‘’OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR

FUNCTION’’

*HUMAN EYE
*CAMERA
*MICROSCOPE
*TELESCOPE
*BINOCULAR
 HUMAN EYE

The human eye is an optical instrument that enables us to view

all the objects around us is a very complex organ. Let us study
the structure of the human eye. The white protective membrane
seen when looked into eye directly is a SCLERA. It is tuff,
opaque and fibrous outer layer of the eyeball.
The circular part is the IRIS. The color of the eye is
determined by the color of the iris. The center transparent area
of the iris is the pupil. The iris works like the shutter of the
camera. It absorbs most of the light falling on it and allows it to
pass through the pupil.
The amount of the light that enters the inner part of eye
depends on the size of the pupil. In bright light, the iris contracts
the pupil to restrict the light, Whereas in low light it widens the
pupil to emit more light into the eye. The eyeball is spherical in
shape. The retina of the eye is able to detect the light and its
color because of the presence of senses known as rods and
cones.
Light entering the human eye is first refracted by the
CORNEA. The refracted light is then incident on an iris.The
lens is just behind the iris and light after refracted through the
pupil falls on it and forms a sharp image. Image formation
exactly on the retina enables us to see the object clearly.
 CAMERA

A Camera is an optical instruments to capture still image

or to record moving images, which are stored in a physical
medium such as in a digital system or on photographic film. A
camera consist of lens which focuses light from scene, and
camera body which holds the image captured mechanism. Still
images stored in digital form are called IMAGES FILES, while
moving images similarly stored are called VIDEO FILES. In
the deprecated paradigm of photographic film for image storage,
still images is the main instrument in the art of photography and
captured images may be reproduced later as a part of the
process of photography, digital imaging, photographic printing.
The similar artistic fields in the moving image camera domain
are film, videography, and cinematography.
The word Camera comes from Camera Obscura, which
mean “Dark Chmaber” and the latin name of the original device
for projecting an image of external reality onto a flat surface.
The modern photographic camera evolved from the camera
obscura. The functioning of the camera is very similar to the
functioning of the human eye. The first permanent photograph
was made in 1825 by JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE.
They have 10 part of camera The Lens, Viewfinder,
Body, Shutter Release, Aperture, Image Sensor, Memory Card,
LCD Screen, Flash, and User Controls.
 MICROSCOPE

As we all know Microscope is an optical instrument used to

view small object. Let us to know first talk about the simple
microscope.
A simple microscope is an optical instrument , we use for
magnification of small objects to get a clear images or vision. It
is an convex lens having a short focal length. This microscope
is at a small distance from the object for the magnification and
hence this forms a virtual images. The simple microscope
enables us to view very small letters and figures. Watchmakers
also make us of these. Now let us see what compound
microscope is with a compound microscope, We get very large
values of magnification. We use this microscope to see
microscopic object like microorganisms. It comprises of two
convex lenses and magnification occurs in both of these lenses,
the components of a compound microscope are eyepiece,
objective lens, fine and rough adjustment screw.
And also microscopy is the science of investigating small
object and structures using such an instrument. Microscopic
means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
 PART OF THE MICROSCOPE
*The Eye Lens
*The Eyepiece Tube
*The Microscope Arm
*The Microscope Base
*The Microscope Illuminator
*The Stage and Stage Clips
*The Microscope Nosepiece
*The Objective Lenses
*The Rock Stop
*Condenser Lens and Diaphragm
 TELESCOPE

The telescope is of two types, One is the reflecting type

and another one is the refracting type. Reflecting telescope are
the ones which do not use lenses at all. They use mirrors to
focus the light together. The type of the mirror used is a concave
mirror.
Mirror also bend the light together, except that they do it
by reflecting the light instead of bending it. Refracting
telescopes work by using two lenses to focus the light and make.
It look like the object is closer to you than it really is. Both the
lenses are in a shape of convex. Convex lenses work by bending
light inwards.

PART OF THE TELESCOPE

*The Lens
*Telescope Tube
*Finderscope
*Eyepiece
*Mounting
*Tripod
*Half Pillar
 BINOCULAR

Binocular is an optical instrument, usually handheld, for

providing a magnified stereoscopic view of distant objects,
consisting of two similar telescope , one for each eye, mounted
on a single frame.
A single thumbwheel may control the focus of both
telescope simultaneously, and provision maybe mad for
adjusting the focus of each separately to allow for varying
characteristics in the two eyes.
In most binoculars, each telescope is provided with two
reflecting prism. The prisms reinvert, or erect the inverted image
supplied by the objective of each telescope. They prescribe a
folded path for the light rays, allowing a shorter overall length
for the instrument.