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Earth science

Renewable resources are resources that are replenished by the environment over relatively short
periods of time. This type of resource is much more desirable to use because often a resource
renews so fast that it will have regenerated by the time you've used it up. Solar energy is one such
resource because the sun shines all the time. Imagine trying to harness all of the sun's energy
before it ran out! Wind energy is another renewable resource. You can't stop the wind from blowing
any more than you can stop the sun from shining, which makes it easy to 'renew.'
Any plants that are grown for use in food and manufactured products are also renewable resources.
Trees used for timber, cotton used for clothes, and food crops, such as corn and wheat, can all be
replanted and regrown after the harvest is collected.
Non-renewable

The resources which are non-renewable are called as Non-Renewable sources. The Non-Renewable
resources do not replenish and cannot be renewed. It took thousands of years of time to form the non-
renewable resources which exist inside the earth in the form of coal, fossil fuels, etc.

Examples
⦿ Coal
⦿ Mineral Ores
⦿ Metal Ores
⦿ Crude Oil
⦿ Nuclear Energy

El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. El Nino is the “warm phase” of a
larger phenomenon called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). La Nina, the “cool
phase” of ENSO, is a pattern that describes the unusual cooling of the region’s surface
waters. El Niño and La Niña are considered the ocean part of ENSO, while the
Southern Oscillation is its atmospheric changes.

El Niño has an impact on ocean temperatures, the speed and strength of

ocean currents, the health of coastal fisheries, and local weather from Australia to South
America and beyond. El Niño events occur irregularly at two- to seven-year intervals.
However, El Niño is not a regular cycle, or predictable in the sense that ocean tides are.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural phenomenon that has occurred for
centuries. Ocean and atmospheric conditions in the Pacific tend to fluctuate between El
Niño (warming) and a drop in temperature in the tropical Pacific known as La Niña. The
fluctuations are rather irregular, but tend to appear every three to six years. A more
intensive phase of each event may last for about a year. A warming climate may contribute
to an increase in frequency and intensity of the El Niño phenomenon. The impacts may be
significant at regional levels.By influencing global temperatures and precipitation, ENSO
significantly impacts Earth’s ecosystems and human societies. El Nino and La Nina are
opposite extremes of the ENSO, which refers to cyclical environmental conditions that
occur across the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. These changes are due to natural interactions
between the ocean and atmosphere. Sea surface temperature, rainfall, air pressure,
atmospheric and ocean circulation all influence each other.
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El Nino and La Nina are opposite extremes of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation

(ENSO), which refers to cyclical environmental conditions that occur across the
Equatorial Pacific Ocean. These changes are due to natural interactions between
the ocean and atmosphere. Sea surface temperature, rainfall, air pressure, and
atmospheric and ocean circulation all influence each other.
Existing hypothesis
Hypothesis are derived from or based on existing theories, previous research,
personalobservations or experiences. The test of a hypothesis involves collection and
analysis ofdata that may either support or fail to support the hypothesis. If the results fail
to supporta stated hypothesis, it does not mean that the study has failed but it
implies that theexisting theories or principles need to be revised or retested under various
situation.
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Scientific hypothesis, an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or

a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. The two primary features of a
scientific hypothesis are falsifiability and testability, which are reflected in an “If…then”
statement summarizing the idea and in the ability to be supported or refuted through
observation and experimentation. The notion of the scientific hypothesis as both falsifiable and
testable was advanced in the mid-20th century by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl
Popper.
The formulation and testing of a hypothesis is part of the scientific method, the approach
scientists use when attempting to understand and test ideas about natural phenomena. The
generation of a hypothesis frequently is described as a creative process and is based on
existing scientific knowledge, intuition, or experience. Therefore, although
scientific hypothesescommonly are described as educated guesses, they actually are more
informed than a guess. In addition, scientists generally strive to develop simple hypotheses,
since these are easier to test relative to hypotheses that involve many different variables and
potential outcomes. Such complex hypotheses may be developed as scientific models
(see scientific modeling).
ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE

The most popular theory of our universe's origin centers on a cosmic cataclysm
unmatched in all of history—the big bang. This theory was born of the observation that
other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed, in all directions, as if they
had all been propelled by an ancient explosive force.
What Is the Big Bang Theory? Before the big bang, scientists believe the entire vastness of
the observable universe, including all of its matter and radiation, was compressed into a
hot, dense mass just a few millimeters across. This nearly incomprehensible state is
theorized to have existed for just a fraction of the first second of time.
The theory maintains that, in the instant—a trillion-trillionth of a second—after the big
bang, the universe expanded with incomprehensible speed from its pebble-size origin to
astronomical scope. Expansion has apparently continued, but much more slowly, over
the ensuing billions of years.Scientists can't be sure exactly how the universe evolved
after the big bang. Many believe that as time passed and matter cooled, more diverse
kinds of atoms began to form, and they eventually condensed into the stars and galaxies
of our present universe.
SOLAR SYSTEM::::::Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the
planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the
satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium.
The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solar
system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, at a
distance of 4.3 light years away. The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible on a clear
night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we call the Milky Way. The
Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are visible from the southern hemisphere.
They are called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. The nearest large galaxy is
the Andromeda Galaxy. It is a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million
light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions of galaxies known, is traveling through intergalactic space.
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A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust,
and dark matter.[1][2]The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας), literally
"milky", a reference to the Milky Way. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few
hundred million (108) stars to giants with one hundred trillion(1014) stars,[3] each orbiting its
galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies are categorized according to their visual morphology
as elliptical,[4] spiral, or irregular.[5] Many galaxies are thought to have supermassive black
holes at their active centers. The Milky Way's central black hole, known as Sagittarius A*, has
a mass four million times greater than the Sun.[6] As of March 2016, GN-z11 is the oldest and
most distant observed galaxy with a comoving distance of 32 billion light-years from Earth,
and observed as it existed just 400 million years after the Big Bang. You are here
Home » Learn » Astronomy » Stars » Life Cycle of a Star

Life Cycle of a Star

Stars are formed in clouds of gas and dust, known as nebulae. Nuclear reactions at the centre (or core)
of stars provides enough energy to make them shine brightly for many years. The exact lifetime of
a star depends very much on its size. Very large, massive stars burn their fuel much faster than smaller
stars and may only last a few hundred thousand years. Smaller stars, however, will last for several billion
years, because they burn their fuel much more slowly.

Small stars, like the Sun, will undergo a relatively peaceful and beautiful death that sees them pass
through a planetary nebula phase to become a white dwarf, this eventually cools down over time leaving
a brown dwarf. Massive stars, on the other hand, will experience a most energetic and violent end, which
will see their remains scattered about the cosmos in a enormous explosion, called a supernova. Once the
dust clears, the only thing remaining will be a very dense star known as a neutron star, these can often be
rapidly spinning and are known as pulsars. If the star which explodes is especially large, it can even form
a black hole.

Looking at the Constellations

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The first thing you need to know is that constellations are not real!

The constellations are totally imaginary things that poets, farmers and
astronomers have made up over the past 6,000 years (and probably even
more!). The real purpose for the constellations is to help us tell which
stars are which, nothing more. On a really dark night, you can see about
1000 to 1500 stars. Trying to tell which is which is hard. The
constellations help by breaking up the sky into more managable bits.
They are used as mnemonics, or memory aids. For example, if you spot
three bright stars in a row in the winter evening, you might realize, "Oh!
That's part of Orion!" Suddenly, the rest of the constellation falls into
place and you can declare: "There's Betelgeuse in Orion's left shoulder
and Rigel is his foot." And once you recognize Orion, you can
remember that Orion's Hunting Dogs are always nearby. Then you
might recognize the two bright stars in the upper and lower left of the
photograph as Procyon in Canis Minor and Sirius in Canis Major,
respectively.

This dependence on the sky became a strong part of

many cultures. Perhaps there is something about the
mystery of the night sky that makes people want to tell
stories about the constellations. The picture at the left is
an ornate star chart printed in 1835. Like the others, it
shows the great hunter Orion. In this one, he is holding
a lion's head instead of his traditional bow or shield. He
has an eager look in his eye as he stalks Taurus, the
Bull. Behind him, his faithful dog, Canis Major, is
chasing Lepus, the Hare. Compare this picture to the
photo near the top of the page. They are at about the
same scale and they show the same stars.

The constellations have changed over time. In our modern world, many of the
constellations have been redefined so now every star in the sky is in exactly one
constellation. In 1929, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted official
constellation boundaries that defined the 88 official constellations that exist today.