Verbals: Gerunds, Infinitives, and Participles

The three verbals— gerunds, infinitives, and participles—are formed from verbs, but are never used alone as action
words in sentences. Instead, verbals function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. These verbals are important in phrases.
The gerund ends in -ingand functions as a noun.
Jumping is fun.
He liked skiing.
He had a unique way of whistling.
The infinitive is the base form of a verb with to. Usually it functions as a noun, although it can also function as an
adjective or adverb.
To jump is fun. (noun; subject of the verb is)
I like to ski. (noun; direct object of the verb like)
She had a suggestion to offer. (adjective modifying suggestion)
He called to warn her. (adverb modifying the verb called)
A participle is a verb that ends in -ing (present participle) or -ed, -d, -t, -en, -n (past participle). Participles may function
as adjectives, describing or modifying nouns.
The dancing parrots entertained the crowd.
The wrecked sailboat washed up on shore.
But participles have another function. When used with helping verbs such as to be and to have, they are action verbs
and form several verb tenses.
She is thinking of the children.
The conference room had been cleaned before they arrived.

An adjective clause, also known as an adjectival clause, is a type of dependent clause that works to describe a noun in a
sentence. It functions as an adjective even though it is made up of a group of words instead of just one word. In the case
of an adjective clause, all the words work together to modify the noun or pronoun.

Adjective Clauses are Dependent

All adjective clauses are dependent clauses. A dependent clause is a group of words that consists of a subject and a verb,
yet it is not a complete sentence that can stand alone. Adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun, which connects
them to the word they describe, such as:

that
where
when
who
whom
whose
which
why
Once you remember the relative pronouns, it's very easy to pick out an adjective clause in a sentence:

Chocolate, which many people adore, is fattening.

People who are smart follow the rules.
I can remember the time when cell phones didn't exist.
Charlie has a friend whose daughter lives in China.
The wine that vintners produce in Tuscany is not cheap.
The reason why Sandra went to law school is that she didn't want to be a doctor.
Notice that each of the italicized adjective clauses begins with a relative pronoun from the list above. This connects it to
the noun being described, which comes directly before the relative pronoun in the sentence.

Each adjective clause above also contains a subject and a verb, all of which work together to describe the original noun
being modified. For example, the clause which many people adore contains the subject "people" and the verb "adore,"
yet by itself it is not a complete sentence. Instead, its job is to provide more information to describe the noun
"chocolate."

In some cases, the relative pronoun also serves as the subject of the clause. For example, in the adjective clause who are
smart, the relative pronoun "who" also acts as the subject that is smart.

Essential vs. Non-Essential Adjective Clauses

Sometimes the information included in an adjective clause is very important to the meaning of the sentence. For cases
in which the sentence wouldn't hold the same meaning without the clause, the adjective clause is called an essential
clause. For example:

I don't like children who eat ice cream with their hands.
In this case, the adjective clause gives essential information to describe the children. If you got rid of that clause, the
sentence would simply say "I don't like children," which is very different from not liking messy children who eat with
their hands!

An essential adjective clause does not require any additional punctuation.

A non-essential adjective clause, on the other hand, gives extra description that is not strictly required to understand the
writer's intent. For example:

The kitten, which was the smallest of the litter, finally found a foster home.
In this case, the adjective clause gives extra information, but it isn't necessary to get the gist of the sentence about the
cat finding a home. Non-essential adjective clauses are set off with commas to show that they aren't as strongly
connected to the rest of the sentence.

Adjective Clauses in Action

Below are more examples of adjective clauses. See if you can determine which ones are essential and which are non-
essential as you review them. Ask yourself, is the information necessary to the meaning of the sentence? Is punctuation
required?

The dog that I brought home from the pound was soon fast asleep.
The time will come when you feel sorry for the things you've done.
The smart teenager, whose parents are my neighbors, went to a prestigious college.
The used car, which my dad bought last week, broke down yesterday.
The reason that Penelope failed the test is that she didn't study.
Adding Detail
Adding adjective clauses to your writing is a good way to provide additional detail about the nouns and pronouns in your
work. This extra description will enrich your writing and help the reader understand your message more clearly.

When you know the relative pronouns and how to distinguish between essential and non-essential clauses, you'll have
no trouble identifying adjective clauses and punctuating them correctly in your writing.

And with all this talk of clauses, this may also be a good time to refresh your memory on independent and dependent
clauses.
Pang-abay na Pamaraan

Ang pang-abay na pamaraan ay naglalarawan kung paano naganap, nagaganap, o

magaganap ang kilos na ipinahahayag ng pandiwa. Ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ang nang,
na, at -ng.
Halimbawa:

 Sinuntok ko siya nang malakas.

 Binigyan niya ako nang matinding sampal sa mukha.
 Kumain ako ng mabilis para makanood agad sa telebisyon.
 Bukas ng gabi ko balak tumakas.
 Sa makalawa ay maisasakatuparan ko ng mahusay ang aking mga plano.
 Matutulog na sana ako nang biglang tumawag si Amy.
 Kakain kami ng spaghetti sa JolliDo.
 Sa Linggo na tayo mag-usap.
 Gumising ka nang maaga para maaga ka ding makaalis.
 Hanggang mamaya na lang ako tatanggap ng labada.