Radiographic Examination Procedure - 14-C-056-RT Rev 1 - A4F2H0

PERTANYAAN
• Apa itu Metalografi ?

• Untuk apa dilakukan Pemeriksaan
Metalografi dan Apa Manfaatnya?
• Aplikasi apa saja yang memerlukan
pemeriksaan Metalografi ?
• Bagaimana Metoda dan Teknik
Pemeriksaan Metalografi ?
Apa itu Metalografi ?
Metallography By Definition :
The structural study of metals and their alloys by

means of various procedures eg. Microscopy, X-Ray
difraction, etc.
(chambers mater, Sci and tech. Dictionary, 1993)
Metallografi Meliputi :
• Teknik atau cara memunculkan struktur yang
diamati.
• Peralatan yang digunakan untuk melakukan
analisis struktur.
• Interpretasi atau analisis fenomena struktur
yang diamati.
PERTANYAAN
Untuk apa dilakukan Pemeriksaan Metalografi
dan Apa Manfaatnya?
1. Mengetahui struktur
mikro atau fasa bahan
logam seperti :
a. Untuk baja
 ferrit,
 Fasa perlit, Martensit
 Fasa,martensit, dsb.
b. Untuk Besi Cor

b. Fas grafit berserpih,
c. Fasa nodular,dsb.
apakah sudah sesuai

dengan spesifikasi teknis
Struktur mikro Martensit, austenit
berupa ferit, perlit, sisa dan grafit
perencanaan ?.
steadit dan grafit. nodular
dan Apa Manfaatnya?
2. Memperlihatkan cacad
material yang disebabkan
oleh proses
produksi/fabrikasi,
seperti:
a. impurities,
b. rongga penyusutan,
c. cacad pengelasan,
dsb.nya;
dikaitkan dengan kondisi
operasi dan lingkungan
yang mungkin mempunyoi
andil dalam proses
kerusakan..
dan Apa Manfaatnya?
3. Mengukur ketebalon :
a. lopisan pengerasan,
atau jenis pelapis lain,
b. ukuran butiran,
c. Luas daerah pengaruh
panas (HAZ) akibat
proses pengelasan.
Plasma Sprayed Chromium Oxide
Coating
dan Apa Manfaatnya?
4. Memperlihatkan bentuk
penjolaran retakan,
seperti :
a. retak interkristallin,
b. transkristallin,
c. retak korosi, dsb.nya.
Interkristalin
dan Apa Manfaatnya?
5. Memperlihatkan penyimpangan struktur mikro

bahan logam akibat proses perlakuan ponas,
seperti :
a. quenching,
b. hardening,
c. normalisasi dsb. nya.
Keretakan pada baja Cr- Korosi tegang dekat
Mo-V disebabkan oleh daerah lasan akibat
laju pendinginan cepat tidak dilakukan stress
relivied annealing
TRANSFORMASI FASA
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS
• Transforming one phase into another takes time.
• How does the rate of transformation depend on
time and T?
• How can we control the transformation so that
we can engineering non-equilibrium structures?
• How different are the mechanical properties of
non-equilibrium structures?
IMPORTANCE OF COOLING
Cu-Ni alloy
TIME
Fast cooling Slow cooling
Non-equilibrium phases Equilibrium phases
COOLING AUSTENITE
Austenite
Pearlite
• Mainly interested in eutectoid cooling:    + Fe3C (pearlite), 0.77 wt% C

• Cooling rate can result in a wide variety of phases and microstructures
– Equilibrium phases: pearlite, bainite
– Non-equilibrium phases: martensite
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Martensite
• Tempered martensite
Ductility
Strength
• Bainite
• Fine pearlite
• Coarse pearlite
• Can control the formation of specific phases and

microstructure so that desired properties result
FRACTION OF TRANSFORMATION
• Fraction transformed depends on time,
at constant temperature (e.g.,   pearlite)
y  1 e  kt n
Avrami equation
(k, n are constants)
• Transformation rate , r = 1/t0.5
EUTECTOID TRANSFORMATION RATE ~ T
• Pertumbuhan pearlite dari austenite:
• Laju Reaksi meningkat sesuai T.

TIME-TEMPERATURE TRANSFORMATION (TTT) DIAGRAMS
• Fe-C system, Komposisi Eutectoid (Co = 0.77wt%C)

• Transformasi pada T = 675C.
Also called
isothermal
transformation
diagram
EX: COOLING HISTORY Fe-C SYSTEM
• Komposisi Eutectoid , Co = 0.77wt%C
• Mulai pada T > 727C
• Pendinginan cepat sampai 6250C dan ditahan secara isotermal.
• Pendinginansampai temperatut yg lebih rendah shg diperoleh struktur mikro
yang halus
PEARLITE MORPHOLOGY
Two cases:
• Ttransf just below TE • Ttransf well below TE
--Larger T: diffusion is faster --Smaller T: diffusion is slower
--Pearlite is coarser. --Pearlite is finer.
- Smaller T: - Larger T:

colonies are colonies are
larger smaller
OTHER TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS
• Bainite:
-- strips with long, fine
rods of Fe3C Fe 3C
(cementite)
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram (ferrite)
5 m
(Adapted from Fig. 10.8, Callister, 6e. (Fig.
10.8 from Metals Handbook, 8th ed.,
Vol. 8, Metallography, Structures, and
Phase Diagrams, American Society for
Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1973.)
Note: reaction rate

increases with decreasing
temperature first, and then
decreases
NUCLEATION AND GROWTH
• Reaction rate is a result of nucleation and growth of crystals.
Nucleation rate increases with T

Growth rate increases with T
• Examples:
OTHER PRODUCTS: MARTENSITE
• Martensite:
--rapid cooling from above eutectoid temperature to room T
--(FCC) to Martensite (Body Centered Tetragonal)
--involves collective motion of a lot of atoms
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram
•  to M transformation..
-- is rapid! At speed of sound
-- % transf. depends on T only.
OTHER PRODUCTS: Fe-C SYSTEM (2)
• Martensite:
--(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
(involves single atom jumps)
60 m
x
Fe atom potential
x x
sites x x C atom sites
x (Adapted from Fig.
10.11, Callister, 6e.
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram

Martentite needles
Austenite
(Adapted from Fig. 10.12, Callister,
6e. (Fig. 10.12 courtesy United
States Steel Corporation.)
Adapted
from Fig.
10.13, •  to M transformation..
Callister 6e.
-- is rapid!
-- % transf. depends on T only.
11
PRODUCTS OF COOLING AUSTENITE
• Slow cooling  pearlite

• Cool rapidly to upto 550
C, and hold  pearlite
• Cool rapidly to 550-225 C
and hold  bainite
• Cool rapidly to below 225
C  martensite
COOLING EX: Fe-C SYSTEM (1)
Rapidly cool to 350 C
Hold for 10000 seconds
Rapidly cool to room T
100% Bainite
100% Austenite
100% Bainite
Hold for 100 seconds
100% Austenite
100% Austenite
Mostly Martensite + traces of Austenite

Hold for 20 seconds
50% Austenite,
100% Austenite 50% Pearlite Hold for 1000 seconds
50% Austenite, 50% Bainite, 50% Pearlite

50% Pearlite
50% Bainite, 50% Pearlite

OTHER PRODUCTS: Fe-C SYSTEM (1)
• Spheroidite:

-- crystals with spherical Fe3C
(ferrite)
--diffusion dependent.
--heat bainite or pearlite for long times
--reduces interfacial area (driving force) Fe 3C
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram (cementite)
60 m
(Adapted from Fig. 10.10, Callister,
6e. (Fig. 10.10 copyright United
States Steel Corporation, 1971.)
Adapted from Fig. 10.9,Callister 6e.

(Fig. 10.9 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of
Isothermal Transformation and Cooling
Transformation Diagrams, American Society for
Metals, 1997, p. 28.)
10
TEMPERING MARTENSITE
• reduces brittleness of martensite,
• reduces internal stress caused by quenching.
dapted from Adapted from

Fig. 10.25, Fig. 10.24,
C
allister 6e. Callister 6e.
(Fig. 10.25 (Fig. 10.24
adapted from copyright by
Fig. furnished United States
courtesy of Steel
Republic Steel Corporation,
Corporation.) 1971.)
18
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Martensite
• Tempered martensite
Ductility
Strength
• Bainite
• Fine pearlite
• Coarse pearlite
• Spheroidite
• Can control the formation of specific phases and

microstructure through a cooling schedule
so that desired properties result
HYPOEUTECTOID & HYPEREUTECTOID
• Eutectoid (0.77 wt% C) 

Austenite
pearlite (ferrite & cementite
layers)
• Hypoeutectoid (< 0.77 wt% C)
 pearlite & ferrite
• Hypereutectoid (> 0.77 wt% C)
 pearlite & cementite
• Ferrite is soft and cementite is
hard
Pearlite
• Thus, hardness and strength
increase with carbon content
HYPER eutectiod Steel TTT Curve
Alloy Steel TTT Curve
Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT)
MECHANICAL PROP: Fe-C SYSTEM (1)
MECHANICAL PROP: Fe-C SYSTEM (2)
• Fine Pearlite vs Martensite:
• Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.

• Tempering martensite (holding at high temperature) reduces
brittleness and residual stresses
SUMMARY: PROCESSING OPTIONS
Adapted from
Fig. 10.27,
Callister 6e.
19
Spheroidite AS: Alloy Steel
PCS: Plain-carbon Steel
Austenite
Rapid
Quench
Martensite
Slow
Re-heat Cooling
Moderate cooling (AS)

Isothermal treatment (PCS)
Re-heat Tempered
Martensite
coarse fine
Pearlite
Bainite
PRECIPITATION HARDENING
• Particles impede disloc ations .
• Ex: Al-Cu system
• Procedure:
--Pt A: solution heat treat
(get  solid solution)
--Pt B: quench to room temp.
--Pt C: reheat to nucleate
small  crystals within
 crystals.
• Other precipitation
systems: Adapted from Fig. 11.22, Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.22 adapted
• Cu-Be from J.L. Murray, International Metals Review 30, p.5, 1985.)
• Cu-Sn
• Mg-Al
Adapted from Fig.

11.20, Callister 6e.
16
T0
T2
• Two stage heat treatment. Procedure:

--T0: solution heat treatment
(get single phase solid solution)
--Quench to T1.
--T2: reheat to nucleate precipitates
PRECIPITATE EFFECT ON TS, %EL
• 2014 Al Alloy:
• TS peaks with • %EL reaches minimum
precipitation time. with precipitation time.
• Increasing T accelerates
process.
Adapted from Fig. 11.25 (a) and (b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.25 adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker 17
(Managing Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1979. p. 41.)
PERTANYAAN
Aplikasi apa saja yang memerlukan
Aplikasi Metalografi :
1. Analisa Kerusakan
2. Penentuan Umur Sisa Mesin & Peralatan Industri
3. Indetifikasi Material
4. Heat Treatment
5. Forming (Pembentukan)
6. Welding Pengelasan.
7. Coating/ Pelapisan
8. Dll.
PERTANYAAN

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PERTANYAAN

• Apa itu Metalografi ?

The structural study of metals and their alloys by

b. Untuk Besi Cor

apakah sudah sesuai

5. Memperlihatkan penyimpangan struktur mikro

• Mainly interested in eutectoid cooling:    + Fe3C (pearlite), 0.77 wt% C

• Can control the formation of specific phases and

• Laju Reaksi meningkat sesuai T.

• Fe-C system, Komposisi Eutectoid (Co = 0.77wt%C)

- Smaller T: - Larger T:

Note: reaction rate

Nucleation rate increases with T

• Isothermal Transf. Diagram

• Isothermal Transf. Diagram

• Slow cooling  pearlite

Mostly Martensite + traces of Austenite

50% Austenite, 50% Bainite, 50% Pearlite

50% Bainite, 50% Pearlite

Adapted from Fig. 10.9,Callister 6e.

dapted from Adapted from

• Can control the formation of specific phases and

• Eutectoid (0.77 wt% C) 

• Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.

Moderate cooling (AS)

Adapted from Fig.

• Two stage heat treatment. Procedure:

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