Ajman University of Science & Technology

Faculty of Dentistry
Histology & Cell Biology
08 01 112
Dr Al-Moutassem
Dr. Al Moutassem Billah Khair

Gametogenesis
 Gametogenesis
The process of formation and development of gametes ( germ
cells
ll ) in
i reproductive
d ti organs
Primordial germ cells ( 2n )
♂ Spermatogonia ( 2n ) Oogonia ( 2n ) ♀

Spermatogenesis È È Oogenesis

4 Sperms (1n ) 1 Ovum ( 1n )

3 Polar bodies
Ì Ë
Fertilization
Zygote ( 2n )
È
Embryo
 Spermatogenesis
Primordial germ cells ( 2n )
↓
At the time of the birth, germ cells in male can be recognized in the sex cords of
the testis as large, pale cells surrounded by supporting cells (epithelial cells),
which become Sertoli cells.
↓
Shortly before puberty, the sex cords become the seminiferous tubules. At the
same time primordial germ cells give rise to:
↓
S
Spermatogoniai ( 2n
2 )
Type A Type B
Mitosis È È
Continuous reserve
of stem cells (2n) Mitosis È
È
On completion of È
the last division → → → Type B
Spermatogenesis

Type B ( 2n )
↓
Primary spermatocytes ( 2n )
Enter pprolonged
g p prophase
p ( 22 days
y )
Rapid completion of the 1st meiosis
↓
Secondary spermatocytes ( 2n DNA )
(23 double-structured chromosomes)
↓
2nd meiosis
↓
Spermatids ( 1n )
( 1n DNA, 23 chromosomes )
 Spermatogenesis
Spermatids ( 1n )
( 1n DNA, 23 chromosomes )
↓
Spermiogenesis:
The series of changes resulting in
the transformation of spermatids
into spermatozoa:
*f
*formation
i off the acrosome
*condensation of the nucleus
*formation of neck, middle piece
& tail
*shedding of most of the cytoplasm
↓
Spermatozoa ( 1n )
S
p
e
r
m
a
t
o
g
e
n
e
s
I
s
Oogenesis
Prenatal maturation
Primordial germ cells ( 2n )
( 3rd week of development )
↓
Gonads( 4th –5th week )
↓
Differentiation of cells
↓
Oogonia ( 2n )
↓
Clusters ( end of the 3rd month )
( surrounded by layer of flat epithelial cells )
↓
most of oogonia divide by mitosis
↓ ↓
Oogenesis
most of oogonia divide by mitosis
↓ ↓
increase in number some differentiate into
of oogonia primary oocytes ( 2n ).
[ 5th month ≈ 7X106 ] Immediately
Immediately, they enter
prophase of 1st meiosis.
↓ ↓
5th –7th month cell death take place and the most of oogonia
have degenerated except for a few near the surface.
All surviving primary oocytes have entered the 1st meiosis &
most of them are surrounded by a layer of flat epithelial cells.
↓
Primordial follicles ( 4n )
Oogenesis
Postnatal maturation

Near the time of birth, all primary oocytes (4n) have started prophase
of the 1st meiosis (diplotene) and remain in it & do not finish their
division before puberty is reached, because of OMI
OMI (a substance secreted by follicular cells that stops the progress of meiosis).
[ 7X105 – 2X106 cells at birth ]
↓
With the onset of puberty primary oocytes increase in size and flat
follicular cells → cuboidal cells → granulosa cells
[ 4X105 cells at the beginning
g g of p
puberty
y]
↓
Primary follicle
Granulosa cells & Oocyte → Layer of glycoproteins ( Zona pellucida )
Oogenesis
Primary follicle
Granulosa cells & Oocyte → Layer of glycoproteins ( Zona pellucida )
⎮
changes in epithelial cells
↓
Secondary follicle
↓
At maturity follicle becomes graafian follicle
↓
maturation of Primary oocyte
one reaches full maturity every 4 weeks
(Ovarian cycle)
[ >500 p
primary
y oocytes
y will be ovulated in the reproductive
p lifetime of
the female individual ]
Oogenesis
Primary oocyte resumes its 1st meiosis
↓
2 daughter cells of unequal size, but each with
23 double structured chromosomes (4n)
↓ ↓
Secondary oocyte 1st Polar body
((2n DNA,, 1n chromo.)) (2n
( DNA,, 1n chromo.))
(most of cytoplasm) (none cytoplasm)
↓ ↓
2nd meiosis without DNA replication
↓ ↓
Secondary oocyte
(in metaphase, 2nd meiosis)
↓ ↓
Fertilization
↓ ↓
Fertilized ovum (1n+1n ♂) 2 polar bodies (1n)
& polar body (1n) each with 23
single chromosomes
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
Oogenesis