PATTERN DEVELOPMENT

‣ is the logical arrangement of ideas

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

DEFINITION
‣ Definition explains a concept, term, or subject. Its main purpose is
to tell what something is.

For example:
What are longitudinal dunes?
Longitudinal dunes are long low ridges of sand that lie approximately at right angles
to the trend of the sand waves, or parallel to the direction of the wind. Some of the
ridges are almost straight; others are slightly wavy. They range up to about 10 metres
in height and 30 metres in width. Many are more than one and one-half kilometres
long. Both sides of these dunes have practically the same slope and are usually
covered with grass and shrubs. While the crest is usually bare of vegetation, on some
dunes, even the crest is covered. Where this occurs, it means that wind action has
stopped on this particular dune.

EXEMPLIFICATION
‣ Exemplification is one of the most common and effective ways to
show or explain an idea or point.

For example:
The British colonies had self-government in several ways. One is town meetings, where
town members could gather no matter what social status. Another is Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut and was the first written constitution in North America. The
last is the House of Burgesses was the first popularly elected legislature in the New
World. These are all examples of self-government in the British colonies. The House of
Burgesses were put into effect by higher class people elected by the people to serve in
government. Some of these people were the Duke of York and Roger Williams.

DESCRIPTION
‣ Description gives information of what a person, an object, a place,
or a situation is like.
For example:
Lake Harriet is a great place to to swim and relax. In the summer, the water is warm
and clean, and the beaches are large enough to accommodate groups of people
seeking relief from a midsummer scorcher. In addition to swimming, visitors to the lake
can go canoeing, sailing, windsurfing, or fishing. The blue water is a refreshing,
tempting sight. The sweet scent of sun block wafts through the air from sunbathers
lying on the beach. Children laugh and splash in the water, and nearby volleyball
games stir passionate shouts in the heat of competition. Meanwhile lifeguards sit atop
their towers and make sure everyone is safe. In the distance, sail boats catch the soft
breezes that ripple Lake Harriet's surface, and canoeists glide quietly past. This is
what summer is all about!

CHRONOLOGY
‣ The arrangement of things following one after another in time.

For example:
The life and death of a star begins somewhere in space. Astronomers claim that a star
begins as a cloud of hydrogen and helium. As the cloud moves about it collects bits of
dust and more floating gases. Then the cloud begins to warm as more dust and gases
are pulled into it. After a long period of time as the cloud becomes denser, heat and
friction cause the atoms to explode. That is how a star is born. The star will burn for
about ten billion years as it radiates heat and energy. When the hydrogen begins to
burn out the star becomes even larger. At this stage, it gives off a lot of light but not
much energy. The star may continue to burn brightly but dies when it runs out of
hydrogen. This is the life cycle of a star.

LISTING
‣ An act or instance of making or including in a list.

For example:
There are many uses of English language. First, it is useful in education. We can use it
to read books and articles in or field. Second, English language is important in
travelling. People use it to in airports to discuss passport affairs and customs. Third, it
is good for computer and technology. Most software and websites are in English. In
short, English language is useful for education, travelling, and computer.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
‣ Comparison and contrast paragraphs are common in writing in
many academic disciplines like the humanities, sciences, and
business. Such paragraphs can be found in character analysis;
various kinds of essays; political science, sociology, and historical
papers; lab reports; progress reports; book and film reviews; and
marketing campaigns. A paragraph developed by comparison and
contrast has a unifying idea or purpose. Also, it must be balanced in
such a way that there is an equal amount of information for each
subject to avoid biases.

For example:
(Similarities)
Spring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in Halifax. Both Vancouver
and Halifax have rain in the spring. Halifax also has a rainy spring season. Halifax
has a rainy spring season, too. As well, Halifax has rainy spring season.

(Differences)
On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax. However, winter is much colder in
Halifax. Vancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one. In contrast to
Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter. Halifax differs from Vancouver by having a
cold winter. While Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold winter. Unlike
Halifax, Vancouver doesn’t get much snow.

CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION

‣ Classification and division is a rhetorical style that, in essay format,
takes a whole and splits it up into parts and then places the divided
information into various categories. While you may see this rhetorical
style used within a single paragraph, it’s not uncommon to write an
entire essay using a classification and division format. A
classification and division essay combines two different techniques.
First, you would divide a complex and difficult topic into subtopics
for clarity and explanation purposes. Next, you would determine
what categories are needed and what information fits into those
categories.

For Example:
(Classification)
People looking to lose weight have a few options: exercise, diet, weight loss pills, and
surgery. Exercising involves going to a gym, working out at home, or joining some sort
of class or sports team. Those who are dieting can talk to a doctor about a plan for
them. Weight loss pills can be taken, if proper precautions and directions are followed.
Individuals who are severely overweight can talk to a doctor about having surgery to
lose the weight that they need.

(Division)
Phase 1 of studying for a test, often called the “no problem” phase, runs from the day
the test is announced to approximately forty-eight hours before the dreaded exam is
passed out. During phase 1, the student is carefree, smiling, and kind to helpless
animals and small children. When asked by classmates if he or she has studied for the
test yet, the reply would be an assured “No Problem.” During phase 1, no actual
studying takes place. Phase 2 is entered two days before the test. For example, if the
test is scheduled for 9 A.M. Friday, phase 2 begins at 9 A.M. Wednesday. During
phase 2, again, no actual studying takes place. Phase 3, the final phase, is entered 12
hours before “zero hour.” This is the cram phase, characterized by sweaty palms,
nervous twitches, and confused mental patterns. For a test at nine o’clock on Friday
morning, a student begins exhibiting these symptoms at approximately nine o’clock on
Thursday night. Phase 3 is also termed the “shock” phase, since the student is shocked
to discover the imminence of the exam and the amount of material to be studied.
During this phase, the student will probably be unable to sleep and will mumble
meaningless phrases like “a2 + b2.” This phase will not end until the exam is over. If
the cram session has worked, the student will fall gratefully asleep that night. On
waking up, he or she will be ready to go through the whole cycle again with the next
test.

CAUSE AND EFFECT

‣ A cause is simply “why something happens,” and an effect is “what
happens.” With the cause-and-effect pattern, the writer can explain
how an event or action leads to another.

For example:
About 75 million people died from the bubonic plague during the 14th century. Half of
the population of Italy fell victim to the disease. The plague caused high fever, swollen
glands, dark bruises or sores on the face, and spitting of blood. Most people who got
the disease died within five days. The disease was spread by fleas from rats. Lack of
sanitation and poor medical knowledge account for the continuous plague epidemics
throughout the 14th century.
PROBLEM - SOLUTION
‣ Used to deal with topics that pose problems and present solutions
in a logical manner.

For example:
Drug abuse causes multiple problems for countries and communities. The medical and
psychological effects are very obvious. Addicts cannot function as normal members of
society. They neglect or abuse their families, and eventually require expensive
treatment or hospitalization. The second effect is on crime. Huge police resources are
needed to fight smuggling and dealing. Criminal gangs and mafia underworlds
develop with the money from drugs. However, the menace of drugs can be fought.
Education is the first battle. Children need to be told at home and in school about
drugs. People need to be aware of the effects so that they can avoid.

PERSUASION
‣ A persuasive paragraph intends to convince readers to do or
believe in something.

For example:
Immigration contributes to the overall health of the American economy. Despite
recent concerns expressed about illegal and some legal immigration to the United
States, this country has largely benefited from the skills, talents, and ambition that
immigrants bring with them. American businesses gain from a good source of
affordable labor, while towns and cities are revitalized by immigrant families who
strengthen communities through civic participation and the generation of new
economic activity. The United States must continue to welcome new arrivals and help
those who are already here; otherwise, the country will lose the advantages it has over
other industrialized countries that compete against us in the global marketplace and
seek to recruit from a vast pool of unskilled and skilled global workers.
 PATTERNS
OF
DEVELOPMENT
Submitted by: Princess Elaiza N. Decano

Submitted to: Melinda L. Carlos