-1-

CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Background

This chapter deals with the conceptual framework of the present research problem and
primary matters regarding the research. It had the statement of the problem, terms defined,
objectives of the study, hypothesis, importance of the study and the limitation of the study.

INTRODUCTION

As the time goes by, many things have changed. People need and want extra furnishing than
in the beyond century. More furniture approaches extra adhesives where, Wood adhesives were
used to utilize every step of furnishings manufacturing. Its purpose is to bond wooden substances
with each other. Nowadays, production with a quicker pace is more crucial. Furniture production
may be more efficient with fast curing glues. Wood glues were utilized in greater than 70% of
wooden products these days to use in gluing some furniture and other wooden composites
materials.

Rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop in the Philippines, producing called rice hulls
(also, rice husks), one of the most important by-product in the milling industry. It is an
agricultural residue abundantly available in rice producing countries. The rice hull ash (RHA)
has a potential source of amorphous reactive silica, ranging from 85 to 95% (Todkar, B. et al.
2016 ), which is a basic component of sand used with cement for concreting.

The fineness of the ash gives a potential for sealing cracks efficiently and avoid giving up
some small spaces in the sealed part. The RHA also acts as a good insulator.

The researchers tried to find another similar application of this plant ash, which is a bond
increment additive for wood glue. Wood glue is a product chosen due to usage of lumber in
houses and furniture, also, in schools. Then, there is now an idea of finding out if rice hull ash
will improve wood glue.
 -2-

Wood is a common material in the house, also in schools, and for furniture. The researchers
conducted this study to prove that adding rice hull ash to the wood glue would improve its
bonding strength when applied to wood. This should also be convenient and environmental-
friendly since it is organic and may be done (the ash and wood glue mixture) manually.

The main objective of this study is to prove that rice hull ash can show a potential in
improving the bond strength of commercial wood. This study is conducted for the evaluation of
the effective use of silica-rich in rice hull ash in improving the bond strength of wood glue
applied to wooden materials, such as furniture, etc. and show that this product is reliable for its
utilization. This is also for people nowadays who usually use hammer and nails to fix, bind, and
build up these wooden materials, who mostly want easier, stronger, of enhancing wood glues.

The rice hull ash to be obtained may be available online and may be bought

within Manila, specifically in Taguig City, where most plant and seed-seller use these as
fertilizers which means there is no need for people to get the whole plant itself just to obtain the
hulls. All of the simple materials, such as wood, wood glue, etc, to be used in the said study may
be found in Sta. Mesa, Manila.
 -3-

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

GATHERING OF
a. Preparing rice hull INFORMATIONS
ash as an effective FORTIFIED
additive to increment
COLLECTION OF
AND ECO-
bond of wood glues. MATERIALS: WOOD, FRIENDLY
WOOD GLUE, RICE
HULL ASH ETC.
WOOD
b. Classifying the
ADHESIVE
amounts of increasing
THAT WOULD
rice hull ash to the PREPARING
DIFFERENT MIXTURES BE
bond strength to the
OF WOOD GLUE AND BENEFICIAL
wood glue having RICE HULL ASH IN
DIFFERENT TO EVERYONE
constant volume.
CONCENTRATIONS

c. Determining the
concentrations of rice PREPERATION OF
DIFFERENT SET-UPS
hull ash that has
shown the greatest
potential of improving TESTING AND
EXAMINATION OF
wood glue strength. BOND STRENGTH TO
IMPROVE THE
COMMERCIAL WOOD
GLUE

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The concept of the research in study of rice hull ash as an additive for the commercial
glue for better bond fortification are shown in the table. In the first figure, we can see the steps
on how we are going to classify and determine the concentrations of the glue and the main raw
 -4-

material to be used in the process as shown in the second figure. It shows the preparation of
materials as well as the conversion of rice husk into rice hull ash, the testing that has to undergo
that will bring us to the output or the expected product of the study, rice hull ash as an additive
for adhesive bond fortification. The finish product will let you use an adhesive that is
environment friendly. It is the waste of the rice grain which is the rice hull to be converted into
the new product instead of throwing it to the garbage and is beneficial to everyone.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The researchers ought to answer the following questions:

1. To prepare rice hull ash as an effective additive to increment bond of wood glues

2. To classify the amounts of increasing rice hull ash to the bond strength of the wood glue
having constant volume

3. To determine the concentrations of rice hull ash has shown the greatest potential of
improving wood glue strength in:

3.1 Water Resistance Test?

3.1.1 Fresh water (rain water)

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%

3.1.2 Saltwater

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%
 -5-

3.3 Shear Load in Compression Test?

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is conveyed in order to see the effectiveness of using rice hull (RHA) in
fortifying wood adhesive bond applied in various wooden materials such as furniture. Its
beneficiaries include economical gain and environmental conservation. Since the rice hull or rice
husk is one of the country’s major agricultural waste, using RHA as an additive for strengthening
the bond between wooden materials is an efficient way to conserve other silicate materials or
other minerals used to fortify wood adhesives instead of letting it add to pollution. The enhanced
wood adhesive may be used by anyone who wanted to build wooden materials or furniture in
more easier and convenient ways to make wooden works better.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study “Silica-rich Rice (Oryza sativa) Hull Ash for Wood Adhesive Bond
Fortification” focus on determining the capabilities of Silica-rich Rice Hull Ash to enhance
wood adhesive as part of its additives. An experiment will be conducted to prove the potential of
rice hull ash to improve wood glue. The test results shall include the abilities and limitation of
this enhanced wood glue as water and heat resistant.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Rice hull-ash are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. In addition to protecting
rice during the growing season, rice hulls can be put to use as building material, fertilizer,
insulation material, or fuel.
 Wood Adhesive is an adhesive used to tightly bond pieces of wood together. Many
substances have been used as glues.
 Staple is a main or important element of something.
 Increment cause a discrete increase in a numerical quantity.
 -6-

 Cohesive failure is a failure in the bulk layer of the adhesive or sometimes in the bulk of
one of the adherends (material being bonded) and is usually the desired mode of failure.
An adhesive failure occurs at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend.
 Substrate failure happens when all forces applied to the coating (adhesive force to
the substrate, cohesive force within the coating, and external force) are stronger than the
cohesive force within the substrate.
 -7-

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The first chapter is a discussion of the background, aims and objectives of the present
study. This chapter deals with the review of related literature. The purpose of the study of
research works done in the same field is to understand what type of study has been done and
what exactly has been explored before the present research work started.

CHARACTERIZATION OF RICE HULL ASH

Rice husks are unique in nature and have 60-90% silica content. The silica from rice
hulls, as said in the annual worldwide output, is more than 3.2 million tons which causes
environmental issues due to its disposal concerns. Rice hull combustion resulting to a silica-rich
rice hull ash is useful for the economy and is environment-friendly. But, its usefulness has been
destabilized due to poor interaction with polymers and limited dispersion abilities. Some reasons
of poor performance are impurity, porosity, irregular topography, and chemical and
thermodynamic nature, occurring from its surface polarity, which negatively influence the filler-
matrix contacts. From a novel combustion process, the silica ash had 6% impurity, which was
around 3% volatile. It also proposes that its salination effectiveness is lower than the other
commercial silica due its porosity that could hide a part of the silane used. Processing also
changed the distribution of particle size which could have made an impact on the accumulating
tendencies and marked the reinforcing ability of the silica ash. By thermogravimetric studies,
surface silanol groups of rice hull ash estimation indicated that the density of surface silanol was
found 16/nm2 . This value is comparable to the density of silanol on precipitated silica, but there
is a high surface free energy which added to its tendencies of high amount and poor abilities of
dispersion and distribution revealed by a thermodynamic study of silica ash surface.
 -8-

SILICA IN RICE HULL

Pure activated silica content in rice husk is investigated. Samples of rice husk underwent
chemical pre- and post-treatments using the solutions HCl, H2SO4, and NaOH (Hydrogen
chloride, Hydrogen sulfate, and Sodium Hydroxide) for the silica. All samples were combusted
with the temperature 600co under still air and flowing atmospheres wherein air, argon, and
oxygen are present. The characterization of the product was made by determining the silica
content, morphology and distribution of particle size, porosity, and specific surface area. SiO2
purity is 99.66%. It has an amorphous structure (shapeless). The distribution of particle size
ranges from 0.030 to 100µm, with a specific pore volume 4.7297 cm3 /g and with diameter of
porosity 0.0045µm. Its specific surface area reaches the value 321 m2 /g.

EXTRACTION OF SILICA FROM THE RICE HUSK

Rice is one of the abundant crops in the world. Its Rice hull or Rice husk is an
agricultural waste that occurs in a large mass specially for the rice producing countries. Instead
of worrying about the disposal, the rice husk ash is used to create more product for economical
gain. The rice husk ash is majorly composed of Silica (SiO2) , which is one of the valuable
inorganic multipurpose chemical compound, varying from 85%-95%. With this high amount of
silica in rice husk ash, it becomes beneficial to use its high silica content to produce different
products such as; constituent of adhesives in for bonding of unvulcanized rubber to textile or
steel tire cord, reinforcement of silicone rubber, adsorbent and more.

RICE HUSK ASH

Rice milling industry generates a lot of rice husk during milling of paddy which comes
from the fields. This rice husk is mostly used as a fuel in the boilers for processing of paddy.
Rice husk ash (RHA) is about 25% by weight of rice husk when burnt in boilers. It is estimated
that about 70 million tones of RHA is produced annually worldwide. This RHA is a great
environment threat causing damage to the land and the surrounding area in which it is dumped.

During milling of paddy about 78 % of weight is received as rice , broken rice and bran .Rest 22
% of the weight of paddy is received as husk . This husk is used as fuel in the rice mills to
 -9-

generate steam for the parboiling process . This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile matter
and the balance 25 % of the weight of this husk is converted into ash during the firing process , is
known as rice husk ash ( RHA ). This RHA in turn contains around 85 % - 90 % amorphous
silica. So for every 1000 kg of paddy milled , about 220 kg ( 22 % ) of husk is produced , and
when this husk is burnt in the boilers , about 55 kg ( 25 % ) of RHA is generated.

RICE HUSK ASH PROPERTIES AND USES

The fast polluting environment results to the increase of demand for making durable
construction materials. Supplementary cementitious materials prove to be effective to have most
of the needs of a durable concrete. It’s been found out that supplementary materials such as slag,
silica fume and fly ash are inferior to the Rice husk ash. Because of the ash's high pozzolanic
activity, the durability and the strength of the concrete are enhanced. Not like the other industrial
by-products, rice husk ash is made from raw agricultural waste know as husk. The process of the
production has greatly affected the quality of the ash. Certain controlled conditions of production
and processing method, should be followed in order to convert the rice husk ash to an active
pozzolanic material, which are about to be fully understood and developed.

ADHESIVE

Adhesives are substances that are able to make things adhere or stick together without
deformation or failure through a process called adhesion (Baumann and Conner, 2003).
Adhesives are categorized as either natural or synthetic. Natural adhesives include animal glues,
casein glues, natural gums and resins, sodium silicates and vegetable glues. Vegetables glues are
starch-based and are made from starches and dextrin (Kennedy, 1989).

Related Studies

GLOBAL RICE HUSK ASH- PROCUREMENT MARKET INTELLIGENCE REPORT

The report provides actionable insights to improve source-to-contract cycle performance

in the rice husk ash market. Its helps sourcing professionals formulate better category strategies,
 - 10 -

enhance savings, understand supplier and market challenges, and implement sourcing best
practices.

Rice husk ash (RHA) is being widely used as a cost-effective source of silica. Rice husk ash has
a chemical composition similar to organic fibers, comprising of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose,
and silicon oxide. On combustion, the rice husk burns to leave behind ash containing a high
percentage of silica (in the range of 85% to 97%), which renders it useful in a large number of
industries.

This report, global rice husk ash market, provides up-to-date information about market shifts and
potential risks, as well as in-depth knowledge of products and services, which can help in
planning and executing category management activities. It focuses on the cost-saving aspects of
procurement and on providing insights that can lead to optimization of category spend.

RICE HUSK FILLED POLYMER COMPOSITES

Natural fibers are from agricultural wastes that find their importance in the polymer
industry, due to the many advantages such as their light weight, low cost and being
environmentally friendly. Rise Husk (RH) is a natural sheath that forms around rice grain during
their growth. It is a type of natural fiber which is from agro-industrial waste. RH can also be used
as filler in composite materials in various polymer matrices.

Based on the information gathered, application of RH filled composites as alternative

materials in building and construction is much more feasible in both light weight and low cost
being their main driving forces. However, further investigation on the physical and chemical
treatment to improve the interfacial adhesion, also referred as tack, with polymeric matrix are
needed as fiber-polymer interaction is crucial in determining the final composite properties.
More understanding that can affect the properties is on how the used polymer blends as the
matrix and secondary fillers will provide interesting areas to be explored.
 - 11 -

RICE HULL ASH AS FILLER FOR POLYMERIC COMPOSITES

Out of necessity, the society made technological improvements for economic and
ecological benefits. The industry of fillers has interest in fillers from natural resources such as
natural fibers, industrial by-products such as saw dust and rice husks, and a new entry which is
the rice husk ash due to the combustion of rice husk. The utilization and recyclability of these
fillers became a key driving factor in their usefulness and function, also due to its low cost and
abundance. On the other hand, there requirements in processing and their performance in
composites obstruct their applicability. The recent article assesses the performance 18 of rice
husk ash containing silica in polymeric composites. Silica ash is obtained from rice husk
combustion and is a major industrial and environmental waste in countries where rice plants
grow. Silica ash has the potential to be applied as filler in various polymeric composites, though
it's inherent characteristic limit its performance. This material stresses the call for a better
description of Silica ash to get a better understanding of its behavior with the analysis to know
appropriate alterations to develop its performance as filler. The poor understanding of silica rich
rice hull ash filler is connected to the deficiency of surface characterization, as its performance is
considerably connected with its surface properties. On this analysis, as a basis, an innovative
advance to silica ash alteration is projected.

STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF RICE HUSK ASH AND ITS USE AS CEMENT

REPLACEMENT MATERIAL

This project investigates the property of rice husk ash in using the ferrobond heat, the
surface area, and effect of grinding on particles size. After that, XRD test is conducted to know if
there is presence of amorphous silica. Also the concrete fresh density, superplasticizer,
workability, is also investigated in every average particle of the ash. According to the results,
though the grinding of rice hull ash reduced its average size, it doesn’t control/change the
microporous surface. It is stated that concrete with rice hull ash gave an excellent strength in
reinforcing the cement for 10% replacement of the commercial product, and up to 20% cement
that can be replaced by the rice hull ash without affecting its bond strength. Thus, increasing the
 - 12 -

fineness of the rice hull ash can enhance the strength of the blended cement compared to control
OPC mixtures

RICE HULL ASH CEMENT (RHAC) HOLLOW BLOCKS

Being adopted in Pototan, Iloilo, commercial production of rice hull ash cement (RHAC)
is used in hollow blocks. Adoptor Mr.Aristeo Dimavivas has his “Rock of Ages” hollow block
factory which produces 300-500 blocks daily depending on the orders. Other RHAC technology
adoptors were Sta. Barbara FACOMA (Iloilo) and Mrs. Zenobie Gregori (Jaro, Iloilo City). The
Sta. Barbara FACOMA began production after palay-planting for dry season cropping.
Meanwhile, when Technology and Livelihood Resource Center released funds, Mrs. Gregori
started producing this kind of hollow blocks. RHAC rate of production is approximately 240
hollow blocks daily, at plant level. The expected plant production, based on a 288-working-day-
year, is 69,120 hollow blocks. For low-cost housing projects, RHAC blocks can be massed-
produced. At the same time, it eases rice hull waste disposal. There are raw, inexpensive, and
readily available materials, and there is locally made processing equipment. Rice hull ash can
replace Portland cement in construction. RHAC is not yet exported. But as substitute of Portland
cement in the foreign trade, it will indicate RHAC potential international market. RHAC
international potential may also be weak. Anyhow, especially, environmentally conscious,
RHAC benefits are positive assets to make the product acceptable.

EFFECT OF RICE HUSK ASH FINENESS ON THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

The influence of grinding on the physical properties of rice husk ash (RHA) and Portland
cement is examined. The optimum rice husk ash grinding time (i.e. to produce a highly reactive
product with minimum grinding energy) was determined. Eight different fineness grades of rice
husk ash were examined and it was found that rice husk ash ground for the optimum grinding
time had a median particle size of 9·52 μm. A rice husk ash dosage of 15% by weight of binder
was used throughout the experiments. It was found that the specific gravity and the fineness of
 - 13 -

the rice husk ash increase with an increase in grinding time. However, the morphology of the rice
husk ash changed with grinding. There appears to be an optimum grinding time of approximately
90 min, during which time the compressive strength and strength activity index increase
significantly. The use of rice husk ash ground for 90 min (to 9·52 μm particle size) produced
concrete with good strength and low porosity.

DATA ANALYSIS

Data gathered will be tabulated, computed, and graphed. The study will use a parallel
group design, since there is one control group and there would be three experimental groups for
each test. The statistical tool to be used is the mean and 2-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
or f-test. This test is to be used on data for Shear Load in Compression Test.

Summary

Rice husks are unique in nature and have 60-90% silica content. The silica from rice
hulls, as said in the annual worldwide output, is more than 3.2 million tons which causes
environmental issues due to its disposal concerns. Rice hull combustion resulting to a silica-rich
rice hull ash is useful for the economy and is environment-friendly. The fast polluting
environment results to the increase of demand for making durable construction materials. It’s
been found out that supplementary materials such as slag, silica fume and fly ash are inferior to
the Rice husk ash. Because of the ash's high pozzolanic activity, the durability and the strength
of the concrete are enhanced. Not like the other industrial by-products, rice husk ash is made
from raw agricultural waste know as husk.

Natural fibers are from agricultural wastes that find their importance in the polymer
industry, due to the many advantages such as their light weight, low cost and being
environmentally friendly. Rice Hull is a type of natural fiber and is one of the country’s most
abundant agricultural waste. On combustion, the rice husk burns to leave behind ash containing a
high percentage of silica (in the range of 85% to 97%), which renders it useful in a large number
of industries. The production of silica using ore demands higher energy input and produces more
waste and it was proven that Rice Hull Ash can successfully replace ore as a source of silica. It
means that by the use of RHA as a source of silica can give economic and environmental
beneficiaries by reducing environmental impact and adding value to a waste material. Rice Hull
 - 14 -

Ash has the potential to be applied as filler in various polymeric composites and it was
confirmed with different studies involving RHA. Based on the information gathered, application
of RH filled composites as alternative materials in building and construction is much more
feasible in both light weight and low cost being their main driving forces. It was found that the
specific gravity and the fineness of the rice husk ash increase with an increase in grinding time.
The use of rice husk ash ground for 90 min (to 9•52 μm particle size) produced concrete with
good strength and low porosity. It is stated that concrete with rice hull ash gave an excellent
strength in reinforcing the cement for 10% replacement of the commercial product, and up to
20% cement that can be replaced by the rice hull ash without affecting its bond strength. Thus,
increasing the fineness of the rice hull ash can enhance the strength of the blended cement
compared to control OPC mixtures.

Adhesives are substances that are able to make things adhere or stick together without
deformation or failure through a process called adhesion. Adhesives are categorized as either
natural or synthetic. Natural adhesives include animal glues, casein glues, natural gums and
resins, sodium silicates and vegetable glues.
 - 15 -

CHAPTER III

Methodology

This chapter contains the research design and methodology used in this study. It presents
the following: the research materials or tools, preparation and treatment, and the process flow
chat. This chapter explains how the proposed study will be fulfilled, interpreted, analyzed, and
presented.

RESEARCH MATERIALS

The researchers mainly used rice hull ash, commercial wood glue, and wood. The rice
hull ash needed is available online and is bought within Manila, specifically Taguig City. The
wood glue, wood, and other materials were bought in local markets at Sta. Mesa, Manila.

PREPARATION / TREATMENT

The researchers obtained 1.5 grams of rice hull ash and 1 kg of wood glue. There were
four proportions in each of the three sets of replicates: The control group having wood glue only
(0% RHA); the experimental group having 250 mg (25% RHA), 500 mg (50% RHA), and 750
mg (75% RHA). Each was mixed in a microwaveable container. Eight pieces of barateha wood
(approx. 96” long each) were cut having 16 pieces of 12” wood and 24 pieces of 5” wood.
Table 1: Rice hull ash concentration
 - 16 -

Set A,B,C
for 12 x 1½ and Volume of
5 x 1½ Amount of Rice Hull Ash Wood Glue
wood dimensions in milligrams (%) (mL)
0
1 (0%) 250 mL
250 mg
2 (25%) 250 mL
500 mg
3 (50%) 250 mL
750 mg
4 (75%) 250 mL

APPLICATION

The two sets of four wood replicates (12 x 1½) were bonded with the different
proportions, having these overlapped by 6 inches. Also, three sets of four replicates of wood (5 x
1½) were bonded with the different proportions, having these overlapped by 1 inch. All are
paired with their same sizes. Wood glue is applied using paintbrush. Bonded woods were dried
for 3-4 hours.

EXPERIMENTATION

The three sets of the 5 x 1½ wood replicates were sent to DOST STD (Standards and
Testing Division) laboratory for Shear Load in Compression Test.

The three sets of the 12 x 1½ wood replicates are to be tested by their water resistance
(one set submerged in saltwater and the other set in freshwater – rainwater. Both were
submerged for 24 hours). All replicates under the water resistance tests would be examined by
placing these on an approx. of 2-ft. Platform. Then, different amounts of weights were placed at
the end, having the other end stable.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study used a descriptive-experimental method, a type of experimental design to

achieve the goal of the researchers to prove that RHA as an additive can improve commercial
 - 17 -

wood glue. And also, to find an easier and more convenient way to strengthen bond for wood,
aside from using expensive wood glue products. This is also to be more economy and
environment-friendly by promoting the utilization of rice hulls, which are also classified as
economical waste. And its beneficiaries include economical gain and environmental
conservation. The three sets of the wood replicates were sent to DOST STD (Standards and
Testing Division) laboratory for Shear Load in Compression Test to facilitate and conduct the
testing of the variables. The laboratory used a Compression Machine to determine the
compressive strength contributed by the amount of additive rice hull ash on the commercial
wood glue.

PROCESS FLOWCHART

Preparation of the Application of RHA Mixtures to

Preparation of rice
commercial wood glue wood samples
hull ash mixtures
(control variable)
(independent
variable)

Collection of wood, wood Drying

glue and rice hull ash

PRODUCTION OF
RICE HULL-ASH FOR
WOOD ADHESIVE
Preparing
PROCESSES BOND
samples send
FORTIFICATION to DOST

Preparing
samples to
submerged in
water for 24hrs

Mean Bond Internal Bond –

Density Strength Tensile Strength
 - 18 -

Statistical Treatment
(One-way Anova)

Figure 2 Processes Employed in the Assessment of the production of rice hull ash for wood adhesive bond fortification

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 2: Water Resistance

2A. Fresh Water (Rain)

TEST SAMPLES 10 kg 15 kg 16 kg 17.5 kg 18.5 kg 19 kg 20 kg

Control ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ X
25% ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
50%
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X
75%
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Based on the tabulated data for fresh (rain) water, the control has its bond separated by
placing 18.5 kg on the wood overlapped above. The wood replicate having 50% (500 mg) of rice
hull ash had its bond separated by placing 19 kg on the wood overlapped above. The 25%, and
75% replicates did not separate during the procedure which means that the researchers may
derive that the other concentrations (25% and 75%) might be better than the control. The said
 - 19 -

replicated might have not separated at 20 kg, but if the weights will be increased, there might be
a significance difference between the bond strength.

2B. Saltwater

TEST SAMPLES 10 kg 15 kg 16 kg 17.5 kg 18.5 kg 19 kg 20 kg

Control
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X
25%
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
50%
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X
75%
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X

For saltwater, the wood replicate with the largest concentration 75% (750 mg) of rice hull
ash and 50% (500 mg) has been separated by placing 20 kg and 19 kg on the wood overlapped
above, respectively. From the observation, it could be derived that salinity in water may affect
the bond strength. The 25% (250mg) did not separate during the procedure which means that the
researchers may derive that having 25% concentration might be better than the control. The said
replicate might have not separated at 20 kg, but if the weighs will be increased, there might be a
significant difference between the bond strength. \

Table 3. ASTM D1002 Adapted (By Shear Strength in Compression Test)

Samples Amount of Rice Failing Load Type of Ranking

Hull Ash (Shear Strength) Failure
1 0% 40.66 C 7

2 0% 43.64 C 5

3 0% 47.3 C 2

4 25% 32.93 CF 11

5 25% 46.36 CF 3

6 25% 39.27 CF 9
 - 20 -

7 50% 36.29 CF 10

8 50% 43.16 CF 6

9 50% 27.92 CF 12

10 75% 40.34 CF 8

11 75% 44.77 C 4

12 75% 47.65 C 1

The data given by the Table 1 showed all the result in the Shear Strength test of the wood
adhesive samples, and ranked them according to the amount of force needed to separate the
wood. It also showed what type of failure happened on the particular replicate. The replicate 12
which is compose of 75 % RHA has the greatest shear compression resistance having 47.66
kg/cm^2, ranking as the highest among the other samples. On the other hand, The replicate 9
which has 50% of RHA has the lowest failing load, implying that it has the least shear strength
of 27.9 kg/cm^2. The data from the table also shows that all the controlled samples or the
samples which doesn’t consist of any RHA failed due to cohesive failure. And the samples that
have 25% or 50% of RHA break due to contact/substrate failure. However, for the samples with
75 % of RHA, the one which has thicker layer of adhesive, replicate 10, failed due to
contact/substrate failure while those with thinner layer of adhesive, replicates 11 and 12, failed
because of cohesive failure.

Graph 1. Comparison of Shear Strength in Compression Test of the four samples

 - 21 -

Failing Load
50
45
40
35
30
25 Test Sample Mean Failing Load Ranking
20
15
10
5 Control 43.9 2
0
1 2
25% 3 4 5 6 39.57 8 9 10 11
3 12
Replicate Number
50% 35.8 4

In Graph 1, the data showed the interval of resistance from shearing compression test
between the different amounts of rice hull. In trial 1, the control sample showed the highest
resistance having a little difference with sample with 75% RHA. In trial 2, the controlled sample
has the highest endurance for shear compression having a little difference with 75%. And for
trial 3, the 75% of concentration of the rice hull showed the most favorable result in terms of
resistance. While the one with the lowest resistance for the three trials are the sample with 50%
of rice hull ash.

Table 4. Computed mean rank of the test samples

 - 22 -

75% 44.3 1

The data given by the Table 4 showed the mean rank of the three replicates based on their
rank from the Shear Strength in Compression Test. Overall, the replicates with 75% rice hull ash
ranked first among the three other concentrations from the Shear Strength Test, followed by the
controlled samples and the replicate with 25% rice hull ash and lastly, the samples with 50%
concentration received the least ranking.

Table 5: One-Way ANOVA ( By Shear Load Compression)

Wood Replicates 1 2 3 XT XT2

A 7 5 2 14 196
(0%)
B 11 3 9 23 529
(25%)
C 10 6 12 28 784
(50%)
D 8 4 1 13 169
(75%)
Ho: There is no significant difference on the bond strength increment between the Rice Hull Ash
mixtures and control.

Ha: There is a significant difference on the bond strength increment between the Rice Hull Ash
mixture and control.

Table 6: Results for Statistics

 - 23 -

ANOVA: Single
Factor
Source of Sum of Mean F-critical
Variation Squares df Square F-value P-value value
Between
Groups 144.1657 3 48.0552 1.5016 0.2865 4.0662
Within Groups 256.0203 8 32.0025

Total 400.1860 11 accept Ho accept Ho

Level of significance = 0.05

Tabulated value = 4.0662

P-value = 0.2865

F0.2865<F4.0662

Based on the computed statistics using f-test, null is rejected. Therefore, there is a significant
difference on the bond strength increment between the Rice Hull Ash mixtures and control.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summarized gathered data, conclusions and recommendations
offered by the researchers about their topic or subject.

SUMMARY
 - 24 -

This study focuses on enhancing wood adhesives. Wood adhesive is one of the most used
when it comes to utilizing every step in furnishings manufacturing. Its purpose is to bond
wooden substances with each other. Since manufacturing in quick pace is crucial nowadays,
faster production of wooden furniture would be more evident with fast curing and effective
glues.

With this, the researchers formulate a way to improve the commercial wood glue. It was
found that natural fibers such as rice hull are rich in silica content, which is known as one of the
multipurpose inorganic element. After combustion, it will produce a fine ash, known as rice hull
ash (RHA) that is suitable to become an additive in the commercial wood glue. With the rice
hull ash’s efficient, and economic and environmental friendly characteristic, the study is pursued.

The researchers made use of the silica content of the rice hull ash to improve the bond
strength of wood glue, since silica is a good resin or catalyst support proven in polymeric
composites. Certain measurements of the rice hull ash have been mixed with constant volume of
wood glue, having the concentrations: 25%, 50%, and 75%. These were applied to the wood with
specific dimensions. The replicates were sent to DOST STD (Standards and Testing Division)
Laboratory for Shear Load in Compression Test. After approximately two weeks, results were
obtained. Beforehand, tests regarding water resistance were made. Afterwards, weights were
placed on the other side of the wood replicates to test the bond strength having a stable end. The
data gathered for this study has been attained using experimental methods.

The results showed a promising outcome for the mixture of commercial wood adhesive and
rice hull ash. As the samples with 25% and 75% of rice hull ash attains to be more successful
than the controlled sample for the tests, it is proven that rice hull ash can strengthen the bond on
wood adhesives.

CONCLUSION

The amount of rice hull ash affected the fortification for wood glue. Overall, the least
concentration (25% and 75%) showed the most favorable results among all experimental and
control groups from the different given tests. Therefore, the researchers produced better wood
glue, wherein results are better in terms of quality (bond strength) than the commercial wood
glue (without RHA as additive). Based on the tests made, rice hull ash is an effective additive for
 - 25 -

wood glue to increase its bond strength. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the
fortified wood glue and the commercial wood glue, thus, making an effective wood glue.

RECOMMENDATION

1. The researchers suggest that people should see to it that safety and precaution is always a
measure, even if to simple studies like this, which uses substances that may cause irritation.
2. Research on the different additives that can be used for strengthening the bond between
wooden materials.

3. The researchers recommended for the future researchers to make many replicates so
that they can add more parameters.
4. The researchers also suggest researching different component with greater tensile
strength to the woods that can make it more durable.
5. The researchers also recommend that do the proper procedure for the Wood Adhesive
and have a complete equipment when conducting the experiment.
6. The need of facilities and research paraphernalia must also be sought as soon as
possible in order not to have any delay or rush in experimentation.
7. The researchers highly recommend to use these in future studies so that this research
will not be put in to waste.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Websites

 Risk Husk Ash. (2008). Retrieved from:

http://www.ricehuskash.com/product.htm

 Muthadhi, A., Anitha, R., Kothandaraman, S. (2007, May). Rice husk ash-
Properties and its uses: A review. [Online]. Available:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289638522_Rice_husk_ash_-
_Properties_and_its_uses_A_review [accessed Dec 13 2017].
 - 26 -

 Wood, Laura. "Global Rice Husk Ash - Procurement Market Intelligence

Report" . Report and Marketing. 1 December 2017. Business Wire Web. 13
December 2017.
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171201005547/en/Global-Rice-
Husk-Ash-Procurement-Market-Intelligence
 I. J. Fernandes et al., "Comparison between Rice Husk Ash and Commercial
Silica as Filler in Polymeric Composites", Materials Science Forum, Vol. 869,
pp. 209-214, 2016. . [Online]. Available:
https://www.scientific.net/MSF.869.209
 Chaudhary, D., M. Jollands (2004). Recycling rice hull ash: A filler material for
polymeric composites? In: Advances in Polymer Technology, Volume 23 Issue
2. pp. 147-155. [Online]. Available:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adv.20000/abstract
 Habeeb, G., H. Mahmud(2010). Study on properties of rice husk ash and its use
as cement replacement material. In: Materials Research, Volume 13 No. 2.
[Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392010000200011
 http://www.andersonmaterials.com/adhesion.html

 Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow Blocks. In:Compendium of Waste

Biomass Conversion Technologies, Part III Technology. [Online]. Available:
http://www.dap.edu.ph/cshd/unep_biomass/energy/Energy%20Assessment%20
Details/Assess_RHACHollowBlocks_Phils.pdf
B. Journals

 Chaudhary, D., M. Jollands (2004). Characterization of rice hull. In: Journal of

Applied Polymer Science, Volume 93 Issue 1. pp. 1-8. Available:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.20217/abstract [accessed Dec 13
2017].
 Yalcin, N., V. Sevinc (2001). Studies on silica obtained from rice husk. In:
Ceramics International, Volume 27 Issue 2. pp. 219-224. Available:
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884200000687
 - 27 -

 Todkar, B., Deorukhkar, O., Deshmukh, S. (2016, March). Extraction of Silica

from Rice Husk. In. Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume
12 Issue 3. pp. 69-74. Available: http://www.ijerd.com/paper/vol12-
issue3/Version-2/H12326974.pdf

 Arjmandi, R., Hassan, A., Majeed, K., Zakaria, Z. (2015, May). Rice Husk Filled
Polymer Composites. In. Journal of Polymer Science. Available:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2015/501471/

 B. H. Abu Bakar, P. J. Ramadhansyah, and M. J. Megat Azmi (2011). Effect of

rice husk ash fineness on the chemical and physical properties of concrete.
Magazine of Concrete Research. Available:

http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/macr.10.00019
 - 28 -

FIGURES

Figure 3: Gathering of Mater

 - 29 -

Figure 4: Preparation of Rice Hull Ash Mixtures

Figure 3: Application of RHA Mixtures to wood samples

 - 30 -

Figure 4: Drying of samples

Figure 5: Prepared wood samples sent to DOST-STD

 - 31 -

Figure 6: Tensil Strength

Appendices
 - 32 -

Appendix A
 - 33 -

Receipt for Shear load in Compression Test

Appendix B
 - 34 -

Report of Analysis
- 35 -
 - 36 -

Appendix C

Report of Individual Sample Analysis

- 37 -
 - 38 -

CURRICULUM
VITAE
 - 39 -

Curriculum Vitae

HEZELLE ANNE IMPERIAL DALIDA

Western Bicutan, Taguig City

PROFILE:

Birthdate: February 4, 2002 Age: 16

Birthplace: Pasig City Religion: Catholic

Mother: Elisa I. Dalida Mother’s Occupation: Janitress

Father: Johny O. Dalida Father’s Occupation: Motor

Piece Seller

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

2017-Present: Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Mrs. Olive Parcellano Grade 10 Adviser DASNHS

Mr. Vimar Romero Practical Research Teacher PUPSHS

Mrs. Lara Rolan Grade 11 Adviser PUPSHS

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

HEZELLE ANNE DALIDA

 - 40 -

Curriculum Vitae

ESPAÑA, DEBBE VHON ESTEVES

Casiguran, Aurora

PROFILE:

Birthdate: August 29, 2001 Age: 16

Birthplace: Mandaluyong City Medical Center Religion: Roman Catholic

Mother: Florife España Mother’s Occupation: Teacher

Father: Ernie España Father’s Occupation: Security

Guard/ Farmer

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

2016-Present: Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Mrs. Lorna M. Valencia Grade 10 Adviser MCCC

Mr. Vimar Romero Practical Research Teacher PUPSHS

Prof. Lara O. Rolan Grade 11 Adviser PUPSHS

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

DEBBE VHON ESPAÑA

 - 41 -

Curriculum Vitae

COLINE DELFIN LATUGA

Hulong Duhat, Malabon City

PROFILE:

Birthdate: September 6, 2000 Age: 16

Birthplace: Malabon City Religion: Catholic

Mother: Vilma D. Latuga Mother’s Occupation: Housewife

Father: Jimmy B. Latuga Father’s Occupation: Factory Worker

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

2017-Present: Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Mrs. Rosalinda Agosto Grade 10 Adviser MNHS

Mr. Vimar Romero Practical Research Teacher PUPSHS

Mrs. Lara Rolan Grade 11 Adviser PUPSHS

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

COLINE LATUGA
 - 42 -

Curriculum Vitae

LEILA MAE MIRA

San Pedro, Laguna

PROFILE:

Birthdate: November 27, 2000 Age: 17

Birthplace: San Pedro, Laguna Religion: Catholic

Mother: Aileen Mira Mother’s Occupation: Business

woman

Father: Benjamin Mira Father’s Occupation: Business man

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

2016-Present: Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Ms. Iem Esteban Grade 10 Adviser PCNHS

Mr. Vimar Romero Practical Research Teacher PUPSHS

Prof. Lara O. Rolan Grade 11 Adviser PUPSHS

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

LEILA MAE MIRA

 - 43 -

Curriculum Vitae

HARNES DANIEL M. DELA CRUZ

Sampaloc, Manila

PROFILE:

Birthdate: March 18, 2001 Age: 16

Birthplace: Sampaloc, Manila Religion: Christian

Mother: Joy Dela Cruz Mother’s Occupation: Housewife

Father: Mavin Dela Cruz Father’s Occupation: Maintenance

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

2016-Present: Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Mrs. Tabora Grade 10 Adviser RMHS

Mr. Vimar Romero Practical Research Teacher

PUPSHS

Prof. Lara O. Rolan Grade 11 Adviser PUPSHS

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

HARNES DELA CRUZ