Chapter 7

INTEGRALS

7.1 Overview

d
7.1.1 Let F (x) = f (x). Then, we write ∫ f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C. These integrals are
dx
called indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called a constant of integration. All
these integrals differ by a constant.

7.1.2 If two functions differ by a constant, they have the same derivative.

7.1.3 Geometrically, the statement ∫ f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C = y (say) represents a

family of curves. The different values of C correspond to different members of this
family and these members can be obtained by shifting any one of the curves parallel to
itself. Further, the tangents to the curves at the points of intersection of a line x = a with
the curves are parallel.

7.1.4 Some properties of indefinite integrals

(i) The process of differentiation and integration are inverse of each other,
d
dx ∫ ∫ f ' ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + C ,
i.e., f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) and where C is any
arbitrary constant.

(ii) Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to the same family of
curves and so they are equivalent. So if f and g are two functions such that
d d
dx ∫ f ( x ) dx =
dx ∫
g ( x) dx , then ∫ f ( x ) dx and ∫ g ( x ) dx are equivalent.
(iii) The integral of the sum of two functions equals the sum of the integrals of
the functions i.e., ∫ ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx .
 144 MATHEMATICS

(iv) A constant factor may be written either before or after the integral sign, i.e.,

∫ a f ( x ) dx = a ∫ f ( x ) dx , where ‘a’ is a constant.

(v) Properties (iii) and (iv) can be generalised to a finite number of functions
f1, f2, ..., fn and the real numbers, k1, k2, ..., kn giving

∫ (k f ( x) + k
1 1 2 f 2 ( x ) + ...+, kn f n ( x ) ) dx = k1 ∫ f1 ( x ) dx + k2 ∫ f 2 ( x ) dx + ... + kn ∫ f n ( x ) dx

7.1.5 Methods of integration

There are some methods or techniques for finding the integral where we can not
directly select the antiderivative of function f by reducing them into standard forms.
Some of these methods are based on
1. Integration by substitution
2. Integration using partial fractions
3. Integration by parts.

7.1.6 Definite integral

b

The definite integral is denoted by ∫ f ( x ) dx , where a is the lower limit of the integral
a

and b is the upper limit of the integral. The definite integral is evaluated in the following
two ways:

(i) The definite integral as the limit of the sum

b
(ii) ∫ f ( x ) dx = F(b) – F(a), if F is an antiderivative of f (x).
a

7.1.7 The definite integral as the limit of the sum

b
The definite integral ∫ f ( x ) dx is the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the ordi-
a

nates x = a, x = b and the x-axis and given by

b
1
∫ f ( x ) dx = (b – a)
a
lim  f (a) + f ( a + h ) + ... f ( a + ( n – 1) h ) 
n →∞ n
 INTEGRALS 145

or

∫ f ( x ) dx = lim h  f (a) + f ( a + h ) + ... + f ( a + ( n – 1) h ) ,

a
h →0

b–a
where h = → 0 as n → ∞ .
n

7.1.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(i) Area function : The function A (x) denotes the area function and is given
x

by A (x) = ∫ f ( x ) dx .
a

(ii) First Fundamental Theorem of integral Calculus

Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and let A (x) be
the area function . Then A′ (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ [a, b] .

(iii) Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F be

an antiderivative of f.

∫ f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x )]
a
b
a
= F(b) – F(a).

7.1.9 Some properties of Definite Integrals

b b

P0 : ∫
a
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( t ) dt
a

b a a

P1 : ∫ f ( x ) dx = – ∫ f ( x ) dx , in particular,, ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
a b a

b c b

P2 : ∫
a
f ( x ) dx = ∫
a
f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
c
 146 MATHEMATICS

b b

P3 : ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a + b – x ) dx
a

a a

P4 : ∫
0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a – x ) dx
0

2a a a

P5 : ∫
0
f ( x ) dx = ∫
0
f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( 2a – x ) dx
0

 a
2a

P6 : ∫ f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx,if f (2a − x) = f ( x) ,
∫
0  0
0, if f (2a − x) = − f ( x).

a a

P7 : (i) ∫
–a
f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx , if f is an even function i.e., f (–x) = f (x)
∫ 0

(ii) ∫
–a
f ( x ) dx = 0, if f is an odd function i.e., f (–x) = –f (x)

7.2 Solved Examples

Short Answer (S.A.)

 2a b 
Example 1 Integrate  – 2 + 3c 3 x 2  w.r.t. x
 x x 

 2a b 
Solution ∫  – 2 + 3c 3 x 2  dx
x x 

2
–1
= ∫ 2a ( x ) 2 dx – ∫ bx –2 dx + ∫ 3c x 3 dx

5
3
= 4a x + b + 9 cx + C .
x 5
 INTEGRALS 147

3ax
Example 2 Evaluate ∫b 2
+ c2 x2
dx

Solution Let v = b2 + c2x2 , then dv = 2c2 xdx

3ax 3a dv
Therefore, ∫ b2 + c2 x2 dx = 2c 2 ∫ v

3a
= log b 2 + c 2 x 2 + C .
2c 2

Example 3 Verify the following using the concept of integration as an antiderivative.

x 3 dx x 2 x3
∫ x +1 = x –
2
+
3
– log x + 1 + C

d  x 2 x3 
Solution  x – + – log x + 1 + C
dx  2 3 

2 x 3x 2 1
=1– + –
2 3 x +1

1 x3
= 1 – x + x2 – = .
x +1 x +1

 x 2 x3  x3
Thus  x – + – log x + 1 + C  ∫
= dx
 2 3  x +1

1+ x
Example 4 Evaluate ∫ 1– x
dx , x ≠ 1.

1+ x 1 x dx
Solution Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ 1– x 2
dx + ∫ 1 – x2
= sin –1 x + I1 ,
1– x
 148 MATHEMATICS

x dx
where I1 = .
1 – x2

Put 1 – x2 = t2 ⇒ –2x dx = 2t dt. Therefore

I1 = – dt = – t + C = – 1 – x 2 + C

Hence I = sin–1x – 1 – x 2 + C .

dx
Example 5 Evaluate ∫ ( x – α )( β – x ) , β > α

( )
Solution Put x – α = t2. Then β – x = β – t 2 + α = β – t 2 – α = – t 2 – α + β
and dx = 2tdt. Now

2t dt 2 dt
I =∫ = ∫
t2 (β – α – t2 ) (β – α – t )
2

dt
=2 , where k 2 = β – α
k – t2
2

–1 t –1 x–α
= 2sin k + C = 2sin β –α
+ C.

∫ tan
8
Example 6 Evaluate x sec 4 x dx

∫ tan
8
Solution I = x sec 4 x dx

∫ tan x ( sec x ) sec x dx

8 2 2
=

∫ tan x ( tan x + 1) sec x dx

8 2 2
=
 INTEGRALS 149

∫ tan x sec 2 x dx + ∫ tan 8 x sec 2 x dx

10
=

tan11 x tan 9 x
= + +C.
11 9

x3
Example 7 Find ∫ x4 + 3x2 + 2 dx
Solution Put x2 = t. Then 2x dx = dt.

x3 dx 1 t dt
Now I= ∫ x4 + 3x2 + 2 = 2 ∫ t 2 + 3t + 2

t A B
Consider = +
t + 3t + 2 t + 1 t + 2
2

Comparing coefficient, we get A = –1, B = 2.

1 dt dt 
 2∫ –∫
t + 1 
Then I=
2 t+2

1
 2log t + 2 − log t +1 
2
=

x2 + 2
= log +C
x2 + 1

dx
Example 8 Find ∫ 2sin 2 x + 5cos2 x
Solution Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2x, we have

sec 2 x dx
I= ∫
2tan 2 x + 5
 150 MATHEMATICS

Put tanx = t so that sec2x dx = dt. Then

dt 1 dt
I= ∫ 2t 2 + 5 = 2 ∫  5
2

t +
2

 2

1 2  2t 
= tan –1   + C
2 5  5

1  2 tan x 
= tan –1   + C.
10  5 

Example 9 Evaluate ∫ ( 7 x – 5) dx as a limit of sums.

–1

2 +1
Solution Here a = –1 , b = 2, and h = , i.e, nh = 3 and f (x) = 7x – 5.
n

Now, we have

∫ ( 7 x – 5) dx = lim h  f ( –1) + f (–1 + h) + f ( –1 + 2h ) + ... + f ( –1 + ( n – 1) h )

–1
h →0

Note that

f (–1) = –7 – 5 = –12

f (–1 + h) = –7 + 7h – 5 = –12 + 7h

f (–1 + (n –1) h) = 7 (n – 1) h – 12.

Therefore,
2

∫ (7x –5) dx = lim h ( –12) + (7h – 12) + (14h –12) + ... + (7 ( n –1 ) h –12) .
–1
h→0

= lim h  7 h 1 + 2 + ... + ( n – 1)  – 12n 

h→0 
 INTEGRALS 151

 ( n – 1) n  7 
= lim h 7 h – .12n  = lim  ( nh )( nh – h ) – 12nh 
h →0
 2  h → 0
2 

7 7×9 –9
= ( 3)( 3 – 0) – 12 × 3 = – 36 = .
2 2 2

π
2
tan 7 x
Example 10 Evaluate ∫ cot 7 x + tan 7 x dx
0

Solution We have

π
2
tan 7 x
I= ∫ cot 7 x + tan 7 x dx ...(1)
0

π π 
2 tan 7  – x 
2 
= ∫ dx by (P4)
 π  7π 
0 cot 7
 – x  + tan  – x 
2  2 

π
2
cot 7 ( x ) dx
= ∫ cot
0
7
x dx + tan 7 x
...(2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

 tan 7 x + cot 7 x 
2
2I = ∫   dx
0
tan 7 x + cot 7 x 

π
2 π
= ∫ dx which gives I = .
0
4
 152 MATHEMATICS

8
10 – x
Example 11 Find ∫ x + 10 – x
dx
2

Solution We have

8
10 – x
I= ∫ x + 10 – x
dx ...(1)
2

8
10 – (10 – x)
= ∫ 10 – x + 10 – (10 – x )
dx by (P3)
2

8
x
⇒ I=∫ dx (2)
2 10 – x + x

Adding (1) and (2), we get

8
2I = ∫ 1dx = 8 – 2 = 6
2

Hence I=3

π
4
Example 12 Find ∫ 1 + sin 2x dx
0

Solution We have

π π
4 4

∫ ∫ (sin x + cos x ) dx
2
I= 1 + sin 2 x dx =
0 0

π
4
= ∫ ( sin x + cos x ) dx
0
 INTEGRALS 153

π
= ( − cos x + sin x )04
I = 1.

∫ x tan
2 –1
Example 13 Find x dx .

Solution I = ∫ x tan x dx
2 –1

1 x3
= tan –1 x ∫ x 2 dx – ∫ 1 + x 3 dx
2
.

x3 1  x 
= 3 tan x – 3 ∫  x − 1 + x 2  dx
–1

 

x3 x2 1
= tan –1
x – + log 1 + x 2 + C .
3 6 6

Example 14 Find ∫ 10 – 4 x + 4 x 2 dx

Solution We have

I = ∫ 10 – 4 x + 4 x 2 dx ∫ ( 2 x – 1) + ( 3)
2 2
= dx

Put t = 2x – 1, then dt = 2dx.

1
t 2 + ( 3) dt
2∫
2
Therefore, I=

1 t2 + 9 9
= t + log t + t 2 + 9 + C
2 2 4

1 9
( 2 x – 1) ( 2 x – 1) +9 + log ( 2 x – 1) + ( 2 x – 1) 2 + 9 + C.
2
=
4 4
 154 MATHEMATICS

Long Answer (L.A.)

x 2 dx
Example 15 Evaluate ∫ x4 + x2 − 2 .
Solution Let x2 = t. Then

x2 t t A B
4 2
= 2 = = +
x + x − 2 t + t − 2 (t + 2) (t −1) t + 2 t −1

So t = A (t – 1) + B (t + 2)

2 1
Comparing coefficients, we get A = , B= .
3 3

x2 2 1 1 1
So = +
x + x − 2 3 x + 2 3 x 2 −1
4 2 2

Therefore,

x2 2 1 1 dx
∫ x 4 + x 2 − 2 dx = 3 ∫ x 2 + 2 dx + 3 ∫ x 2 −1

2 1 x 1 x −1
= 3 tan –1 + log +C
2 2 6 x +1

x3 + x
Example16 Evaluate ∫x 4
9
dx

Solution We have

x3 + x x3 x dx
I= ∫ x4 9 dx = ∫ x 4 9 dx + x 4 9 = I1+ I2 .
 INTEGRALS 155

x3
Now I1 = ∫
x4 – 9

Put t = x4 – 9 so that 4x3 dx = dt. Therefore

1 dt 1 1
I1 = ∫
4 t
= log t + C1 = log x 4 – 9 + C1
4 4

x dx
Again, I2 = ∫
x4 – 9 .

Put x2 = u so that 2x dx = du. Then

1 du
I2 = 2 ∫ u 2 – 3 2 = 2 × 6 log u + 3 + C2
1 u –3
( )

1 x2 – 3
= log 2 + C2 .
12 x +3

Thus I = I1 + I2

1 1 x2 – 3
= log x 4 – 9 + log 2 +C.
4 12 x +3


2
sin 2 x 1
Example 17 Show that ∫0 sin x + cos x = 2 log ( 2 + 1)
Solution We have


2
sin 2 x
I= ∫0 sin x + cos x dx
 156 MATHEMATICS

sin 2  – x 
 π
2 
2

∫ dx
sin  – x  + cos  – x 
= 0 π π (by P4)
2  2 

π
2
cos 2 x
⇒ I= ∫0 sin x + cos x dx

π
2
1 dx
Thus, we get 2I = ∫
2 0 cos  x – π 
 
 4

π 
1 2  π 1    π  π   2
= ∫  4
20
sec  x –  dx =  log
2 
 sec 

x – 
4
+ tan 

x –  
4  0

1   π π   π  π 
=  log  sec + tan  – log sec  –  + tan  −  
2  4 4   4  4 

2 +1
 log ( 2 + 1) – log ( 2 −1) 
1 1
log
2 
= =
2 2 –1

1  ( 2 + 1)2  2
= log   = log ( 2 + 1)
2  1  2

1
Hence I= log ( 2 + 1) .
2

∫ x ( tan x ) dx
–1 2
Example 18 Find
0
 INTEGRALS 157

∫ x ( tan x ) dx .
–1 2
Solution I=
0

Integrating by parts, we have

1
x2  1 tan –1 x
tan x  0 – 2 ∫
2 1
I= ( –1
)  x 2
.2 dx
2  0
1 + x2

1
π2 x2
= – ∫
32 0 1 + x 2
.tan –1 x dx

1
π2 x2
∫ 1+ x 2 tan xdx
–1
= – I1 , where I1 =
32 0

x2 + 1 – 1
1

Now I1 = ∫0 1 + x 2 tan–1x dx

1 1
1
= ∫ tan x dx – ∫
–1
tan –1 x dx
0 0
1 + x 2

= I2 – ( ( tan –1 x ) )0
1 2 1 π2
= I2 –
2 32

1 1
x
I2 = ∫ tan x dx = ( x tan –1 x )0 – ∫
–1 1
Here dx
0 0
1 + x2

π 1
( ) π 1
1
= – log 1+ x 2 = – log 2 .
4 2 0 4 2

π 1 π2
Thus I1 = – log 2 −
4 2 32
 158 MATHEMATICS

π2 π 1 π2 π2 π 1
Therefore, I = – + log 2 + = – + log 2
32 4 2 32 16 4 2

π 2 – 4π
= + log 2 .
16

Example 19 Evaluate ∫ f ( x) dx , where f (x) = |x + 1| + |x| + |x – 1|.

–1

 2 – x, if –1 < x ≤ 0

Solution We can redefine f as f ( x ) =  x + 2, if 0 < x ≤1
 3 x , if 1< x ≤ 2


2 0 1 2

Therefore, ∫
–1
f ( x ) dx = ∫ ( 2 – x ) dx + ∫ ( x + 2 ) dx + ∫ 3 x dx
–1 0 1
(by P2)

0 1 2
 x2   x2   3x 2 
=  2x –  +  + 2x  +  
 2  –1  2 0  2 1

 1 1  4 1 5 5 9 19
= 0 –  –2 –  +  + 2  + 3  –  = + + = .
 2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the Examples from
20 to 30.

Example 20 ∫ e ( cos x – sin x ) dx is equal to

x

(A) e x cos x + C (B) e x sin x + C

(C) – e x cos x + C (D) – e x sin x + C

 INTEGRALS 159

Solution (A) is the correct answer since ∫ e  f ( x ) + f '( x )  dx = e f ( x ) + C . Here

x x

f (x) = cosx, f (x) = – sin x.

dx
Example 21 ∫ sin 2
x cos 2 x
is equal to

(A) tanx + cotx + C ( B ) ( t a n x + cotx)2 + C

(C) tanx – cotx + C (D) (tanx – cotx)2 + C

Solution (C) is the correct answer, since

dx ( sin 2 x + cos2 x ) dx
I= ∫ sin 2 x cos2 x = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x

= ∫ sec x dx + ∫ cosec x dx = tanx – cotx + C

2 2

3ex – 5 e– x
Example 22 If ∫ x dx = ax + b log |4ex + 5e–x| + C, then
4 e + 5 e– x

–1 7 1 7
(A) a = , b= (B) a = , b =
8 8 8 8

–1 –7 1 –7
(C) a = , b= (D) a = , b =
8 8 8 8

Solution (C) is the correct answer, since differentiating both sides, we have

3ex – 5 e– x
= a + b
( 4 ex – 5 e– x ) ,
4 ex + 5 e– x 4 ex + 5 e– x

giving 3ex – 5e–x = a (4ex + 5e–x) + b (4ex – 5e–x). Comparing coefficients on both
–1 7
sides, we get 3 = 4a + 4b and –5 = 5a – 5b. This verifies a = , b= .
8 8
 160 MATHEMATICS

b+c

Example 23 ∫
a+c
f ( x ) dx is equal to

b b

(A) ∫
a
f ( x – c ) dx (B) ∫ f ( x + c ) dx
a

b b–c

(C) ∫
a
f ( x ) dx (D) ∫
a–c
f ( x ) dx

Solution (B) is the correct answer, since by putting x = t + c, we get

b b

I= ∫
a
f ( c + t ) dt = ∫ f ( x + c ) dx .
a

Example 24 If f and g are continuous functions in [0, 1] satisfying f (x) = f (a – x)

a

and g (x) + g (a – x) = a, then ∫ f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx

0
is equal to

a
a a
(A)
2
(B)
2
∫ f ( x ) dx
0

a a

(C) ∫
0
f ( x ) dx (D) a ∫ f ( x ) dx
0

Solution B is the correct answer. Since I = ∫ f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx

0

a a

= ∫
0
f ( a – x ) g ( a – x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) ( a – g ( x ) ) dx
0

a a a

= a ∫ f ( x ) dx – ∫ f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx = a ∫ f ( x ) dx – I
0 0 0
 INTEGRALS 161

a
a
or I = ∫ f ( x ) dx .
20

y
dt d2y
Example 25 If x = ∫
0 1 + 9t 2
and
dx 2
= ay, then a is equal to

(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 1

y
dt dx 1
Solution (C) is the correct answer, since x = ∫
0 1 + 9t 2
⇒
dy
=
1 + 9 y2

d2y 18 y dy
which gives = 2 . = 9y..
dx 2 2 1+ 9y dx

x3 + x +1
1
Example 26 ∫ x 2 + 2 x +1 dx is equal to
–1

1
(A) log 2 (B) 2 log 2 (C) log 2 (D) 4 log 2
2

x3 + x +1
1

Solution (B) is the correct answer, since I = ∫ x 2 + 2 x +1 dx

–1

x +1
1
x +1
1 1
x3
= ∫ 2
x + 2 x + 1
+∫ 2
x + 2 x +1
dx = 0 + 2 ∫ ( x +1)
0
2
dx
–1 –1

[odd function + even function]

x +1
1 1
1
=2 ∫ ( x +1)
0
2
dx = 2 ∫
0
x +1
dx 1
= 2 log x + 1 0 = 2 log 2.
 162 MATHEMATICS

1 1
et et
Example 27 If ∫0 1 + t dt = a, then ∫ (1 + t )
0
2
dt is equal to

e e e e
(A) a – 1 + (B) a + 1 – (C) a – 1 – (D) a + 1 +
2 2 2 2

1
et
Solution (B) is the correct answer, since I = ∫ 1 + t dt
0

1 1 t
1 t e
= e +∫ dt = a (given)
1 + t 0 0 (1 + t )
2

1
et e
Therefore, ∫ (1 + t )
0
2 =a–
2
+ 1.

2
Example 28 ∫ x cos πx dx is equal to
–2

8 4 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
π π π π

2 2

Solution (A) is the correct answer, since I = ∫

–2
x cos πx dx = 2 ∫ x cos πx dx
0

 12 3

 
2 2
8
= 2  ∫ x cos πx dx + ∫ x cos πx dx + ∫ x cos πx dx  = .
0 1 3  π
 2 2 

Fill in the blanks in each of the Examples 29 to 32.

sin 6 x
Example 29 ∫ cos8 x dx = _______.
 INTEGRALS 163

tan 7 x
Solution +C
7

Example 30 ∫
–a
f ( x ) dx = 0 if f is an _______ function.

Solution Odd.

2a a

Example 31 ∫ f ( x ) dx
0
= 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx , if f (2a – x) = _______.
0

Solution f (x).

π
2
sin n x dx
Example 32 ∫0 sin n x + cosn x = _______.

π
Solution .
4

7.3 EXERCISE

Short Answer (S.A.)

Verify the following :

2x – 1
1. ∫ 2 x + 3 dx = x – log |(2x + 3) | + C2

2x + 3
2. ∫x 2
+ 3x
dx = log |x2 + 3x| + C

Evaluate the following:

( x 2 + 2 ) dx e6 log x – e5log x
3. ∫ x +1
4. ∫ e4 log x – e3log x dx
 164 MATHEMATICS

(1 + cos x ) dx
5. ∫ x + sin x
dx 6. ∫ 1 + cos x

sin x + cos x
7. ∫ tan
2
x sec 4 x dx 8. ∫ 1 + sin 2 x
dx

9. ∫ 1 + sin xdx

x a+x
10. ∫ x +1
dx (Hint : Put x = z) 11. ∫ a–x

1
x2 1 + x2
12. ∫ 3
dx (Hint : Put x = z4) 13. ∫ dx
1+ x 4 x4

dt
∫
dx
14. ∫ 16 – 9 x 2
15.
3t – 2t 2

3x – 1
16. ∫ x2 + 9
dx 17. ∫ 5 – 2x + x 2 dx

x x2
18. ∫ x4 – 1 dx 19. ∫ 1 – x 4 dx put x2 = t

sin –1 x
20. ∫ 2ax – x dx 2
21. ∫ 3
dx
(1 – x 2 ) 2

( cos5 x + cos 4 x ) dx sin 6 x + cos6 x

22. ∫ 1 – 2cos3 x
23. ∫ sin 2 x cos2 x dx
 INTEGRALS 165

x cos x – cos 2 x
24. ∫ 3
a –x 3
dx 25. ∫ 1 – cos x
dx

dx
26. ∫x x4 – 1
(Hint : Put x2 = sec θ)

Evaluate the following as limit of sums:

2 2

∫ ( x 2 + 3) dx ∫e
x
27. 28. dx
0 0

Evaluate the following:

π
1
dx 2

∫0 e x + e – x
tan x dx
29. 30. ∫1+ m
0
2
tan 2 x

2 1
dx xdx
31. ∫ ( x – 1) (2 − x)
1
32. ∫
0 1+ x 2

1
 2
dx
∫ x sin x cos ∫ (1+ x
2
33. xdx 34.
0 0
2
) 1− x 2

(Hint: let x = sinθ)

Long Answer (L.A.)

x 2 dx x 2 dx
35. ∫ x 4 – x 2 – 12 36. ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b2 )

π
x 2x – 1
37. ∫ 1 + sin x 38. ∫ ( x – 1)( x + 2 )( x – 3) dx
0
 166 MATHEMATICS

 1+ x + x 2 
∫e
–1
x
∫ sin
tan x
39.   dx 40. –1
dx
 1+ x 
2
a+x

(Hint: Put x = a tan2θ)

π
2
1 + cos x
41. ∫π 5 42. ∫e
−3 x
cos3 x dx
3
(1 − cos x) 2

43. ∫ tan x dx (Hint: Put tanx = t2)

π
2
dx
44. ∫ (a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x)2
0

(Hint: Divide Numerator and Denominator by cos4x)

1 π

45. ∫ x log (1+ 2 x) dx 46. ∫ x log sin x dx

0 0

π
4

47. ∫π log (sin x + cos x)dx

−
4

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct option from given four options in each of the Exercises from 48 to 63.

cos2 x – cos 2θ is equal to

48. ∫ cos x – cosθ
dx

(A) 2(sinx + xcosθ) + C (B) 2(sinx – xcosθ) + C

(C) 2(sinx + 2xcosθ) + C (D) 2(sinx – 2x cosθ) + C

 INTEGRALS 167

dx
49. ∫ sin ( x – a ) sin ( x – b ) is equal to

sin( x – b) sin( x – a)
(A) sin (b – a) log +C (B) cosec (b – a) log +C
sin( x – a) sin( x – b)

sin( x – b) sin( x – a)
(C) cosec (b – a) log +C (D) sin (b – a) log +C
sin( x – a) sin( x – b)

∫ tan
–1
50. x dx is equal to

(A) (x + 1) tan –1 x – x + C (B) x tan –1 x – x + C

(C) x – x tan –1 x + C (D) x – ( x + 1) tan –1 x + C

2
 1– x 
∫ e  1 + x 2  dx is equal to
x
51.

ex –ex
(A) +C (B) +C
1 + x2 1 + x2

ex –ex
(C) +C (D) +C
(1 + x 2 )2 (1 + x 2 )2

x9
52. ∫ ( 4x 2
+ 1)
6 dx is equal to

–5 –5
1  1  1 1 
(A) 4+ 2  + C (B) 4+ 2  + C
5x  x  5 x 

–5
1 1 1 
(C) (1 + 4 ) –5 + C (D)  + 4 + C
10x 10  x 2 
 168 MATHEMATICS

dx
∫ ( x + 2) ( x
1
53. If = a log |1 + x2| + b tan–1x + log |x + 2| + C, then
2
+ 1) 5

–1 –2 1 2
(A) a = ,b= (B) a = ,b=–
10 5 10 5

–1 2 1 2
(C) a = ,b= (D) a = ,b=
10 5 10 5

x3
54. ∫ x + 1 is equal to

x 2 x3 x 2 x3
(A) x + + – log 1 – x + C (B) x + – – log 1 – x + C
2 3 2 3

x 2 x3 x 2 x3
(C) x – – – log 1 + x + C (D) x – + – log 1 + x + C
2 3 2 3

x + sin x
55. ∫ 1 + cos x dx is equal to
(A) log 1 + cos x + C (B) log x + sin x + C

x x
(C) x – tan +C (D) x .tan +C
2 2

3
x3 dx
56. If ∫ 1 + x2
= a (1 + x 2 ) 2 + b 1 + x 2 + C, then

1 –1
(A) a = , b=1 (B) a = , b=1
3 3

–1 1
(C) a = , b = –1 (D) a = , b = –1
3 3
 INTEGRALS 169

π
4
dx
57. ∫ 1 + cos2x
–π
is equal to
4

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

π
2
58. ∫
0
1 – sin 2xdx is equal to

(A) 2 2 (B) 2 ( 2 +1) (C) 2 (D) 2 ( 2 –1)

π
2

∫ cos x e
sin x
59. dx is equal to _______.
0

x+3
60. ∫ ( x + 4) 2
e x dx = ________.

Fill in the blanks in each of the following Exercise 60 to 63.

a
1 π
61. If ∫ 1 + 4x
0
2
dx =
8
, then a = ________.

sin x
62. ∫ 3 + 4cos2 x dx = ________.

63. The value of ∫ sin3x cos2x dx is _______.

−π