R

INTRODUCTION G
OF CELL BIOLOGY

Ajman University of Science & Technology

Facultyy off Dentistryy
Histology & Cell Biology
08 01 112
Dr. Al-Moutassem Billah Khair
 INTRODUCTION OF CELL BIOLOGY

Historical Survey:
1 Descriptive period:
1.
mid of 17th century → end of 19th century
2 Experimental period:
2.
End of 19th century -
3 Molecular
3. M l l period:
i d
mid of 20th century -
The Discovery of Cells:
 INTRODUCTION OF CELL BIOLOGY

The Cell:
The smallest living mass " Protoplasm ", which can live
separately and able to divide to give a copy of itself.
Cells differ by there: Shape,
*Cells Shape Size,
Size Structure & Function.
Function
*Cells have common features like: Colloidal nature,
Energy requirement & nutrients supply,
supply Cellular association,
association
Life span.
INTRODUCTION OF CELL BIOLOGY
1. Cellll classification:
l ifi i
I.
I Prokaryotic cells:
Describes a cell possessing genetic material in the form of a single filament
off DNA & nott possessing
i a nucleus.
l
P.C. are found in bacteria & blue green algae.
II Eukaryotic
II. E k i cells:
ll
Describes a cell possessing genetic material carried on chromosomes, with
the chromosomes in a nucleus which is separated from the cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane.
All organisms, except bacteria & blue green algae, possess eukaryotic cells.
2. Cell structure:

*Cell membrane
**Cytoplasm
l (cytosol
( l&
cytoplasmic organelles)
*Nucleus (nuclear envelop,
nucleoplasm, nucleolus
& chromatin)
3. Chemical composition of cell:

*H2O ≅ 85% ( free & linked water )

*Proteins ≅ 10% ( structural & functional )
*DNA
DNA ( 0.4%
0 4% ) & RNA ( 0.7%
0 7% )
*Lipids ≅ 2%
*Other organic compounds ≅ 0.4%
*Inorganic compounds ≅ 1.5%
4. The cell functions:

I. Metabolism:
The chemical processes of a cell by which nutrition is effected
& it is of two types:
* Catabolism: The decomposition of chemical substances ( Lipids,
Proteins, Carbohydrates, ..etc ) to give simpler organic
substances. It's usually accompanied by a release of energy.
* Anabolism: The synthesis of complex organic compounds from
simpler organic compounds. Requires energy ( ATP ).
4. The cell functions:
II.
II Protoplasmic Properties:
* Irritability: The capacity or ability of the cell to respond to a
stimulus
ti l (Expression
(E i off life
lif itself
it lf ).)
* Contractility: The property of cells to change their shape & length
to achieve locomotion.
* Conductivity: The property of some cells to transmit a wave of
excitation from one site to another.
* Absorption: The capacity of cell to get in substances from the
environment.
4. The cell functions:
p
II. Protoplasmic p
Properties:
* Respiration: The process by which oxygen interact with nutrient
material to produce of energy stored in the ATP molecules,
molecules waste,
waste
CO2 & water were also resulted.
* Fermentation: The
Th process by
b which
h h glucose
l materiall break
b k down
d
with absence of oxygen.
* Secretion: The process by which a cell delivers useful material
y
externally.
* Excretion: The elimination of waste products from the cell.
4. The cell functions:
II. Protoplasmic Properties:
* Movement: The internal movement of protoplasmic components,
movement of cilia, flagella & the movement of leukocyte.
*G
Growth & R Reproduction:
p Growth is a pprocess off increasingg the
G
size of the cells as a result of increasing the amount of
pprotoplasm.
p Reproduction
p achieved byy cell division either byy
mitosis or meiosis.