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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING(MAIN)

SURNAME : NDINGA
NAME : SIYABONGA
STUDENT NO : 217110827
LAB TECHNICIAN : MISS N.SOLOMBELA
SUBJECT : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING III(EENG3B0)
TASK : PRACTICAL REPORT
TOPIC : UNBALANCED CONNECTED LOADS
DUE DATE : 25/06/2019
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ABSTRACT

The aim of this experiment is to understand the basic working principle of a three
phase delta-star unbalanced connected loads. In this practical we are going to
reccord measured values of Vab,Vbc,Vca and currents Ia,Ib,Ic&In
The technicians must develop their own troubleshooting to possess an accurate
experiment. The practical experiment aims student to be able to know how to
connect practical components in order to reach a specific task and they have to
understand the working of three phase delta-star connected loads, they should be
also aware of laboratory rules, safety and precautions not just in laboratory but also
in industries.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES AND SYMBOLS……………………………….4

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….5
THEORY…………………………………………………………………..6
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND RESULTS…………………….7-8
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS…………………………………………8
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………..9
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………..10
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………….11
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List of figures and symbols

1. 4-wire unbalanced star connection on figure 1 page 6

2. 3-wire unbalanced star connection on figure 2 page 6
3. Delta connection on figure 3 page 6
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Introduction

Typically a three phase power system is made of a generator with a start connected
output and either a star or delta connected loads. We are going to look at 4-wire
star connected loads,3-wire star connected loads and the delta connected loads.

Current relationships are considered when delta load is connected while voltage
relationships when star load is connected. We try to unbalance the loads of
transmission lines in power systems, with unbalanced loads the terminal voltages of
the generator and the phase voltages at the load are unbalanced. In this we are
going to find the line current, line voltage, phase voltage and phase current
between/through each terminal of the supply to the neutral and measure the power
delivered to the loads.

More the inductive the circuit nature is, more energy losses and less power factor.
Less the inductive the circuit nature is, less energy losses and less power factor.
Less the Capacitive the circuit nature is, more energy losses and less power factor.
More the Capacitive the circuit nature is, less energy losses and less power factor.
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THEORY
Star Connection
In star connection, there is four wire, three wires are phase wire and fourth is
neutral which is taken from the star point. Star connection is preferred for long
distance power transmission because it is having the neutral point. In this we need
to come to the concept of balanced and unbalanced current in power system.

4-WIRE STAR CONNECTION

FIGURE 1

3-WIRE STAR CONNECTION

FIGURE 2

In star connection, the line voltage is √3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is the
voltage between two phases in three phase circuit and phase voltage is the voltage
between one phase to the neutral line. And the current is same for both line and
phase. It is shown as expression below

Delta Connection
In delta connection, there is three wires alone and no neutral terminal is taken.
Normally delta connection is preferred for short distance due to the problem of
unbalanced current in the circuit. The figure is shown below for delta connection. In
the load station, ground can be used as neutral path if required.

FIGURE 3

In delta connection, the line voltage is the same as that of phase voltage. And the
line current is √3 times of phase current. It is shown as expression below,
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EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND RESULTS

CIRCUIT (a) CIRCUIT (b) CIRCUIT (c)

PROCEDURE:

 Connect the circuit as shown in the manual.

 Turn ON or OFF the power supply after the circuit is connected.
 Check and record the values onto the lab manual.

Measured values
Circuit (a)
Ia 0.549A
Ib 0.03A
Ic 2.337A
In 2.165A
Vab 230.6V
Vbc 227V
Vca 224.4V
Van 133.14V
Vbn 131.06V
P1
P2
Pt 19W
Circuit (b)
Ia 0.859A
Ib 0.065A
Ic 0.860A
Vab 231.3V
Vbc 227.0V
Van 133.54V
Vbn 131.06V
P1
P2
Pt
Circuit (c)
Ia 0.861A
Ib 0.662A
Ic 0.857A
Vab 231.1V
Vbc 227V
Vca 226.6V
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Iab 0.497A
Ibc 0.382A
Ica 0.495

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

According to the results I obtained during my practical I’ve noticed that the theory
covered in class is exactly agreeing to the practical. Working with what you can see
is the best way of learning than learning theoretically.

CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS

R=750Ω, L=1.27Ω, C=5µF

Xl=2πfL

=2π×50×1.27

=398.98Ω

XC=1/2Πfc

=1/2π×50×5µf

=636.62Ω

Za=R+j(Xl-Xc)

=750+j(398.98-636.62)

=786.75 at an angle of 17.64º

IMPEDANCE B

R=300Ω, L=0.9H, C=10µF

Xl=2πfL

=2π×50×0.9

=282.74Ω
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Xc=1/2Πfc

=1/2π×50×10µf =318.31Ω

Zb=R+j(Xl-Xc)

=300+j(282.75-318.31)

=302.10 at an angle of 6.76º

IMPEDANCE C

R=150Ω, L=0.52H, C=18µF

Xl=2πfL

= 2π×50×0.52

=163.36Ω

Xc=1/2πfc

=1/2π×50×18µf

=176.84

Zc=R+j(Xl-Xc)

=150+j(163.36-176.84)

150.60 at an angle of 5.14º

CURRENT A

Ia=Van/Za=119.9/786.75=0.15A at an angle of 17.58°

Ib=Vbn/Zb=119.9/302.10=0.396A at an angle of -113.24°

Ic=Vcn/Zc=119.9/150.61=0.796A at an angle of 125.14°

In= Ia+Ib+Ic

= 0.15+0.396+0.796

= 0.528 at an angle of 152.76°

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CONCLUSION

In general, systems are rarely having perfect balanced loads, currents, voltages, and
impedances in all the three phases. The analysis of the unbalanced case is greatly
simplified by the use of three balanced symmetrical components. An unbalanced
system is considered as the superposition of three balanced system, each having a
positive, negative or zero sequence of the balanced voltages. In electrical
engineering, three phase electric power system have at least three conductors of
carrying alternating current, voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the
period.

REFERENCES

1. Electrical technology- 5th edition by SJ VAN ZYL

2. www.electricalengineeringforfirstyear.co.za
3. Electrical engineering experiments by Dr Mohammed Akmal
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APPENDIX