014, May 20), The Sugar Daddies: The Spreckels Family Feud.
Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/a/hawaii.edu/ndnp-hawaii/Home/historical-
feature-articles/the-sugar-daddies-the-spreckels-family-feud
MOTYL, J. (2012). Trading Sex for College Tuition: How Sugar Daddy “Dating” Sites
May Be Sugar Coating Prostitution (Master’s thesis, Penn State) (pp. 927-957).
Penn State.
SHEFER, T., CLOWES, L., & VERGNANI, T. (2012), Narratives of transactional sex on
a university campus. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 14(4), 435–447.
WILLARD, J. (2013, Feb. 21) ‘Sugar Daddy’ has a sweet history. Retrieved from
https://www.reporterherald.com/2013/02/21/sugar-daddy-has-a-sweet-history/